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Practical Digital Forensics
Practical Digital Forensics

Practical Digital Forensics: Get started with the art and science of digital forensics with this practical, hands-on guide!

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Practical Digital Forensics

Chapter 2. Hardware and Software Environments

Before looking in any detail at digital evidence and the intriguing processes of its location, recovery, and analysis, it is helpful to understand the fundamentals of computer devices and how they store digital information. Doing so will provide a sound basis for understanding the nature of digital evidence and its value to the practitioner. The nature of digital evidence will be touched upon in this chapter but will be described in greater detail in Chapter 3, The Nature and Special Properties of Digital Evidence.

This chapter will describe and explain the basic workings of computer hardware and the operating systems and applications typically installed on them. It will describe how these environments are used to create, store, and transfer electronic data. An insight is provided into the workings of computers and storage devices and the location of datasets where digital evidence may be located.

The topics covered in this chapter will...

Describing computers and the nature of digital information

Digital evidence comprises digital information found on a broad range of electronic devices, and it is generally considered by practitioners to consist of only the information held in digital data format that is useful to the forensic examiner because of its value in various legal proceedings. Sources of potential evidence stored on digital devices include e-mails, audio and video files, electronic documents, spreadsheets, databases, system logs, and filesystem data.

Magnetic hard drives and tapes

Information containing potential evidence is located in files stored on hard drives, memory cards, access control devices such as smart cards, biometric scanners, answering machines, digital cameras, personal digital assistants, electronic organizers, printers, removable storage devices, and media such as CD-ROM and DVD discs, telephones, copiers, credit card skimmers, digital watches, facsimile machines, and global positioning systems...

Operating systems

An operating system is a set of programs controlling access between devices, including the keyboard, mouse, monitor, disk drive, and network devices, and application software programs such as word processors and browsers. You will be familiar with the range of Windows operating systems from Windows 1.0, released in 1985, through to the current version, Windows 10, released in 2015.

There are, of course, a range of other operating platforms that meet different user requirements, including Ubuntu, FreeBSD, Linux, iCloud, Palm OS, Blackberry OS, Xbox 360 OS, Android, and the Apple range of computers and handheld devices. This screenshot is from a typical Windows 10 operating system:

Operating systems

Windows 10 operating system

Connecting the software application to the operating system

To use a software application such as Paintshop requires it to be installed on a compatible operating system, such as Windows. By using the application, the user can create a picture and save it for further use...

Describing filesystems that contain evidence

The way file information is stored varies among different operating systems. In the interest of clarity, they will be presented in the setting of the Windows filesystem environment, which is the most widely used operating system at present. However, Chapter 7, Windows and Other Operating Systems as Sources of Evidence, describes other operating systems in more detail and the files and filesystems they use. Files themselves may be looked at from different perspectives, and the way Windows catalogs them is a benefit to forensic examination.

Commands received from the operating system in order to read and write files are interpreted in a directory structure, incorporating a file index system that defines file naming protocols and the maximum size of the file. Microsoft operating systems manage these records in a Master File Table (MFT), where information is cataloged for every file and directory. The table is essentially a relational database table...

Locating evidence in filesystems

The nature of the transgression to some extent dictates the type of relevant evidence that may be recovered. For example, in a homicide where the victim died of gunshot wounds, it would be helpful to determine the time, location, and cause of death. A search would commence for the weapon; discharged bullets or shot, spent cartridges; gunpowder residue; blood spatter; and projectile trajectory data. At a microscopic level, DNA analysis of samples from the spent cartridge, chemical analysis of the gunpowder residue, postmortem analysis to determine the cause of death, and so forth will be undertaken.

Locard's exchange principle, described in Chapter 1, The Role of Digital Forensics and Its Environment, is as relevant in a digital forensic examination as it is in the previous scenario. In a digital environment, we are also looking for the "smoking gun," which may take the form of a death threat sent to the victim by e-mail message. The e-mail...

Explaining password security, encryption, and hidden files

The following sections describe password security and encryption and ways to protect information and conceal evidence from prying eyes. They outline the basic processes of managing the security of computer devices and networks as well as describing the reasons why digital information needs protection from a wide range of threats.

User access to computer devices

To protect data stored on a device from unauthorized access, user access controls offer some degree of protection. This applies to desktops, laptops, mobile phones and other handheld devices, home security systems, and a broad range of other electronic equipment. Not only is it essential to restrict direct human access to information to those who are authorized, but the information also needs protection from access by other programs, processes, or systems that may be connected to the device. For example, workers logged in to a network server should normally have no access to...

Describing computers and the nature of digital information


Digital evidence comprises digital information found on a broad range of electronic devices, and it is generally considered by practitioners to consist of only the information held in digital data format that is useful to the forensic examiner because of its value in various legal proceedings. Sources of potential evidence stored on digital devices include e-mails, audio and video files, electronic documents, spreadsheets, databases, system logs, and filesystem data.

Magnetic hard drives and tapes

Information containing potential evidence is located in files stored on hard drives, memory cards, access control devices such as smart cards, biometric scanners, answering machines, digital cameras, personal digital assistants, electronic organizers, printers, removable storage devices, and media such as CD-ROM and DVD discs, telephones, copiers, credit card skimmers, digital watches, facsimile machines, and global positioning systems.

The...

Operating systems


An operating system is a set of programs controlling access between devices, including the keyboard, mouse, monitor, disk drive, and network devices, and application software programs such as word processors and browsers. You will be familiar with the range of Windows operating systems from Windows 1.0, released in 1985, through to the current version, Windows 10, released in 2015.

There are, of course, a range of other operating platforms that meet different user requirements, including Ubuntu, FreeBSD, Linux, iCloud, Palm OS, Blackberry OS, Xbox 360 OS, Android, and the Apple range of computers and handheld devices. This screenshot is from a typical Windows 10 operating system:

Windows 10 operating system

Connecting the software application to the operating system

To use a software application such as Paintshop requires it to be installed on a compatible operating system, such as Windows. By using the application, the user can create a picture and save it for further use...

Describing filesystems that contain evidence


The way file information is stored varies among different operating systems. In the interest of clarity, they will be presented in the setting of the Windows filesystem environment, which is the most widely used operating system at present. However, Chapter 7, Windows and Other Operating Systems as Sources of Evidence, describes other operating systems in more detail and the files and filesystems they use. Files themselves may be looked at from different perspectives, and the way Windows catalogs them is a benefit to forensic examination.

Commands received from the operating system in order to read and write files are interpreted in a directory structure, incorporating a file index system that defines file naming protocols and the maximum size of the file. Microsoft operating systems manage these records in a Master File Table (MFT), where information is cataloged for every file and directory. The table is essentially a relational database table...

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Key benefits

  • • Champion the skills of digital forensics by understanding the nature of recovering and preserving digital information which is essential for legal or disciplinary proceedings
  • • Explore new and promising forensic processes and tools based on 'disruptive technology' to regain control of caseloads.
  • • Richard Boddington, with 10+ years of digital forensics, demonstrates real life scenarios with a pragmatic approach

Description

Digital Forensics is a methodology which includes using various tools, techniques, and programming language. This book will get you started with digital forensics and then follow on to preparing investigation plan and preparing toolkit for investigation. In this book you will explore new and promising forensic processes and tools based on ‘disruptive technology’ that offer experienced and budding practitioners the means to regain control of their caseloads. During the course of the book, you will get to know about the technical side of digital forensics and various tools that are needed to perform digital forensics. This book will begin with giving a quick insight into the nature of digital evidence, where it is located and how it can be recovered and forensically examined to assist investigators. This book will take you through a series of chapters that look at the nature and circumstances of digital forensic examinations and explains the processes of evidence recovery and preservation from a range of digital devices, including mobile phones, and other media. This book has a range of case studies and simulations will allow you to apply the knowledge of the theory gained to real-life situations. By the end of this book you will have gained a sound insight into digital forensics and its key components.

Who is this book for?

This book is for anyone who wants to get into the field of digital forensics. Prior knowledge of programming languages (any) will be of great help, but not a compulsory prerequisite.

What you will learn

  • • Gain familiarity with a range of different digital devices and operating and application systems that store digital evidence.
  • • Appreciate and understand the function and capability of forensic processes and tools to locate and recover digital evidence.
  • • Develop an understanding of the critical importance of recovering digital evidence in pristine condition and ensuring its safe handling from seizure to tendering it in evidence in court.
  • • Recognise the attributes of digital evidence and where it may be hidden and is often located on a range of digital devices.
  • • Understand the importance and challenge of digital evidence analysis and how it can assist investigations and court cases.
  • • Explore emerging technologies and processes that empower forensic practitioners and other stakeholders to harness digital evidence more effectively.
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Publication date : May 26, 2016
Length: 372 pages
Edition : 1st
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781785887109
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Table of Contents

11 Chapters
1. The Role of Digital Forensics and Its Environment Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
2. Hardware and Software Environments Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
3. The Nature and Special Properties of Digital Evidence Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
4. Recovering and Preserving Digital Evidence Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
5. The Need for Enhanced Forensic Tools Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
6. Selecting and Analyzing Digital Evidence Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
7. Windows and Other Operating Systems as Sources of Evidence Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
8. Examining Browsers, E-mails, Messaging Systems, and Mobile Phones Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
9. Validating the Evidence Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
10. Empowering Practitioners and Other Stakeholders Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Index Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Customer reviews

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I can appreciate the realistic approach by the author to outline the challenges in the field. By the end of the book, the tone becomes a bit distracting with only some glimpses of optimism. There is good information contained in it, and my research on the other available texts is non-existent, so I'm not sure how it stacks up to others. The case studies and application on the material with each chapter were the real highlights.
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