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Mastering Kali Linux Wireless Pentesting
Mastering Kali Linux Wireless Pentesting

Mastering Kali Linux Wireless Pentesting: Test your wireless network's security and master advanced wireless penetration techniques using Kali Linux

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Profile Icon Raghu Ram Profile Icon Sak
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$54.99
Paperback Feb 2016 310 pages 1st Edition
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Arrow left icon
Profile Icon Raghu Ram Profile Icon Sak
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Mastering Kali Linux Wireless Pentesting

Chapter 2. Wireless Network Scanning

Scanning wireless networks in the target environment and collecting information about the access points and clients connected to them are the primary tasks in any wireless pentest. The outcome of the scanning phase is a list of access points in operation, connected wireless clients, MAC addresses of APs and clients, the channel(s) they are operating on, the signal strength, the authentication methods deployed, and the encryption schemes being used.

In this chapter, we will be covering the following topics:

  • The 802.11 terminology
  • 802.11 network composition
  • Scanning tools

Wireless network discovery

Scanning wireless networks is often called wireless network discovery or Stumbling, which is an act of discovering available wireless networks in a target area. In a penetration testing exercise, scanning is the initial phase, where the attacker gathers enough information that can be used in the later stages of the attack. The amount of information gathered in this stage will affect the test plans and define the additional actions that will be conducted in subsequent stages.

Wireless scanning or discovery can be broadly categorized into either passive scanning or active scanning. In passive scanning, an attacker silently discovers the target network in an unintrusive way, which will typically leave no trace of evidence on the target network. In active scanning, an attacker probes the target and interactively interrogates the target, which may leave some forensic data, such as logs, performance degradation, or an impact on user sessions. Passive scanning is the...

802.11 network terminology

Building upon the wireless fundamentals discussed in Chapter 1, Wireless Penetration Testing Fundamentals, there are a number of terms that will come into play during the scanning phase of the wireless assessment. When a wireless network is created, it will be identified by one or more topologies defined by the IEEE 802.11 workgroup. There are three basic network topologies defined by the IEEE 802.11 group. They are as follows:

  • Basic Service Set (BSS)
  • Extended Service Set (ESS)
  • Independent Basic Service Set (IBSS)

Now, let's look at each of them in detail:

  • BSS: This consists of one access point with one or more client stations attached to it. Client stations will communicate through the AP. The following figure shows the basic service set:
    802.11 network terminology

    There are a few other considerations to keep in mind when it comes to BSS:

    • Basic Service Set Identifier (BSSID): This is simply the MAC address of the access point, which is a 48 bit identifier (that is, xx.xx.xx.xx.xx.xx). Each...

The scanning phase

Scanning is the initial phase of pentesting; the test plan for the entire pentest activity depends on the outcome of the scanning phase. The main objective of this phase is to discover much of the access points and clients operating in the target environment. To perform scanning, we can use laptops, smartphones, or any other device capable of wireless sniffing. In this chapter, we will use a variety of tools available in the Kali Linux distribution in order to detect wireless networks.

Wireless scanning tools, such as airodump-ng or Kismet, can be used to discover and capture traffic from wireless networks. They work on interfaces placed in the monitor mode and hop to different channels in the wireless spectrum in order to collect wireless packets. With most tools, the output is displayed on screen or can be stored in a file for later reference. The collected packets can be analyzed manually, or you can generate visual graphs of networks using analysis tools such as airgraph...

Tools of the trade

Kali provides an excellent platform for the discovery, cataloging, and penetration of wireless networks. In this section, we will look at several tools that can be used to scan and discover wireless networks. This process will be instrumental in later chapters as we use the information gathered here to choose our targets and focus our efforts:

  • Airodump-ng
  • Airgraph-ng
  • hoover
  • Wash
  • Kismet
  • Wireshark

Let's look at each of these tools in more detail and show how they can assist with mapping and discovering wireless networks.

Airodump-ng

Airodump-ng is part of the Aircrack-ng suite used extensively to penetrate wireless 802.11 networks. Airodump-ng captures raw 802.11 frames from the wireless medium in the vicinity; it is also capable of capturing weak IVs (Initialization Vectors) that are used in cracking the WEP key. The output from airodump-ng is saved in several formats (pcap, ivs, csv, gps, kismet, netxml, and so on), which can be analyzed once the scan is finished. Airodump...

Summary

Wireless network identification is an essential part of security assessment. It is accomplished through the process of wireless scanning. Scanning can be broadly categorized into two categories: passive scanning and active scanning. In passive scanning, the client station listens for the beacon frames emitted from the access points at regular intervals and also monitors the network for data frames and other indicators of the network presence. In this mode, the client station does not actively probe the target network. In active scanning, the client stations, in addition to listening for beacon frames from the access points, probe the target network in order to detect WLANs. This mode of scanning leaves some forensic data in the network to investigate, making passive scanning the preferred method.

Many tools can be used to identify and categorize target wireless devices and clients and have specific benefits. In this chapter, we discussed various tools, such as airodump-ng, wash,...

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Key benefits

  • Develop your skills using attacks such as wireless cracking, Man-in-the-Middle, and Denial of Service (DOS), as well as extracting sensitive information from wireless networks
  • Perform advanced wireless assessment and penetration tests
  • Use Embedded Platforms, Raspberry PI, and Android in wireless penetration testing with Kali Linux

Description

Kali Linux is a Debian-based Linux distribution designed for digital forensics and penetration testing. It gives access to a large collection of security-related tools for professional security testing - some of the major ones being Nmap, Aircrack-ng, Wireshark, and Metasploit. This book will take you on a journey where you will learn to master advanced tools and techniques to conduct wireless penetration testing with Kali Linux. You will begin by gaining an understanding of setting up and optimizing your penetration testing environment for wireless assessments. Then, the book will take you through a typical assessment from reconnaissance, information gathering, and scanning the network through exploitation and data extraction from your target. You will get to know various ways to compromise the wireless network using browser exploits, vulnerabilities in firmware, web-based attacks, client-side exploits, and many other hacking methods. You will also discover how to crack wireless networks with speed, perform man-in-the-middle and DOS attacks, and use Raspberry Pi and Android to expand your assessment methodology. By the end of this book, you will have mastered using Kali Linux for wireless security assessments and become a more effective penetration tester and consultant.

Who is this book for?

If you are an intermediate-level wireless security consultant in Kali Linux and want to be the go-to person for Kali Linux wireless security in your organisation, then this is the book for you. Basic understanding of the core Kali Linux concepts is expected.

What you will learn

  • Fingerprint wireless networks with the various tools available in Kali Linux
  • Learn various techniques to exploit wireless access points using CSRF
  • Crack WPA/WPA2/WPS and crack wireless encryption using Rainbow tables more quickly
  • Perform man-in-the-middle attack on wireless clients
  • Understand client-side attacks, browser exploits, Java vulnerabilities, and social engineering
  • Develop advanced sniffing and PCAP analysis skills to extract sensitive information such as DOC, XLS, and PDF documents from wireless networks
  • Use Raspberry PI and OpenWrt to perform advanced wireless attacks
  • Perform a DOS test using various techniques and tools
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Table of Contents

10 Chapters
1. Wireless Penetration Testing Fundamentals Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
2. Wireless Network Scanning Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
3. Exploiting Wireless Devices Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
4. Wireless Cracking Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
5. Man-in-the-Middle Attacks Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
6. Man-in-the-Middle Attacks Using Evil Twin Access Points Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
7. Advanced Wireless Sniffing Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
8. Denial of Service Attacks Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
9. Wireless Pentesting from Non-Traditional Platforms Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Index Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
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