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Home > Cloud & Networking > Build Automation > Gradle Effective Implementation Guide
Gradle Effective Implementation Guide
Gradle Effective Implementation Guide

Gradle Effective Implementation Guide: A must-read for Java developers, this book will bring you bang up to date in the techniques of build automation using Gradle. A fully hands-on approach makes learning natural and entertaining.

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Gradle Effective Implementation Guide

Chapter 2. Creating Gradle Build Scripts

In Gradle, projects and tasks are two important concepts. A Gradle build always consists of one or more projects A project defines some sort of component we want to build. There are no defining rules about what the component is. It can be a JAR file with utility classes to be used in other projects, or a web application to be deployed to the corporate intranet. A project doesn't have to be about building and packaging code; it can also be about doing things such as copying files to a remote server or deployment of applications to servers.

A project has one or more tasks. A task is a small piece of work that is executed when we run a build, for example, compiling source code, packaging code in an archive file, generating documentation, and so on.

In this chapter we will learn how to define a project with tasks and use it as a Gradle build.

Writing a build script

In the first chapter we have already written our first build script. Let's create a similar build script with a simple task. Gradle will look for a file with the name build.gradle, in the current directory. The file build.gradle contains the tasks that make up our project. In this example, we define a simple task that prints out a simple message to the console:

project.description = 'Simple project'

task simple << {
    println 'Running simple task for project ' + project.description
}

If we run the build we see the following output in the console:

$ gradle simple
:simple
Running simple task for project Simple project

BUILD SUCCESSFUL

Total time: 2.08 secs

A couple of interesting things happen with this small build script. Gradle reads the script file and creates a Project object. The build script configures the Project object, and finally the set of tasks to be executed is determined and executed.

So, it is important to note that Gradle creates a Project object...

Defining tasks

A project has one or more tasks to execute some actions, so a task is made up of actions. These actions are executed when the task is executed. Gradle supports several ways to add actions to our tasks.

We can use the doFirst and doLast methods to add actions to our task, and we can use the left shift operator (<<) as a synonym for the doLast method. With the doLast method or the left shift operator (<<) we add actions at the end of the list of actions for the task. With the doFirst method we can add actions to the beginning of the list of actions. The following script shows how we can use the several methods:

task first {
    doFirst {
        println 'Running first'
    }
}

task second {
    doLast { Task task ->
        println "Running ${task.name}"
    }
}

task third << { taskObject ->
    println 'Running ' + taskObject.name
}

When we run the script, we get the following output:

$ gradle first second third
:first
Running first
:second
Running...

Build scripts are Groovy code

We must keep in mind that Gradle scripts use Groovy. This means we can use all the Groovy's good stuff in our scripts. We already saw in our sample script the use of the so-called Groovy GString. The GString is defined as a string with double quotes and can contain references to variables defined in a ${...} section. The variabled reference is resolved when we get the value of the GString.

But other great Groovy constructs can also be used in Gradle scripts. The following sample script shows some of these constructs:

task numbers << {
    (1..4).each { number ->
        def squared = number * number
        println "Square of ${number} = ${squared}"
    }
}

task list {
    doFirst {
        def list = ['Groovy', 'Gradle']
        println list.collect { it[0].toLowerCase() }.join('&')
    }
}

And when we run the script we get the following output: 

$ gradle -q numbers list
:numbers
Square of 1 = 1
Square of 2 = 4
Square of 3 = 9
Square of 4 = 16
...

Defining dependencies between tasks

Until now, we have defined tasks independent of each other. But in our projects we need dependencies between tasks. For example, a task to package compiled class files is dependent on the task to compile the class files. The build system should then first run the compile task, and when the task is finished, the package task must be executed.

In Gradle, we can add task dependencies with the dependsOn method for a task. First, let's look at a simple task dependency:

task first << { task ->
    println "Run ${task.name}"
}

task second << { task ->
    println "Run ${task.name}"
}

// Define dependency of task second on task first
second.dependsOn 'first'

Note that we define the dependency of task second on task first, in the last line. When we run the script, we see that the first task is executed before the second task:

$ gradle second
:first
Run first
:second
Run second

BUILD SUCCESSFUL

Total time: 2.145 secs

Another way to define the...

Setting default tasks

To execute a task we use the task name on the command line when we run Gradle. So, if our build script contains a task with the name first, we can run the task with the following command:

$ gradle first

But, we can also define a default task or multiple default tasks that need to be executed, even if we don't explicitly set the task name. So, if we run the gradle command without arguments, the default task of our build script will be executed.

To set the default task or tasks, we use the method defaultTasks. We pass the names of the tasks that need to be executed, to the method. In the following build script, we make the tasks first and second the default tasks:

defaultTasks 'first', 'second'

task first {
    doLast {
        println "I am first"
    }
}

task second {
    doFirst {
        println "I am second"
    }
}

We can run our build script and get the following output:

$ gradle
:first
I am first
:second
I am second

BUILD SUCCESSFUL

Total time: 2.097 secs

Organizing tasks

In Chapter 1, Starting with Gradle, we already learned that we could use the tasks task of Gradle to see which tasks are available for a build. Let us suppose we have the following simple build script:

defaultTasks 'second'

task first << {
    println "I am first"
}

task second(dependsOn: first) << {
    println "I am second"
}

Nothing fancy here. Task second is the default task and depends on task first. When we run the tasks task on the command line, we get the following output:

$ gradle -q tasks

---------------------------------------------------------
All tasks runnable from root project
---------------------------------------------------------

Default tasks: second

Help tasks
----------
dependencies - Displays the dependencies of root project 'chapter2'.
help - Displays a help message
projects - Displays the sub-projects of root project 'chapter2'.
properties - Displays the properties of root project 'chapter2'.
tasks - Displays the tasks runnable from...

Adding tasks in other ways

Until now, we have added tasks to our build project using the task keyword followed by the name of the task. But there are more ways to add tasks to our project. We can use a string value with the task name to define a new task:

task 'simple' << { task ->
    println "Running ${task.name}"
}

We can also use variable expressions to define a new task. If doing so, we must use parentheses, because otherwise the expression cannot be resolved. The following sample script defines a variable simpleTask with the string value simple. This expression is used to define the task. The result is that our project now contains a task with the name simple:

def simpleTask = 'simple'

task(simpleTask) << { task ->
    println "Running ${task.name}"
}

We can run the tasks task to see our newly created task:

$ gradle -q tasks
...
Other tasks
-----------
simple
...

We can also use the power of Groovy to add new tasks. We can use Groovy's GString notation to dynamically...

Accessing tasks as project properties

Each task that we add is also available as a Project property, and we can reference this property like we can any other property in our build script. We can, for example, invoke methods or get and set property values of our task through the property reference. This means we are very flexible in how we create our tasks and add behaviour to the tasks. In the following script, we use the Project property reference to a task to change the description property:

task simple << { task ->
    println "Running ${task.name}"
}

// The simple task is available as project property.
simple.description = 'Print task name'
simple.doLast {
    println "Done"
}
project.simple.doFirst {
    println "Start"
}

When we run our task from the command line, we get the following output:

$ gradle -q simple
Start
Running simple
Done

Adding additional properties to tasks

A task object already has several properties and methods. But we can add any arbitrary new property to a task and use it. In the following sample, we print the value of the task property message. The value of the property is assigned with the statement simple.message = 'world':

task simple << {
    println "Hello ${message}"
}
simple.message = 'world'

When we run the task we get the following output:

$ gradle -q simple
Hello world

Avoiding common pitfalls

A common mistake when creating a task and adding actions for that task is that we forget the left shift operator (<<). Then we are left with a valid syntax in our build script, so we don't get an error when we execute the task. But instead of adding actions, we have configured our task. The closure we use is then interpreted as a configuration closure. All methods and properties in the closure are applied to the task. We can add actions for our tasks in the configuration closure, but we must use the doFirst and doLast methods. We cannot use the left shift operator (<<).

The following tasks do the same thing, but note the small subtle differences when we define the tasks:

def printTaskName = { task ->
    println "Running ${task.name}"
}

task 'one' {
    // Invoke doFirst method to add action.
    doFirst printTaskName
}

// assign action through left-shift operator (<<)
task 'two' << printTaskName

task 'three' {
    // This line will be...

Skipping tasks

Sometimes, we want tasks to be excluded from a build. In certain circumstances, we just want to skip a task and continue executing other tasks. We can use several methods to skip tasks in Gradle.

Using onlyIf predicates

Every task has a method onlyIf that accepts a closure as an argument. The result of the closure must be true or false. If the task must be skipped, the result of the closure must be false, otherwise the task is executed. The task object is passed as a parameter to the closure. Gradle evaluates the closure just before the task is executed.

The following build file will skip the task longrunning, if the file is executed during weekdays, but will execute it during the weekend:

import static java.util.Calendar.*

task longrunning {
    onlyIf { task ->
        def now = Calendar.instance
        def weekDay = now[DAY_OF_WEEK]
        def weekDayInWeekend = weekDay in [SATURDAY, SUNDAY]
        return weekDayInWeekend
    }
    doLast {
        println "Do long running...

Summary

In this chapter we learned how to create tasks in a build project. We created tasks with actions in several ways and learned how to configure tasks.

We skipped tasks by using predicates, throwing StopExecutionException, and enabling or disabling a task. And we even learned how to skip tasks from the command line.

A very powerful feature of Gradle is the incremental build support. If a task is up-to-date, it isn't executed. We can define the rules for determining the up-to-date state in the tasks definition.

In the next chapter, we will take a more in-depth look at the Gradle Project object.

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Key benefits

  • Learn the best of Gradle
  • Work easily with multi-projects
  • Apply Gradle to your Java, Scala and Groovy projects

Description

Gradle is the next generation in build automation. It uses convention-over-configuration to provide good defaults, but is also flexible enough to be usable in every situation you encounter in daily development. Build logic is described with a powerful DSL and empowers developers to create reusable and maintainable build logic."Gradle Effective Implementation Guide" is a great introduction and reference for using Gradle. The Gradle build language is explained with hands on code and practical applications. You learn how to apply Gradle in your Java, Scala or Groovy projects, integrate with your favorite IDE and how to integrate with well-known continuous integration servers.Start with the foundations and work your way through hands on examples to build your knowledge of Gradle to skyscraper heights. You will quickly learn the basics of Gradle, how to write tasks, work with files and how to use write build scripts using the Groovy DSL. Then as you develop you will be shown how to use Gradle for Java projects. Compile, package, test and deploy your applications with ease. When you've mastered the simple, move on to the sublime and integrate your code with continuous integration servers and IDEs. By the end of the "Gradle Effective Implementation Guide" you will be able to use Gradle in your daily development. Writing tasks, applying plugins and creating build logic will be second nature.

Who is this book for?

If you are a Java developer who wants to automate compiling, packaging and deploying your application this book is for you.

What you will learn

  • Create Gradle build scripts from clear examples
  • Write build logic with the Gradle build language
  • Compile, test and check your Java, Scala and Groovy applications
  • Write your own custom tasks and plugins
  • Use Gradle on continous integrations servers Jenkins, TeamCity and Bamboo
  • Integrate Gradle with Eclipse and IntelliJ IDEA
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Publication date : Oct 25, 2012
Length: 382 pages
Edition : 1st
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781849518109
Vendor :
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Category :
Cloud & Networking
Languages :
Java
Concepts :
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Tools :
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ISBN-13 : 9781849518109
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Category :
Cloud & Networking
Languages :
Java
Concepts :
Build Automation
Tools :
Gradle

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Table of Contents

12 Chapters
Starting with Gradle Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Starting with Gradle
Introducing Gradle
Getting started
Writing our first build script
Default Gradle tasks
Task name abbreviation
Executing multiple tasks
Command-line options
Understanding the Gradle user interface
Summary
Creating Gradle Build Scripts Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Creating Gradle Build Scripts
Writing a build script
Defining tasks
Build scripts are Groovy code
Defining dependencies between tasks
Setting default tasks
Organizing tasks
Adding tasks in other ways
Accessing tasks as project properties
Adding additional properties to tasks
Avoiding common pitfalls
Skipping tasks
Summary
Working with Gradle Build Scripts Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Working with Gradle Build Scripts
Working with files
Project properties
Using logging
Using the Gradle wrapper
Summary
Using Gradle for Java Projects Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Using Gradle for Java Projects
Using plugins
Getting started
Using the Java plugin
Working with source sets
Working with properties
Creating documentation
Assembling archives
Summary
Dependency Management Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Dependency Management
Dependency configuration
Repositories
Defining dependencies
Summary
Testing, Building, and Publishing Artifacts Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Testing, Building, and Publishing Artifacts
Testing
Running Java applications
Publishing artifacts
Packaging Java Enterprise Edition applications
Summary
Multi-project Builds Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Multi-project Builds
Working with multi-project builds
Working with Java multi-project builds
Using the Jetty plugin
Summary
Mixed Languages Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Mixed Languages
Using the Groovy plugin
Using the Scala plugin
Summary
Maintaining Code Quality Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Maintaining Code Quality
Using the Checkstyle plugin
Using the PMD plugin
Using the FindBugs plugin
Using the JDepend plugin
Using the CodeNarc plugin
Using the Sonar plugin
Summary
Writing Custom Tasks and Plugins Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Writing Custom Tasks and Plugins
Creating a custom task
Creating a task in the project source directory
Creating a task in a standalone project
Creating a custom plugin
Creating a plugin in the project source directory
Creating a plugin in a standalone project
Summary
Using Gradle with Continuous Integration Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Using Gradle with Continuous Integration
Creating a sample project
Using Jenkins
Using JetBrains TeamCity
Using Atlassian Bamboo
Summary
IDE Support Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
IDE Support
Using the Eclipse plugin
Using the IntelliJ IDEA plugin
Running Gradle in Eclipse
Running Gradle in IntelliJ IDEA
Summary

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Rob Mar 25, 2013
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
In most of the projects if contributed to Maven still is the build tool of choice. Based on my still growing interest for Groovy (and Grails) I noticed that Gradle could be a valid alternative.The Book "Gradle Effective Implementation Guide" helped me to get up to speed with Gradle quickly and to understand the principles behind it.It's well written, does not expect any prior knowledge of Gradle and contains lot of examples.I really enjoyed reading this book, playing around we the examples and getting familiar with the possibilities Gradle offers.Based on this experience I'm now able to judge if Gradle is a valid alternative buildtool on a per project basis and believe it will be in lots of them.
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Chetan Pandey Feb 16, 2013
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My Recent Job, they didnt want to use Ant or Maven and it was proposed that we should use Gradle.I was lucky our Corporate Library had received a complimentary copy of this book.I used it to build several recipes and was able to master Gradle in No Time.Initially due to a lack of lot of infon on the Web, I almost gave up when this book made a difference.
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Coen Jansen Apr 22, 2013
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This book is an excellent way to get in to Gradle. It starts with the basics and builds from there.It is a practical guide to using Gradle with a lot of code examples that show you its possibilities.Because of al these code examples it's also a great reference when you're working on a Gradle build.In the books code samples you can see the genius of its author. He is well known in the Groovy and Grails communityfor live coding presentations and for his mr HAKI blog which is busting at the seams withpractical Groovy, Grails and Gradle posts.A book worth reading and well worth the investment!
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Spencer Allain Dec 30, 2012
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Gradle is a build automation tool that combines the respective strengths of ANT and Maven, with a more user friendly DSL (Domain Specific Language) based upon the features of the Groovy programming language.The author, better known as MrHaki, has been blogging about Gradle tips, tricks and patterns since 2009, and Groovy and Grails for even longer. The first 10 chapters of the book are well organized to take a reader with little to no knowledge of Gradle and walk them through basic concepts, then introduce common usages, and finally provide practical full build lifecycle examples. The final two chapters focus upon integration with popular CI servers and IDEs. More experienced Gradle users will appreciate the diversity of examples along with the detailed explanations of configuration options that are often overlooked.As a user of Gradle since the 0.5 release, it was refreshing to learn new things from a book that is also so effective at introducing the basics. If you are looking for an easy read, with well documented examples, then MrHaki's Gradle Effective Implementation Guide should be on your short list.
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James Sugrue Mar 17, 2013
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
Until recently, Ant has been my build system of choice: functional, proven and, it just works. So, I was intrigued to see what Gradle could provide instead.The book begins with a really good introduction into what Gradle actually is. Useful for Gradle newbies like me, but most people can probably afford to skip it. The book then goes through the main things you'll want to do in your Gradle build scripts; using tasks and dealing with files and directories; before showing how easy it is to use Gradle for your Java projects. Later on the book illustrates how you can use the Scala or Groovy plugins to build projects for those languages, and how to build multiple projects that are dependent on each other.I found the chapter on writing custom tasks and plugins to be particularly useful. Most importantly, the author explains how you can write tests for your custom plugins to ensure they work as expected. As you'd expect, Gradle has good IDE and continuous integration support, all of which is explained in the last chapters.The book will probably appeal more to people who are new to Gradle. I found the explanations to be be really detailed and useful. Whether I'll use Gradle for my next project, I'm not sure - but it certainly is tempting
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