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Home > Programming > Application Testing > Selenium Testing Tools Cookbook Second Edition
Selenium Testing Tools Cookbook Second Edition
Selenium Testing Tools Cookbook Second Edition

Selenium Testing Tools Cookbook Second Edition: Over 90 recipes to help you build and run automated tests for your web applications with Selenium WebDriver

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Selenium Testing Tools Cookbook Second Edition

Chapter 2. Finding Elements

In this chapter, we will see how to use Selenium WebDriver API to find elements on a Web page and interact with these elements. We will explore various locator strategies supported by Selenium WebDriver. You will learn about:

  • Using browser tools for inspecting elements and page DOM
  • Finding an element using the findElement method
  • Finding elements using the findElements method
  • Finding links
  • Finding elements by tag name
  • Finding elements using CSS selectors
  • Finding elements using XPath
  • Finding elements using tag text contents
  • Finding elements using advanced CSS selectors
  • Using jQuery selectors

Introduction

Web applications, and the web pages within these applications, are commonly written in a mix of Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML), Cascading Style Sheets (CSS), and JavaScript code. Based on user actions like navigating to a website Uniform Resource Locator (URL) or clicking the submit button, a browser sends a request to a web server. Web server processes this request and sends back a response with HTML and related resources, such as JavaScript, CSS, Images, and so on, back to the Browser. The information received from a server is used by the browser to render a web page with various visual elements, such as textboxes, buttons, labels, tables, forms, checkboxes, radio boxes, lists, images, and so on, on the page. While doing so, the browser hides the HTML code and related resources from the user. The user is presented with a graphical user interface in the browser window.

When we want to automate browser interaction using Selenium, we need to tell Selenium how to find a particular...

Using browser tools for inspecting elements and page structure

Before we start exploring how to find elements on a page, we need to analyze the page to understand the Document Object Model (DOM) tree, what properties or attributes are defined for the elements displayed on the page, how JavaScript or AJAX calls are made from the application, and so on.

Browsers use the HTML code written for the page to render visual elements in the browser window. It uses other resources, including JavaScript, CSS, images, and so on, to decide the look, feel, and behavior of these elements.

Here is an example of a BMI Calculator application page and the HTML code written to render this page in a browser, as displayed in the following screenshot:

Using browser tools for inspecting elements and page structure

You can view the code written for a page by right-clicking in the browser window and selecting the View Page Source option from the pop-up menu. This will display the HTML code of the page in a separate window, as shown in the following screenshot:

Using browser tools for inspecting elements and page structure

We need tools that...

Finding an element using the findElement method

Finding elements in Selenium WebDriver is done by using the findElement() and findElements() methods provided by the WebDriver and WebElement interface.

The findElement() method returns an instance of a WebElement that is found in the page DOM based on specified locators, also called search criteria. If it does not find an element using the specified search criteria, it will throw the NoSuchElementFound exception.

The findElements() method returns a list of WebElements matching the search criteria. If no elements are found, it returns an empty list.

Find methods take a locator or a query object as an instance of a By class as an argument. Selenium WebDriver provides a By class to support various locator strategies. The following table lists various locator strategies supported by Selenium WebDriver:

Strategy

Syntax

Description

By ID

Java: driver.findElement(By.id(<element ID>))

C#: driver.FindElement(By.Id(<elementID>))

Python...

Finding elements using the findElements method

Selenium WebDriver provides the findElements() method, using which we can find more than one element matching the specified search criteria. This method is useful when we want to work with a group of similar elements. For example, we can get all the links displayed on a page, or get all rows from a table, and so on.

In this recipe, we will get all the links and print their targets by using the findElements() method.

How to do it...

Let's create a test that will get all the links from a page, verify the count of links, and print a target for each link, as follows:

@Test
public void testFindElements() {
    //Get all the links displayed on Page
    List<WebElement> links = driver.findElements(By.tagName("a"));

    //Verify there are four links displayed on the page
    assertEquals(4, links.size());

    //Iterate though the list of links and print
    //target for each link
    for(WebElement link : links) {
        System...

Finding links

Selenium WebDriver provides two special methods to find links on a page. Links can be searched either by their text or by partial text.

Finding links with partial text comes in handy when links have dynamic text. In this recipe, we will see how to use these methods to find links.

How to do it...

Let's create a simple test to see how finding links works in Selenium WebDriver with the following options.

Finding a link by its text

Selenium WebDriver's By class provides the linkText() method to locate links using text displayed for the link. In the following example, we will locate the Gmail link displayed on the Google Home page:

WebElement gmailLink = driver.findElement(By.linkText("GMail"));
assertEquals("http://mail.google.com/", gmailLink.getAttribute("href"));

Finding a link by partial text

Selenium WebDriver's By class also provides a method to locate links using partial text. This method is useful where developers create links with...

Finding elements by tag name

Selenium WebDriver's By class provides a tagName() method to find elements by their HTML tag name. This is similar to the getElementsByTagName() DOM method in JavaScript.

This is used when you want to locate elements using their tag name, for example, locating all <tr> tags in a table.

In this recipe, we will briefly see how to use the tagName() locator method.

How to do it...

Let's assume you have a single button element on a page. You can locate this button by using its tag in the following way:

WebElement loginButton = driver.findElement(By.tagName("button"));
loginButton.click();

Take another example where we want to count how many rows are displayed in <table>. We can do this in the following way:

WebElement table = driver.findElement(By.id("summaryTable"));
List<WebElement> rows = table.findElements(By.tagName("tr"));
assertEquals(10, rows.size());

How it works...

The tagName() locator method queries the...

Introduction

Web applications, and the web pages within these applications, are commonly written in a mix of Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML), Cascading Style Sheets (CSS), and JavaScript code. Based on user actions like navigating to a website Uniform Resource Locator (URL) or clicking the submit button, a browser sends a request to a web server. Web server processes this request and sends back a response with HTML and related resources, such as JavaScript, CSS, Images, and so on, back to the Browser. The information received from a server is used by the browser to render a web page with various visual elements, such as textboxes, buttons, labels, tables, forms, checkboxes, radio boxes, lists, images, and so on, on the page. While doing so, the browser hides the HTML code and related resources from the user. The user is presented with a graphical user interface in the browser window.

When we want to automate browser interaction using Selenium, we need to tell Selenium how to find a particular...

Using browser tools for inspecting elements and page structure

Before we start exploring how to find elements on a page, we need to analyze the page to understand the Document Object Model (DOM) tree, what properties or attributes are defined for the elements displayed on the page, how JavaScript or AJAX calls are made from the application, and so on.

Browsers use the HTML code written for the page to render visual elements in the browser window. It uses other resources, including JavaScript, CSS, images, and so on, to decide the look, feel, and behavior of these elements.

Here is an example of a BMI Calculator application page and the HTML code written to render this page in a browser, as displayed in the following screenshot:

You can view the code written for a page by right-clicking in the browser window and selecting the View Page Source option from the pop-up menu. This will display the HTML code of the page in a separate window, as shown in the following screenshot:

We need tools that...

Finding an element using the findElement method

Finding elements in Selenium WebDriver is done by using the findElement() and findElements() methods provided by the WebDriver and WebElement interface.

The findElement() method returns an instance of a WebElement that is found in the page DOM based on specified locators, also called search criteria. If it does not find an element using the specified search criteria, it will throw the NoSuchElementFound exception.

The findElements() method returns a list of WebElements matching the search criteria. If no elements are found, it returns an empty list.

Find methods take a locator or a query object as an instance of a By class as an argument. Selenium WebDriver provides a By class to support various locator strategies. The following table lists various locator strategies supported by Selenium WebDriver:

Strategy

Syntax

Description

By ID

Java: driver.findElement(By.id(<element ID>))

C#: driver.FindElement(By.Id(<elementID>))

Python...

Finding elements using the findElements method

Selenium WebDriver provides the findElements() method, using which we can find more than one element matching the specified search criteria. This method is useful when we want to work with a group of similar elements. For example, we can get all the links displayed on a page, or get all rows from a table, and so on.

In this recipe, we will get all the links and print their targets by using the findElements() method.

How to do it...

Let's create a test that will get all the links from a page, verify the count of links, and print a target for each link, as follows:

@Test
public void testFindElements() {
    //Get all the links displayed on Page
    List<WebElement> links = driver.findElements(By.tagName("a"));

    //Verify there are four links displayed on the page
    assertEquals(4, links.size());

    //Iterate though the list of links and print
    //target for each link
    for(WebElement link : links) {
        System.out.println(link...

Finding links

Selenium WebDriver provides two special methods to find links on a page. Links can be searched either by their text or by partial text.

Finding links with partial text comes in handy when links have dynamic text. In this recipe, we will see how to use these methods to find links.

How to do it...

Let's create a simple test to see how finding links works in Selenium WebDriver with the following options.

Finding a link by its text

Selenium WebDriver's By class provides the linkText() method to locate links using text displayed for the link. In the following example, we will locate the Gmail link displayed on the Google Home page:

WebElement gmailLink = driver.findElement(By.linkText("GMail"));
assertEquals("http://mail.google.com/", gmailLink.getAttribute("href"));

Finding a link by partial text

Selenium WebDriver's By class also provides a method to locate links using partial text. This method is useful where developers create links with dynamic text. In this example, a link is provided...

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Key benefits

  • Learn to leverage the power of Selenium WebDriver with simple examples that illustrate real-world problems and their workarounds
  • Explains the testing of mobile applications with Appium for mobile platforms such as iOS and Android
  • A pragmatic manual with engaging recipes and attractive screenshots to test your web applications efficiently

Description

This book is an incremental guide that will help you learn and use the advanced features of the Selenium toolset including the WebDriver API in various situations to build a reliable test automation. You start off by setting up the test development environment and gain tips on the advanced locater strategy and the effective use of the Selenium WebDriver API. After that, the use of design patterns such as data - driven tests and PageFactory are demonstrated. You will then be familiarised with extending Selenium WebDriver API by implementing custom tasks and setting up your own distributed environment to run tests in parallel for cross-browser testing. Finally, we give you some tips on integrating Selenium WebDriver with other popular tools and testing mobile applications. By the end of this book, you will have learned enough to solve complex testing issues on your own.

Who is this book for?

This book is intended for software quality assurance/testing professionals, software project managers, or software developers with prior experience in using Selenium and Java to test web-based applications. This books also provides examples for C#, Python and Ruby users.

What you will learn

  • Understand how the locators work and use various locator methods to build reliable tests
  • Build reliable and maintainable tests with the Selenium WebDriver API
  • Use the PageFactory pattern to build a robust and easy to maintain test framework
  • Build data-driven tests and extend Selenium API to implement custom steps and checks
  • Integrate and use ATDD/BDD tools such as Cucumber, SpecFlow, Capybara, and Behave with the Selenium WebDriver API
  • Set up iPhone/iPad and Android simulators and devices to test your mobile web application with Appium
  • Set up Selenium Grid for faster and parallel running of tests, increasing test coverage and reducing test execution time for cross-browser testing
  • Build extended Selenium WebDriver tests for additional coverage

Product Details

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Publication date, Length, Edition, Language, ISBN-13
Publication date : Oct 30, 2015
Length: 374 pages
Edition : 1st
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781784392512
Category :
Programming
Languages :
Python
Concepts :
Application Testing
Tools :
Selenium

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Product Details

Publication date : Oct 30, 2015
Length: 374 pages
Edition : 1st
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781784392512
Category :
Programming
Languages :
Python
Concepts :
Application Testing
Tools :
Selenium

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Table of Contents

15 Chapters
1. Getting Started Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
1. Getting Started
Introduction
Configuring the Selenium WebDriver test development environment for Java with Eclipse and Maven
Using Ant for the Selenium WebDriver test execution
Configuring Microsoft Visual Studio for Selenium WebDriver test development
Configuring Selenium WebDriver for Python and Ruby
Setting up Internet Explorer Driver Server
Setting up ChromeDriver for Google Chrome
Setting up Microsoft WebDriver for Microsoft Edge
2. Finding Elements Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
2. Finding Elements
Introduction
Using browser tools for inspecting elements and page structure
Finding an element using the findElement method
Finding elements using the findElements method
Finding links
Finding elements by tag name
Finding elements using XPath
Finding elements using CSS selectors
Locating elements using text
Finding elements using advanced CSS selectors
Using jQuery selectors
3. Working with Elements Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
3. Working with Elements
Introduction
Automating textboxes, text areas, and buttons
Checking an element's text
Checking an element's attribute and CSS values
Automating dropdowns and lists
Checking options in the Select element
Checking selected options in dropdowns and lists
Automating radio buttons and radio groups
Automating checkboxes
Working with WebTables
4. Working with Selenium API Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
4. Working with Selenium API
Introduction
Checking an element's presence
Checking an element's state
Using Advanced User Interactions API for mouse and keyboard events
Performing double-click on an element
Performing drag-and-drop operations
Working with context menus
Executing the JavaScript code
Capturing screenshots with Selenium WebDriver
Maximizing the browser window
Handling session cookies
Working with browser navigation
Working with WebDriver events
5. Synchronizing Tests Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
5. Synchronizing Tests
Introduction
Synchronizing a test with an implicit wait
Synchronizing a test with an explicit wait
Synchronizing a test with custom-expected conditions
Synchronizing a test with FluentWait
6. Working with Alerts, Frames, and Windows Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
6. Working with Alerts, Frames, and Windows
Introduction
Handling a simple JavaScript alert box
Handling a confirm and prompt alert box
Identifying and handling frames
Working with IFRAME
Identifying and handling a child window
Identifying and handling a window by its title
Identifying and handling a pop-up window by its content
7. Data-Driven Testing Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
7. Data-Driven Testing
Introduction
Creating a data-driven test using JUnit
Creating a data-driven test using TestNG
Reading test data from a CSV file using JUnit
Reading test data from an Excel file using JUnit and Apache POI
Creating a data-driven test in NUnit
Creating a data-driven test in MSTEST
Creating a data-driven test in Ruby using Roo
Creating a data-driven test in Python using DDT
8. Using the Page Object Model Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
8. Using the Page Object Model
Introduction
Using the PageFactory class for exposing the elements on a page
Using the PageFactory class for exposing an operation on a page
Using the LoadableComponent class
Implementing nested Page Object instances
Implementing the Page Object model in .NET
Implementing the Page Object model in Python
Implementing the Page Object model in Ruby using the page-object gem
9. Extending Selenium Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
9. Extending Selenium
Introduction
Creating an extension class for web tables
Creating an extension for the jQueryUI tab widget
Implementing an extension for the WebElement object to set the element attribute values
Implementing an extension for the WebElement object to highlight elements
Creating an object map for Selenium tests
Capturing screenshots of elements in the Selenium WebDriver
Comparing images in Selenium
Measuring performance with the Navigation Timing API
10. Testing HTML5 Web Applications Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
10. Testing HTML5 Web Applications
Introduction
Automating the HTML5 video player
Automating interaction on the HTML5 canvas element
Web storage – testing local storage
Web storage – testing session storage
Cleaning local and session storage
11. Behavior-Driven Development Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
11. Behavior-Driven Development
Introduction
Using Cucumber-JVM and Selenium WebDriver in Java for BDD
Using SpecFlow.NET and Selenium WebDriver in .NET for BDD
Using Capybara, Cucumber, and Selenium WebDriver in Ruby
Using Behave and Selenium WebDriver in Python
12. Integration with Other Tools Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
12. Integration with Other Tools
Introduction
Configuring Jenkins for continuous integration
Using Jenkins and Maven for Selenium WebDriver test execution in continuous integration
Using Ant for Selenium WebDriver test execution
Using Jenkins and Ant for Selenium WebDriver test execution in continuous integration
Automating a non-web UI in Selenium WebDriver with AutoIt
Automating a non-web UI in Selenium WebDriver with Sikuli
13. Cross-Browser Testing Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
13. Cross-Browser Testing
Introduction
Setting up Selenium Grid Server for parallel execution
Adding nodes to Selenium Grid for cross-browser testing
Creating and executing the Selenium script in parallel with TestNG
Creating and executing the Selenium script in parallel with Python
Using Cloud tools for cross-browser testing running tests in the Cloud
Running tests in headless mode with PhantomJS
14. Testing Applications on Mobile Browsers Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
14. Testing Applications on Mobile Browsers
Introduction
Setting up Appium for testing mobile applications
Testing mobile web applications on iOS using Appium
Testing mobile web applications on Android using Appium
Index Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Index

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Yang Shanel Wang Jun 21, 2021
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I don’t know why I bought this book so author is winner because Science can include great sense of humor too. The purpose of invention of computer no matter software and hardware is to create convenience and happiness so human beings will have confidence stop fighting, no sadness, no discrimination.Computer codes are creatively changing and quality of production are improving because people love what they do so they never be dangerous to think consumers owe anything. I am lucky I am one of benefits especially it is very tough in recycle industry. I am grateful a lot of people put efforts to contribute, think others situations, and make people happy meanwhile it is bless I am around those people with good humble heart.
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Alexander Afanasyev Dec 27, 2015
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What is really good about this book is that it contains tons of examples and recipes that you can try out in practice right away.The book contains quite a thorough example-based overview of the Selenium WebDriver API, from different element location techniques to mobile testing and selenium grids.
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Arun Motoori Dec 30, 2015
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I love this book among all the books available on Selenium. Few books help you get started, but this book stays with you from the beginning and continues to stay with you as reference. This book covers basic to advanced concepts of selenium in a simple and practical way. Topics like Configuring the Environment for developing Automation Scripts , Locators for finding various UI elements, Selenium API Commands along with their practical usage, latest framework concepts and many more are explained very well in a practical way. If you want to start learning or improve your knowledge on Selenium, just go for this book without any second thought.
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Priyanka Jan 27, 2019
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
Helpful
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Amazon Customer Dec 31, 2016
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Empty star icon 4
Its worthy
Amazon Verified review Amazon

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About the author

Profile icon UNMESH GUNDECHA
UNMESH GUNDECHA
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Unmesh Gundecha has over 16 years, experience in Agile software development, test automation, and DevOps methodologies. He is an Agile, open source, and DevOps evangelist with extensive experience in a diverse set of tools and technologies. He has extensive hands-on experience in building sustainable and repeatable test automation solutions for web and mobile platforms, APIs, and CLI apps with continuous integration and delivery pipelines, using best-of-breed open source and commercial tools to do so. He is the author of Selenium Testing Tools Cookbook and Learning Selenium Testing Tools with Python, both by Packt Publishing.
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