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Home > Business & Other > Real Time Communication > SignalR Real-time Application Cookbook
SignalR Real-time Application Cookbook
SignalR Real-time Application Cookbook

SignalR Real-time Application Cookbook: Use SignalR to create real-time, bidirectional, and asynchronous applications based on standard web technologies.

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SignalR Real-time Application Cookbook

Chapter 2. Using Hubs

In this chapter, we will cover:

  • Adding a method to a Hub and counting the calls to it

  • Calling back the caller from a Hub's method

  • Broadcasting to all connected clients

  • Adding a connection to a group

  • Removing a connection from a group

  • Broadcasting to all connected clients except the caller

  • Broadcasting to all clients except the specified ones

  • Broadcasting to all clients in a group except the caller

  • Broadcasting from outside a Hub

  • Using the return value of a Hub method

Introduction

SignalR's main goal is to deliver a real-time experience over HTTP, where both clients and servers can participate in a conversation as senders and listeners at the same time (known as full-duplex communication). A client initiates the flow by starting a new connection, but after that, both types of actors are equally capable of sending and receiving bits of the conversation.

In order to deliver such an experience, SignalR comes with two distinct APIs: one called persistent connection, which we can consider to be the low-level API, and one called Hubs, which is built on top of the former and brings a higher-level set of concepts and an easier and straightforward experience for the developer. We'll talk about Hubs first as we want to make our way through the SignalR features, starting from the simplest to use to the more sophisticated.

A Hub can be seen as a set of methods exposed by a server that any client can connect to, in order to perform actions on that server or to retrieve...

Adding a method to a Hub and counting the calls to it

This first recipe of the chapter is very simple, and in a way similar to the others we saw in Chapter 1, Understanding the Basics; however, the focus will be lesser on the process and the parts involved and more on specific Hub features. We'll learn a simple way to count how many times a Hub method is called by the connected clients.

Getting ready

Before writing the code of this recipe, we need to create a new empty web application, which we'll call Recipe05.

How to do it…

We're ready to actually start adding our SignalR bits by performing the following steps:

  1. Let's add a Hub called EchoHub. Behind the scenes, this action references a NuGet package called Microsoft.AspNet.SignalR, which then brings a few more packages.

  2. Then we add an OWIN Startup class named Startup, which contains just a simple app.MapSignalR() bootstrap call inside the Configuration() method.

  3. It is important to highlight the fact that it is recommended to add a Hub to the...

Calling back the caller from a Hub's method

With this recipe, we are actually starting to look at more interesting and real-time SignalR features. We will see how a Hub can call back into a client that just performed a remote method call.

Getting ready

Before starting with this recipe, we need to create a new empty web application, which we'll call Recipe06.

How to do it…

Let's start building the server-side portion of this recipe using the following steps:

  1. We must first add a Hub called EchoHub.

  2. We must then add an OWIN Startup class named Startup, containing just a simple app.MapSignalR(); bootstrap call inside the Configuration() method.

  3. Let's make the Hub's content look like the following:

    using System;
using Microsoft.AspNet.SignalR;
using Microsoft.AspNet.SignalR.Hubs;

namespace Recipe06
{
    [HubName("echo")]
    public class EchoHub : Hub
    {
        public void Hello()
        {
            var msg = string.Format("Greetings {0}, it's
                {1:F}!",
                Context...

Broadcasting to all connected clients

After several examples where a single client was involved at a time, we'll start looking at scenarios where multiple clients are connected at the same time, and we'll start making them interact. We will see how a Hub can call back into all the connected clients from the context of a single remote method call performed by just one of them. This is where SignalR becomes a more interesting and outstanding library!

Getting ready

Before proceeding, we need to create a new empty web application, which we'll call Recipe07.

How to do it…

As usual, we need some simple steps to get started as follows:

  1. Add a Hub called EchoHub.

  2. Add an OWIN Startup class named Startup with its Configuration() method containing just a simple app.MapSignalR(); bootstrap call.

  3. Modify the file content to make it look like the following code:

    using System;
using Microsoft.AspNet.SignalR;
using Microsoft.AspNet.SignalR.Hubs;

namespace Recipe07
{
    [HubName("echo")]
    public class EchoHub...

Adding a connection to a group

Multiple clients can connect to a specific Hub at the same time, and the number of connections can easily increase. SignalR offers a feature called groups in order to define subsets of connections and use them when broadcasting to clients. We will see how a Hub can place connected clients into groups and then broadcast calls to all the connections belonging to a specific group.

Getting ready

Before writing the actual code, we need to create a new empty web application, which we'll call Recipe08.

How to do it…

We're ready to start building our sample. We need to perform the following steps:

  1. Add a Hub called EchoHub.

  2. Add an OWIN Startup class named Startup with a Configuration() method calling app.MapSignalR();.

  3. Add the following to the Hub code:

    using Microsoft.AspNet.SignalR;
using Microsoft.AspNet.SignalR.Hubs;

namespace Recipe08
{
    [HubName("echo")]
    public class EchoHub : Hub
    {
        public void Subscribe(string groupName)
        {
            Groups...

Removing a connection from a group

As we just saw, groups are an interesting and useful feature exposed by the Hub API. In the previous recipe, we concentrated on how to add connections to a specific group, but we did not expand on how you can remove them. This will be the subject of this recipe.

It's quite obvious that in order to remove connections from a group, we'll have to add them to it first; however, that part has already been covered by the previous recipe. Here we'll show the code to do both operations in order to deliver a fully working recipe, but we'll indulge in comments only for the removal part. For more details about adding connections to a group, please refer to the previous recipe.

Getting ready

Before proceeding, we create a new empty web application, which we'll call Recipe09.

How to do it…

We're ready to actually start adding our SignalR bits by performing the following steps:

  1. We need a Hub called EchoHub.

  2. We then need an OWIN Startup class named Startup containing just a...

Broadcasting to all connected clients except the caller

In the previous recipes, we saw a few examples of broadcasting where the sender was always included among the receivers of the message. That was because the APIs we used always included the sender, whether we used the Caller member, the All member, or the Group() method. There are several scenarios though, where it does not make sense to broadcast to the caller; for example, in a live forum application, where it might be enough to broadcast each message to everybody who joined except the sender. That's why SignalR offers the Others member in order to send calls to everybody but the caller. Let's use it.

Getting ready

Before writing the code of this recipe, we need to create a new empty web application, which we'll call Recipe10.

How to do it…

This is a simple Hub. To make it work, we need to perform the following steps:

  1. Add a Hub called EchoHub.

  2. Add the usual OWIN Startup class, which we name Startup, containing the Configuration() method...

Broadcasting to all clients except the specified ones

SignalR offers a couple of ways to exclude entire sets of connections from a broadcast; here, we see how we can exclude a specific set of connected clients using their ConnectionId properties.

To demonstrate this feature, we need a slightly more complex sample. Let's consider a case where some of the messages should go unobserved by the specific clients we do not want to target. In such a case, we would need to inform everybody about who else is connected, and provide a way to pick some of those in order to exclude them from the next broadcast. To achieve this, we store a list of all the received connections in a static Hashset member inside the hub, and we send this set to every connected client when it calls a Subscribe() method. This set of connections will be used by the client to show a list of identifiers from which the user can select who to exclude when performing the broadcast of the message. To keep the UI simple, we'll let the...

Broadcasting to all clients in a group except the caller

Similar to what we just did in order to exclude specific connections from the set of all the connected clients, we can provide exceptions in the context of a specific group. We can broadcast to all the connections in a given group, excluding a list of specific ConnectionId values that we want to omit.

Getting ready

Before writing the code of this recipe, we create a new empty web application, which we'll call Recipe12.

How to do it…

Let's prepare our project by performing the following steps:

  1. We add a Hub called EchoHub.

  2. Let's then add the usual OWIN Startup class named Startup, with a Configuration() method calling app.MapSignalR().

  3. Let's edit Hub's content using the following code:

    using Microsoft.AspNet.SignalR;
using Microsoft.AspNet.SignalR.Hubs;

namespace Recipe12
{
    [HubName("echo")]
    public class EchoHub : Hub
    {
        public void Subscribe(string groupName)
        {
            Groups.Add(Context.ConnectionId, groupName...

Broadcasting from outside a Hub

All the recipes we illustrated so far have a common workflow as follows:

  • A client starts a connection first

  • The same client calls at least one method on the Hub

  • Eventually, any sequence of client-to-server and server-to-client calls can happen

Given the precondition of starting a connection from the client, which cannot be skipped, the fact that we then need at least one client-to-server call at the beginning, before doing anything else, may not be ideal. What if we want to start a conversation directly from a Hub? There's no such limitation with SignalR. In fact, a Hub may well be the first one to call back into the clients (already connected). There are a couple of ways to do it: the first one involves connection events, which will be illustrated in Chapter 6, Handling Connections, while the other option is based on the fact that a Hub can be used by any server-side code outside the Hub itself. This indeed becomes a mechanism to perform server-to-client calls...

Using the return value of a Hub method

So far, we examined different ways to push information from a server Hub to the connected clients; in particular, we saw how to perform a client-side call just on the caller in the Calling back the caller from a Hub's method recipe. All these techniques have one thing in common: the remote call is performed through the Clients member exposed by Hub. However, in the special case of communicating just with the caller, we can use a different, and in some way more natural, way to do it: have the Hub method return a value.

Getting ready

For this recipe, we need a new empty web application, which we'll call Recipe13.

How to do it…

We're ready to start adding our SignalR stuff, as usual. We need to perform the next set of steps:

  1. Add a Hub called EchoHub.

  2. Add an OWIN Startup class named Startup, containing just a simple app.MapSignalR(); bootstrap call inside the Configuration() method.

  3. The following code needs to be added to the Hub:

    using System;
using Microsoft...
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Page 1 of 12

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What you will learn

  • Teach you how to build SignalR servers
  • Illustrate SignalR clients built with both the JavaScript and the .NET client libraries
  • Demonstrate both the Hubs API and the Persistent Connection API
  • Demystify the lifetime of a connection
  • Explain how to authorize requests
  • Scale up and scale out your SignalR applications
  • Enable you to handle errors efficiently
  • Extend SignalR with custom services
  • Solve complex realtime scenarios with the help of advanced, readymade examples
Estimated delivery fee Deliver to United States

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Product Details

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Publication date, Length, Edition, Language, ISBN-13
Publication date : Apr 23, 2014
Length: 292 pages
Edition :
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781783285952
Vendor :
Microsoft
Category :
Business & Other
Languages :
C#
Concepts :
Real Time Communication
Tools :
SignalR

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Estimated delivery fee Deliver to United States

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Product Details

Publication date : Apr 23, 2014
Length: 292 pages
Edition :
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781783285952
Vendor :
Microsoft
Category :
Business & Other
Languages :
C#
Concepts :
Real Time Communication
Tools :
SignalR

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Table of Contents

8 Chapters
Understanding the Basics Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Understanding the Basics
Introduction
Adding a Hub to an ASP.NET project
Adding a Hub to a self-hosting application
Connecting to a Hub from a JavaScript client
Connecting to a Hub from a .NET application
Using Hubs Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Using Hubs
Introduction
Adding a method to a Hub and counting the calls to it
Calling back the caller from a Hub's method
Broadcasting to all connected clients
Adding a connection to a group
Removing a connection from a group
Broadcasting to all connected clients except the caller
Broadcasting to all clients except the specified ones
Broadcasting to all clients in a group except the caller
Broadcasting from outside a Hub
Using the return value of a Hub method
Using the JavaScript Hubs Client API Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Using the JavaScript Hubs Client API
Introduction
Starting a Hub connection
Setting up connection transport strategies
Calling a server-side Hub method
Adding a client-side method on the proxy and calling it from the server
Managing errors across a complex asynchronous workflow
Using the .NET Hubs Client API Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Using the .NET Hubs Client API
Introduction
Starting a Hub connection
Setting up connection transport strategies
Calling a server-side Hub method
Adding a client-side method on the proxy and calling it from the server
Managing errors across a complex asynchronous workflow
Using a Persistent Connection Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Using a Persistent Connection
Introduction
Adding and registering a persistent connection
Sending messages from the server
Sending messages to the server
Exchanging messages between a server and a JavaScript client
Exchanging messages between a server and a .NET client
Handling Connections Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Handling Connections
Introduction
Controlling the lifetime of a connection
Handling a connection transient state
Establishing a cross-domain connection
Analyzing Advanced Scenarios Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Analyzing Advanced Scenarios
Introduction
Generating static files for JavaScript proxies
Authorizing requests on a Hub
Authorizing requests on a persistent connection
Authorizing requests in a self-hosting context
Scaling up
Scaling out with Azure
Scaling out with Redis
Scaling out with SQL Server
Establishing proxy-less connections
Introducing dependency injection (simple approach)
Introducing dependency injection (advanced approach)
Using dependency injection to replace a default behavior
Extending the Hub pipeline
Handling errors
Building Complex Applications Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Building Complex Applications
Introduction
Implementing a room-based chat application
Implementing a shared whiteboard
Implementing a real-time map of flying airplanes
Implementing a "pets finder" application
Implementing a custom backplane
Implementing a real-time error notification system

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Customer reviews

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1 star 0%
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S. Aki Feb 23, 2016
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
I was studying another SignalR book and just didn't get anywhere satisfactory so ended up forking out for yet another book. Wish I'd gotten this one first!Teaches you how to implement SignalR in MVC, Web Forms and even plain HTML.This book really impressed me when the last few programming related books I've read have all been very dry and unexciting.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Amazon Customer Jun 09, 2017
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
I like this book. It introduces many wonderful information for my development!
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Amazon Customer Jul 14, 2015
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
Real impressive book covering all aspects of SignalR, from using and understanding Hubs and Connections right through to real-world examples. The best thing about this book is it contains real good examples you could always reference. Overall 5 out of 5, a theoretical book with practical examples!
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Charlie J. Biggs Jun 12, 2015
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
Great insight into a very open and flexible technology. The Cookbook is well written and provides easy to follow recipes for implementing Signalr into your application. I refer to it on a regular basic as I architect and implement Real-time logic into my enterprise application.Charlie J.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Jacob Cheriathundam Aug 24, 2015
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
SignalR itself is a pretty great technology to use when WebSockets can't be relied upon (considering the breath of browsers out there, web sockets just can't be relied on solely for any push functionality). This book made it easy to learn and implement SignalR into your solutions. I knew nothing about it before I started and I've already implemented in 3 of my existing projects and plan to use it on a few more.While the redundancy of putting the same template code over and over again takes up space, I can see how that would also be beneficial if someone just picked up the book to learn about implementing a single strategy. They could simply skip to the chapter(s) of concern and quickly get a solution rather than reading the whole book to make sure everything is setup correctly.Fantastic book and would highly recommend it to anybody that is trying to learn SignalR.
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About the author

Profile icon Roberto Vespa
Roberto Vespa
Roberto Vespa has been passionate about programming computers since he was at high school, and he always wanted to do that for a living. He has a degree in Electronic Engineering obtained in Italy, and has been working in the Information Technology industry since 1995, consulting on many different projects and for several customers. He is a software developer and architect with strong experience on the Windows platform, and in particular on the .NET Framework since Version 1.0, and on web technologies. He has always been working across a broad spectrum of responsibilities from distributed applications to complex user interfaces, from architecture and designing solutions to debugging server and client code, and from native Windows clients to web user interfaces. He loves to learn, share, and communicate about technology. He wrote technical articles for an Italian magazine in the past, and now puts his effort into looking at the latest advances in programming or in contributing to open source projects such as ElmahR, a real-time error monitoring web dashboard built on top of SignalR. You can find out more about it at http://elmahr.apphb.com/. Since 2011, he has been working in Switzerland where he lives with his wife, Cecilia, and their cats. You can follow him on Twitter at @wasp_twit. Roberto's blogs are at http://www.robychechi.it/roby.
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FAQs

What is the digital copy I get with my Print order? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

When you buy any Print edition of our Books, you can redeem (for free) the eBook edition of the Print Book you’ve purchased. This gives you instant access to your book when you make an order via PDF, EPUB or our online Reader experience.

What is the delivery time and cost of print book? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Shipping Details

USA:

'

Economy: Delivery to most addresses in the US within 10-15 business days

Premium: Trackable Delivery to most addresses in the US within 3-8 business days

UK:

Economy: Delivery to most addresses in the U.K. within 7-9 business days.
Shipments are not trackable

Premium: Trackable delivery to most addresses in the U.K. within 3-4 business days!
Add one extra business day for deliveries to Northern Ireland and Scottish Highlands and islands

EU:

Premium: Trackable delivery to most EU destinations within 4-9 business days.

Australia:

Economy: Can deliver to P. O. Boxes and private residences.
Trackable service with delivery to addresses in Australia only.
Delivery time ranges from 7-9 business days for VIC and 8-10 business days for Interstate metro
Delivery time is up to 15 business days for remote areas of WA, NT & QLD.

Premium: Delivery to addresses in Australia only
Trackable delivery to most P. O. Boxes and private residences in Australia within 4-5 days based on the distance to a destination following dispatch.

India:

Premium: Delivery to most Indian addresses within 5-6 business days

Rest of the World:

Premium: Countries in the American continent: Trackable delivery to most countries within 4-7 business days

Asia:

Premium: Delivery to most Asian addresses within 5-9 business days

Disclaimer:
All orders received before 5 PM U.K time would start printing from the next business day. So the estimated delivery times start from the next day as well. Orders received after 5 PM U.K time (in our internal systems) on a business day or anytime on the weekend will begin printing the second to next business day. For example, an order placed at 11 AM today will begin printing tomorrow, whereas an order placed at 9 PM tonight will begin printing the day after tomorrow.


Unfortunately, due to several restrictions, we are unable to ship to the following countries:

  1. Afghanistan
  2. American Samoa
  3. Belarus
  4. Brunei Darussalam
  5. Central African Republic
  6. The Democratic Republic of Congo
  7. Eritrea
  8. Guinea-bissau
  9. Iran
  10. Lebanon
  11. Libiya Arab Jamahriya
  12. Somalia
  13. Sudan
  14. Russian Federation
  15. Syrian Arab Republic
  16. Ukraine
  17. Venezuela
What is custom duty/charge? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Customs duty are charges levied on goods when they cross international borders. It is a tax that is imposed on imported goods. These duties are charged by special authorities and bodies created by local governments and are meant to protect local industries, economies, and businesses.

Do I have to pay customs charges for the print book order? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

The orders shipped to the countries that are listed under EU27 will not bear custom charges. They are paid by Packt as part of the order.

List of EU27 countries: www.gov.uk/eu-eea:

A custom duty or localized taxes may be applicable on the shipment and would be charged by the recipient country outside of the EU27 which should be paid by the customer and these duties are not included in the shipping charges been charged on the order.

How do I know my custom duty charges? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

The amount of duty payable varies greatly depending on the imported goods, the country of origin and several other factors like the total invoice amount or dimensions like weight, and other such criteria applicable in your country.

For example:

  • If you live in Mexico, and the declared value of your ordered items is over $ 50, for you to receive a package, you will have to pay additional import tax of 19% which will be $ 9.50 to the courier service.
  • Whereas if you live in Turkey, and the declared value of your ordered items is over € 22, for you to receive a package, you will have to pay additional import tax of 18% which will be € 3.96 to the courier service.
How can I cancel my order? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Cancellation Policy for Published Printed Books:

You can cancel any order within 1 hour of placing the order. Simply contact customercare@packt.com with your order details or payment transaction id. If your order has already started the shipment process, we will do our best to stop it. However, if it is already on the way to you then when you receive it, you can contact us at customercare@packt.com using the returns and refund process.

Please understand that Packt Publishing cannot provide refunds or cancel any order except for the cases described in our Return Policy (i.e. Packt Publishing agrees to replace your printed book because it arrives damaged or material defect in book), Packt Publishing will not accept returns.

What is your returns and refunds policy? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Return Policy:

We want you to be happy with your purchase from Packtpub.com. We will not hassle you with returning print books to us. If the print book you receive from us is incorrect, damaged, doesn't work or is unacceptably late, please contact Customer Relations Team on customercare@packt.com with the order number and issue details as explained below:

  1. If you ordered (eBook, Video or Print Book) incorrectly or accidentally, please contact Customer Relations Team on customercare@packt.com within one hour of placing the order and we will replace/refund you the item cost.
  2. Sadly, if your eBook or Video file is faulty or a fault occurs during the eBook or Video being made available to you, i.e. during download then you should contact Customer Relations Team within 14 days of purchase on customercare@packt.com who will be able to resolve this issue for you.
  3. You will have a choice of replacement or refund of the problem items.(damaged, defective or incorrect)
  4. Once Customer Care Team confirms that you will be refunded, you should receive the refund within 10 to 12 working days.
  5. If you are only requesting a refund of one book from a multiple order, then we will refund you the appropriate single item.
  6. Where the items were shipped under a free shipping offer, there will be no shipping costs to refund.

On the off chance your printed book arrives damaged, with book material defect, contact our Customer Relation Team on customercare@packt.com within 14 days of receipt of the book with appropriate evidence of damage and we will work with you to secure a replacement copy, if necessary. Please note that each printed book you order from us is individually made by Packt's professional book-printing partner which is on a print-on-demand basis.

What tax is charged? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Currently, no tax is charged on the purchase of any print book (subject to change based on the laws and regulations). A localized VAT fee is charged only to our European and UK customers on eBooks, Video and subscriptions that they buy. GST is charged to Indian customers for eBooks and video purchases.

What payment methods can I use? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

You can pay with the following card types:

  1. Visa Debit
  2. Visa Credit
  3. MasterCard
  4. PayPal
What is the delivery time and cost of print books? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Shipping Details

USA:

'

Economy: Delivery to most addresses in the US within 10-15 business days

Premium: Trackable Delivery to most addresses in the US within 3-8 business days

UK:

Economy: Delivery to most addresses in the U.K. within 7-9 business days.
Shipments are not trackable

Premium: Trackable delivery to most addresses in the U.K. within 3-4 business days!
Add one extra business day for deliveries to Northern Ireland and Scottish Highlands and islands

EU:

Premium: Trackable delivery to most EU destinations within 4-9 business days.

Australia:

Economy: Can deliver to P. O. Boxes and private residences.
Trackable service with delivery to addresses in Australia only.
Delivery time ranges from 7-9 business days for VIC and 8-10 business days for Interstate metro
Delivery time is up to 15 business days for remote areas of WA, NT & QLD.

Premium: Delivery to addresses in Australia only
Trackable delivery to most P. O. Boxes and private residences in Australia within 4-5 days based on the distance to a destination following dispatch.

India:

Premium: Delivery to most Indian addresses within 5-6 business days

Rest of the World:

Premium: Countries in the American continent: Trackable delivery to most countries within 4-7 business days

Asia:

Premium: Delivery to most Asian addresses within 5-9 business days

Disclaimer:
All orders received before 5 PM U.K time would start printing from the next business day. So the estimated delivery times start from the next day as well. Orders received after 5 PM U.K time (in our internal systems) on a business day or anytime on the weekend will begin printing the second to next business day. For example, an order placed at 11 AM today will begin printing tomorrow, whereas an order placed at 9 PM tonight will begin printing the day after tomorrow.


Unfortunately, due to several restrictions, we are unable to ship to the following countries:

  1. Afghanistan
  2. American Samoa
  3. Belarus
  4. Brunei Darussalam
  5. Central African Republic
  6. The Democratic Republic of Congo
  7. Eritrea
  8. Guinea-bissau
  9. Iran
  10. Lebanon
  11. Libiya Arab Jamahriya
  12. Somalia
  13. Sudan
  14. Russian Federation
  15. Syrian Arab Republic
  16. Ukraine
  17. Venezuela