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Home > Web Development > Web Utilities > Mastering Sass
Mastering Sass
Mastering Sass

Mastering Sass: An expert's guide to practical knowledge on leveraging SASS and COMPASS

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Mastering Sass

Chapter 2. Sass – The Road to Better CSS

In this chapter, we will cover:

  • Setting up a simple project based strongly on typography.
  • We'll look at using Sass from the command line and the various options we can pass to take control of our output.
  • We'll then set up our project's configuration variables using !default to allow easy overriding in future. These variables will control all of our functions and mixins and will allow the end user to have full control of our Sass library, without needing to touch mixins or functions.
  • We'll look at writing a small but flexible library of functions and mixins that will deal with setting up a base typography style for our default body, text, and headings. This will be based around the optimal reading line length of 60-80 characters while keeping our font sizes and line heights uniform even when we change font families.
  • We'll write functions and a mixin to handle the output of our headings and keep the best font...

A bit of sassy reminiscing

As I mentioned I started Sass some time ago. I even remember that illustration of the girl with the telephone. Remember her? I always imagined she was having a sassy debate with her friend about the latest web design trends and telling her friend to stop using IDs in her CSS.

Anyways, I can also remember it was actually pretty difficult to learn Sass. The only thing that got me to persevere was I could use as little as I wanted in the beginning, so I had that safety net of plain old CSS. So when I started out I really only used Sass for the variables, imports and the nesting. Even with that, it made my life so much better!

The version was Classy Cassidy(3.0.18), and even though Sass hadn't been offering the .scss syntax for long at that point, it was really starting to make waves, due to the fact you could just write css and use as little or as much of Sass as you wanted. When it's put like that to someone you'd wonder why it wasn't a feature...

Setting up our project

You're probably eager to start writing some Sass, so let's jump right in. I'm going to create my project in my root (C:/) directory, but you can place your project wherever is easiest for you. I'll call it mastering-sass and inside I'll create the following files and folders in that folder: sass and index.html and within the sass folder create a file: style.scss.

Open your index.html file in your editor of choice and add the following markup:

<!-- mastering-sass/index.html --> 
<!DOCTYPE html> 
<html lang="en"> 
  <head> 
    <meta charset="UTF-8"> 
    <title>Mastering Sass: Chapter 2</title> 
    <link href="css/style.css" rel="stylesheet"> 
  </head> 
  <body> 
    <div> 
      <h1>Heading 1</h1> 
      <h2>Heading 2</h2> 
      <h3>Heading 3</h3> 
      <h4>Heading 4</h4> 
      <h5...

Command line options in Sass

So before we get to our heading styles, let's look at some of the command line options that can be passed along with our Sass command. We saw the --watch option. This tells Sass to watch the sass file or an entire folder changes, and then automatically compiles CSS whenever we save any changes to our Sass files.

Watching files and directories

We also told Sass to watch an entire directory and compile to a separate directory. Therefore, any file we created or updated in our sass directory, whether it was a .scss or .sass file, would be compiled to a CSS file of the same name in the css folder.

Tip

You can even use files with the indented Sass syntax and files written in the SCSS syntax in one project. So if you haven't started using the indented Sasssyntax simply because you don't fancy writing all of your mixins again, or you don't want to have to convert all your files, well you don't have to. Simply include any .scss files partials...

On the right heading!

So now you should have full control of Sass from the command line. Let's move onto another typography challenge, headings, and sizing them correctly for best results to match the work we did with our body text.

By default, the font-size of headings in most modern browsers is as follows:

  • h1 is 2em
  • h2 is 1.5em
  • h3 is 1.17em
  • h4 is 1em
  • h5 is 0.83em
  • h6 is 0.67em

So you can probably tell that doesn't look quite right. So continuing from our last example where we simply multiplied our font size by a ratio of 1:15 to get what worked best, we need to do something similar. Now that will work fine on our h4, which is 1em (or rem, which is what we are using); however, all the other headings work on a different ratio to each other. Now, I've worked them out already. The good thing is we know how to get our starting value for our h2 regardless of our base font-size. It's always exactly double that. Then we can use the following to calculate the rest of the headings:

  • h1...

Three things you should know about lists

Here are three important things you should know about lists:

  • Sass list indexes DO NOT start at zero
  • You can separate the items in a list with spaces instead of commas
  • You can even leave out parentheses

Let's dive deep in the preceding mentioned points.

Sass list indexes do not start at zero. Some of you who've dealt with arrays in most languages will be expecting to get a value of $h3-font-size with the preceding code. However, Sass lists are not 0 based. Their first index is, in fact 1, meaning we can use the number that makes sense (to people who don't do a lot of programming) and not be required to subtract 1 from our heading variable first.

You can separate the items in a list with spaces instead of commas. This is means we could have written our list like this instead:

$headings: ($h1-font-size $h2-font-size $h3-font-size $h4-font-size, $h5-font-size $h6-font-size);

One thing to be very careful of when using space...

A bit of sassy reminiscing

As I mentioned I started Sass some time ago. I even remember that illustration of the girl with the telephone. Remember her? I always imagined she was having a sassy debate with her friend about the latest web design trends and telling her friend to stop using IDs in her CSS.

Anyways, I can also remember it was actually pretty difficult to learn Sass. The only thing that got me to persevere was I could use as little as I wanted in the beginning, so I had that safety net of plain old CSS. So when I started out I really only used Sass for the variables, imports and the nesting. Even with that, it made my life so much better!

The version was Classy Cassidy(3.0.18), and even though Sass hadn't been offering the .scss syntax for long at that point, it was really starting to make waves, due to the fact you could just write css and use as little or as much of Sass as you wanted. When it's put like that to someone you'd wonder why it wasn't a feature in the first place.

Back...

Setting up our project

You're probably eager to start writing some Sass, so let's jump right in. I'm going to create my project in my root (C:/) directory, but you can place your project wherever is easiest for you. I'll call it mastering-sass and inside I'll create the following files and folders in that folder: sass and index.html and within the sass folder create a file: style.scss.

Open your index.html file in your editor of choice and add the following markup:

<!-- mastering-sass/index.html --> 
<!DOCTYPE html> 
<html lang="en"> 
  <head> 
    <meta charset="UTF-8"> 
    <title>Mastering Sass: Chapter 2</title> 
    <link href="css/style.css" rel="stylesheet"> 
  </head> 
  <body> 
    <div> 
      <h1>Heading 1</h1> 
      <h2>Heading 2</h2> 
      <h3>Heading 3</h3> 
      <h4>Heading 4</h4> 
      &lt...

Command line options in Sass

So before we get to our heading styles, let's look at some of the command line options that can be passed along with our Sass command. We saw the --watch option. This tells Sass to watch the sass file or an entire folder changes, and then automatically compiles CSS whenever we save any changes to our Sass files.

Watching files and directories

We also told Sass to watch an entire directory and compile to a separate directory. Therefore, any file we created or updated in our sass directory, whether it was a .scss or .sass file, would be compiled to a CSS file of the same name in the css folder.

Tip

You can even use files with the indented Sass syntax and files written in the SCSS syntax in one project. So if you haven't started using the indented Sasssyntax simply because you don't fancy writing all of your mixins again, or you don't want to have to convert all your files, well you don't have to. Simply include any .scss files partials in a .sass (or vice versa) and...

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Key benefits

  • Create data-intensive, highly scalable apps using Sass and COMPASS
  • Master the concepts of Sass and COMPASS and unleash your potential to develop enterprise-grade apps
  • This book is an experts’ guide on leveraging Sass and COMPASS features

Description

CSS and Sass add elegance and excellence to the basic language, and consist of a CSS-compatible syntax that allows you to use variables, nested rules, mixins, inline imports, and much more. This book will start with an overview of the features in Sass and Compass, most of which you'll already be familiar; however, this will ensure you know what’s expected as the book goes deeper into Sass and Compass. Next you will learn CSS and HTML concepts that are vital to a good Sass workflow. After all, Sass exists to simplify writing CSS, but it won’t teach you how to make clean, scalable, reusable CSS. For that, you need to understand some basic concepts of OOCSS, SMACCS, and Atomic Design. Once you’ve brushed up on the important concepts, it’s time to write some Sass. Mainly you’ll write a few functions and mixins that really leverage control flow using @if / @else loops and you’ll learn how to figure out when and why things are going wrong before they bring you to a stop. Moving further, you’ll learn how to use @debug, @warn and @error to properly handle errors. You’ll also learn about Gulp and how to use it to automate your workflow and reduce your repetitive tasks. And finally you’ll learn about sourcemaps. With sourcemaps, you’ll be able to write, debug, and view your Sass and Compass all from within the browser. It’ll even LiveReload too! As a bonus, you’ll take a look at that funky Flexbox, currently all the rage! You’ll learn how powerful and flexible it really is, and how you can use it with Compass. Best of all, it falls back very gracefully indeed! In fact, you’ll be able to apply it to any existing project without having to change a line of the original CSS.

Who is this book for?

This book is aimed at those who know CSS3 and HTML5 quite well and who've built a few small-to-medium-sized websites from scratch using Sass and Compass.

What you will learn

  • Master Sass and Compass features
  • Familiarize yourself with CSS and HTML concepts that are vital for a good Sass workflow.
  • Build real-world websites focusing on layouts and content aspects
  • Work on a grid system using Compass and Susy
  • Automate your workflow with Gulp
  • Write functions and mixins to leverage the control flow

Product Details

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Publication date, Length, Edition, Language, ISBN-13
Publication date : Aug 26, 2016
Length: 318 pages
Edition : 1st
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781785889578
Category :
Web Development
Languages :
Ruby
Concepts :
Web Utilities
Tools :
Compass

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Product Details

Publication date : Aug 26, 2016
Length: 318 pages
Edition : 1st
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781785889578
Category :
Web Development
Languages :
Ruby
Concepts :
Web Utilities
Tools :
Compass

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Table of Contents

10 Chapters
1. Requirements Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
1. Requirements
Ruby, Sass, and Compass
Node and NPM
HTML5
Summary
2. Sass – The Road to Better CSS Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
2. Sass – The Road to Better CSS
A bit of sassy reminiscing
Setting up our project
Command line options in Sass
On the right heading!
Three things you should know about lists
Heading line heights
Data types in Sass
Summary
3. Compass – Navigating with Compass Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
3. Compass – Navigating with Compass
Setting up a Compass project
Typography with Compass
Sizing our headings
Sticky footer, stretching, and sprites
Compass and the future
Summary
4. CSS and HTML – SMACSS, OOCSS and Semantics Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
4. CSS and HTML – SMACSS, OOCSS and Semantics
The good and the bad of CSS grids
Semantics
Naming conventions
OOCSS - Object-Oriented CSS
SMACSS
Why aren't you using HSL?
reset.css versus normalize.css
Make your own
Summary
5. Advanced Sass Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
5. Advanced Sass
Variables
Maps
Summary
6. Gulp – Automating Tasks for a Faster Workflow Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
6. Gulp – Automating Tasks for a Faster Workflow
Setting up our project
Why Gulp and not Grunt?
Node and npm
Node.js, node-sass, and fileWatch
Setting up Gulp
Summary
7. Sourcemaps – Editing and Saving in the Browser Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
7. Sourcemaps – Editing and Saving in the Browser
What are source maps and why should you care?
Setting up Source Maps in Firefox
Setting up Source Maps in Chrome
Summary
8. Building a Content-Rich Website Components Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
8. Building a Content-Rich Website Components
Setting up our project
Gulp
Helpers
Summary
9. Building a Content-Rich Website – Layout Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
9. Building a Content-Rich Website – Layout
Installing Susy
Setting up a basic grid
The container mixin
The span mixin
The last keyword
The $susy configuration map
Setting up a grid system
The concept of our grid system
The breakpoints
The columns naming convention
Building the grid
Testing the grid
The header
Main header inner
Main nav
Mobile menus
Top nav
Main nav
Image banner
Featured products
Testimonial
Subfooter and footer
The markup
The SCSS
Finishing touches
Summary
10. Building a Content-Rich Website – Theme Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
10. Building a Content-Rich Website – Theme
Typography
Dropcaps
Tagcloud
Color scheme
Search
Image banner
Featured products
Testimonials
Services
Footer
Section titles
Summary

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Customer reviews

Rating distribution
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(1 Ratings)
5 star 100%
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Bartosz Skupie n Sep 09, 2016
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
As a technical reviewer of this book I can say that this title is an excellent book for beginners as well as for styling geeks. Even if you don’t hear about Sass after 2nd chapter you will love it when you discover how Sass can improve way of coding styles thanks to author who explained many issues on simple examples.From now Compass – most well-known framework build with Sass will be your helper in daily work. Even more! Advanced Sass features, automating process using Gulp and described in details using sourcemaps will lift your styling skills on new level.Additional introduction of different concepts like OOCSS, SMACSS, BEM and Atomic Design will help you match suitable approach to project. For each topic you will find good example in this book as code sections – no matter if you working on Mac, Windows or Linux – author highlight lot of tips for everyone. After all this practice will be more practice.At the end of the book where you will build content-rich website step by step using components, creating own grid system and much much more. This book is totally must have if you like Syntactically Awesome Style Sheets.
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About the author

Profile icon Watts
Watts
Luke Watts is a web developer and digital artist from Galway, Ireland. He started learning web design in 2012 after many years working with AutoCAD in the manufacturing industry. In 2014 he set up his own web development agency called Affinity4 (http://affinity4.ie) in Galway, Ireland. He is an Oracle Certified MySQL Developer, and an Adobe Certified Associate (Photoshop and Dreamweaver). Luke has a keen interest in learning and teaching others. He has written articles for many websites, including his own blog, on a wide range of subjects such as SEO, WordPress Development, SVG, Sass, Jade, OOP, Git, Silex, MySQL, and PHP. Luke is also an accomplished artist, both in traditional mediums (mostly pencil and ink) and in digital painting. When not building websites or writing code he will most likely be working on a digital painting on his Wacom tablet using Photoshop or creating a 3D model or scene in any number of 3D modeling applications.
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Packt eBook and Licensing When you buy an eBook from Packt Publishing, completing your purchase means you accept the terms of our licence agreement. Please read the full text of the agreement. In it we have tried to balance the need for the ebook to be usable for you the reader with our needs to protect the rights of us as Publishers and of our authors. In summary, the agreement says:

  • You may make copies of your eBook for your own use onto any machine
  • You may not pass copies of the eBook on to anyone else
How can I make a purchase on your website? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

If you want to purchase a video course, eBook or Bundle (Print+eBook) please follow below steps:

  1. Register on our website using your email address and the password.
  2. Search for the title by name or ISBN using the search option.
  3. Select the title you want to purchase.
  4. Choose the format you wish to purchase the title in; if you order the Print Book, you get a free eBook copy of the same title. 
  5. Proceed with the checkout process (payment to be made using Credit Card, Debit Cart, or PayPal)
Where can I access support around an eBook? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
  • If you experience a problem with using or installing Adobe Reader, the contact Adobe directly.
  • To view the errata for the book, see www.packtpub.com/support and view the pages for the title you have.
  • To view your account details or to download a new copy of the book go to www.packtpub.com/account
  • To contact us directly if a problem is not resolved, use www.packtpub.com/contact-us
What eBook formats do Packt support? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Our eBooks are currently available in a variety of formats such as PDF and ePubs. In the future, this may well change with trends and development in technology, but please note that our PDFs are not Adobe eBook Reader format, which has greater restrictions on security.

You will need to use Adobe Reader v9 or later in order to read Packt's PDF eBooks.

What are the benefits of eBooks? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
  • You can get the information you need immediately
  • You can easily take them with you on a laptop
  • You can download them an unlimited number of times
  • You can print them out
  • They are copy-paste enabled
  • They are searchable
  • There is no password protection
  • They are lower price than print
  • They save resources and space
What is an eBook? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Packt eBooks are a complete electronic version of the print edition, available in PDF and ePub formats. Every piece of content down to the page numbering is the same. Because we save the costs of printing and shipping the book to you, we are able to offer eBooks at a lower cost than print editions.

When you have purchased an eBook, simply login to your account and click on the link in Your Download Area. We recommend you saving the file to your hard drive before opening it.

For optimal viewing of our eBooks, we recommend you download and install the free Adobe Reader version 9.