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Home > Web Development > Front End Web Development > Mastering Flask Web Development
Mastering Flask Web Development
Mastering Flask Web Development

Mastering Flask Web Development: Build enterprise-grade, scalable Python web applications , Second Edition

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Mastering Flask Web Development

Creating Models with SQLAlchemy

As we saw in the last chapter, models are a means of abstracting and providing a common interface to access data. In most web applications, data is stored and retrieved from a relational database management system (RDBMS), which is a database that holds data in a tabular format with rows and columns and is able to implement a relational model with data across tables. Some examples include MySQL, Postgres, Oracle, and MSSQL.

In order to create models on top of our database, we will use a Python package named SQLAlchemy. SQLAlchemy is a database API at its lowest level, and performs object relational mapping at its highest level. An ORM (object relational mapper) is a tool that allows developers to store and retrieve data using object-oriented approaches and solve object-relational mismatches—a set of conceptual and technical difficulties that...

Setting up SQLAlchemy

In order to go through the exercises in this chapter, you will need a running database, if you do not already have one. If you have never installed a database, or you do not have a preference, then SQLite is the best option for beginners, or if you want to quickly bootstrap a proof of concept.

SQLite is an SQL-embedded database engine that is fast, works without a server, and is entirely contained in one file. SQLite is also natively supported in Python, so if you choose to go with SQLite, an SQLite database will be automatically created for you during the exercise in the Our first model section.

Python packages

Flask SQLAlchemy can be used with multiple database engines, such as ORACLE, MSSQL, MySQL...

Our first model

You may have noticed that we did not actually create any tables in our database to abstract from. This is because SQLAlchemy allows us to create either models from tables or tables from our models. We will look at this after we have created the first model.

In our main.py file, SQLAlchemy must first be initialized with our app as follows:

from flask import Flask
from flask_sqlalchemy import SQLAlchemy
from config import DevConfig

app = Flask(__name__)
app.config.from_object(DevConfig)
db = SQLAlchemy(app)

SQLAlchemy will read our app's configuration and automatically connect to our database. Let's create a User model to interact with a user table in the main.py file, as follows:

class User(db.Model): 
  id = db.Column(db.Integer(), primary_key=True) 
  username = db.Column(db.String(255)) 
  password = db.Column(db.String(255)) 
 
  def __init__(self, username...

CRUD

In every storage mechanism for data, there are four basic types of functions: create, read, update, and delete (CRUD). These allow us to perform all the basic ways of manipulating and viewing the data that is needed for our web apps. To use these functions, we will use an object in the database named a session. Sessions will be explained later in the chapter, but for now, think of them as a storage location for all of our changes to the database.

Creating models

To create a new row in your database using our models, add the model to the session and commit objects. Adding an object to the session marks its changes for saving. Committing is when the session is saved to the database, as follows:

    >>> user = User...

Relationships between models

Relationships between models in SQLAlchemy are links between two or more models that allow models to reference each other automatically. This allows naturally related data, such as comments on posts, to be easily retrieved from the database with its related data. This is where the R in RDBMS comes from, and it gives this type of database a large amount of power.

Let's create our first relation. Our blogging website is going to need some blog posts. Each blog post is going to be written by one user, so it makes sense to link posts back to the user who wrote them so that we can easily get all the posts by a user. This is an example of a one-to-many relationship, as shown in the following code:

SQLite and MySQL/MyISAM engines do not enforce relationship constraints. This might cause problems if you are using SQLite on your development environment...

Constraints and indexing

Using constraints is considered a good practice. This way, you can restrict the domain of a certain model attribute and ensure data integrity and quality. There are many types of constraints that you can use; primary key and foreign key constraints were already covered in the previous sections. The other kinds of constraints that are supported by SQLAlchemy are shown in the following list:

  • Not NULL (ensures that a certain attribute contains data)
  • UNIQUE (ensures that a certain attribute value is always unique in the database table, which contains the model data)
  • DEFAULT (sets a default value for the attribute when no values were provided)
  • CHECK (used to specify range of values)

Using SQLAlchemy, you can ensure that your data's domain restrictions are explicit and all in the same place, not spread across your application code.

Let's improve...

The convenience of SQLAlchemy sessions

Now you understand the power of SQLAlchemy and what the SQLAlchemy session object is, and why web apps should never be made without them. As stated before, the session can be simply described as an object that tracks the changes in our models and commits them to the database when we tell it to. However, there is a bit more to it than this.

First, the session is also the handler for transactions. Transactions are sets of changes that are flushed to the database on commit. Transactions provide a lot of hidden functionality. For example, transactions automatically determine which objects are to be saved first when objects have relations. You might have noted this when we were saving tags in the previous section. When we added tags to the posts, the session automatically knew to save the tags first despite the fact that we did not add them to...

Database migrations with Alembic

The functionality of web apps changes all the time, and with every new functionality, we need to change the structure of our database. Whether it's adding or dropping new columns or creating new tables, our models will change throughout the life cycle of our app. However, problems quickly arise when the database changes often. When moving our changes from development to production, how can you be sure that you carried over every change without manually comparing each model and its corresponding table? Let's say that you want to go back into your Git history to see whether an earlier version of your app had the same bug that you are now encountering in production. How will you change your database back to the correct schema without a lot of extra work?

As programmers, we hate extra work. Thankfully, there is a tool called Alembic, which...

Summary

Now that we have mastered data control, we may move on to displaying our data in our application. The next chapter, Chapter 3, Creating Views with Templates, will dynamically cover creating HTML based on our models and adding models from our web interface.

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Key benefits

  • Create production-ready MVC and REST API with the dynamic features of Flask
  • Utilize the various extensions like Flask-JWT and Flask-SQLAlchemy to develop powerful applications
  • Deploy your flask application on real-world platforms like AWS and Heroku on VM’s or Docker containers

Description

Flask is a popular Python framework known for its lightweight and modular design. Mastering Flask Web Development will take you on a complete tour of the Flask environment and teach you how to build a production-ready application. You'll begin by learning about the installation of Flask and basic concepts such as MVC and accessing a database using an ORM. You will learn how to structure your application so that it can scale to any size with the help of Flask Blueprints. You'll then learn how to use Jinja2 templates with a high level of expertise. You will also learn how to develop with SQL or NoSQL databases, and how to develop REST APIs and JWT authentication. Next, you'll move on to build role-based access security and authentication using LDAP, OAuth, OpenID, and database. Also learn how to create asynchronous tasks that can scale to any load using Celery and RabbitMQ or Redis. You will also be introduced to a wide range of Flask extensions to leverage technologies such as cache, localization, and debugging. You will learn how to build your own Flask extensions, how to write tests, and how to get test coverage reports. Finally, you will learn how to deploy your application on Heroku and AWS using various technologies, such as Docker, CloudFormation, and Elastic Beanstalk, and will also learn how to develop Jenkins pipelines to build, test, and deploy applications.

Who is this book for?

The ideal target audience for this book would be Python developers who want to use Flask and its advanced features to create Enterprise grade and lightweight applications. The book is for those who have some exposure of Flask and want to take it from introductory to master level.

What you will learn

  • Develop a Flask extension using best practices
  • Implement various authentication methods: LDAP, JWT, Database, OAuth, and OpenID
  • Learn how to develop role-based access security and become an expert on Jinja2 templates
  • Build tests for your applications and APIs
  • Install and configure a distributed task queue using Celery and RabbitMQ
  • Develop RESTful APIs and secure REST API s
  • Deploy highly available applications that scale on Heroku and AWS using Docker or VMs
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Publication date : Oct 31, 2018
Length: 332 pages
Edition : 2nd
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781788995405
Category :
Web Development
Languages :
Python
Concepts :
Front End Web Development
Tools :
Flask

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Length: 332 pages
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Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781788995405
Category :
Web Development
Languages :
Python
Concepts :
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Tools :
Flask

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Table of Contents

14 Chapters
Getting Started Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Getting Started
Version control with Git
Python package management with pip
Dependency sandboxing with virtualenv
Setting up Docker
The beginning of our project
Summary
Creating Models with SQLAlchemy Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Creating Models with SQLAlchemy
Setting up SQLAlchemy
Our first model
CRUD
Relationships between models
Constraints and indexing
The convenience of SQLAlchemy sessions
Database migrations with Alembic
Summary
Creating Views with Templates Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Creating Views with Templates
Jinja's syntax
Creating our views
Flask WTForms
Summary
Creating Controllers with Blueprints Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Creating Controllers with Blueprints
Sessions and globals
Request setup and teardown
Error pages
Class-based views
Blueprints
Summary
Advanced Application Structure Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Advanced Application Structure
Modular application
Application factories
Summary
Securing Your App Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Securing Your App
Authentication methods
Flask-Login overview
OpenID
OAuth
Role-based access control (RBAC)
Summary
Using NoSQL with Flask Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Using NoSQL with Flask
Types of NoSQL database
RDBMS versus NoSQL
MongoDB in Flask
Leveraging the power of NoSQL
Summary
Building RESTful APIs Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Building RESTful APIs
What is REST?
Setting up a RESTful Flask API
JWT authentication
Get requests
Post requests
Put requests
Delete requests
Summary
Creating Asynchronous Tasks with Celery Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Creating Asynchronous Tasks with Celery
What is Celery?
Setting up Celery and RabbitMQ
Creating tasks in Celery
Running Celery tasks
Monitoring Celery
Creating a reminder app
Creating a weekly digest
Summary
Useful Flask Extensions Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Useful Flask Extensions
Flask CLI
Flask Debug Toolbar
Flask Caching
Flask Assets
Flask Admin
Flask-Babel
Flask Mail
Summary
Building Your Own Extension Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Building Your Own Extension
Creating a YouTube Flask extension
Modifying the response with Flask extensions
Summary
Testing Flask Apps Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Testing Flask Apps
What are unit tests?
How does testing work?
Unit testing the application
User interface testing
Test coverage
Test-driven development
Summary
Deploying Flask Apps Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Deploying Flask Apps
Web servers and gateway interfaces
Deploying on Heroku
Deploying on Amazon Web Services
Using Docker
Building and deploying highly available applications readily
Summary
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So the book isn't awful, it's got a lot of good info. However, it's also got unforgivable issues. For example, when setting up virtualenv it guides you through the steps. The problem being, the steps are largely wrong if you're on a Windows machine. You have to activate env/scripts/activate it is NOT actually env/bin/activate as you're told. Windows is literally the most used OS in the world, so not putting a footnote or anything is just insane. I wasted good hour trying to get it to work then hunting down on Google because of it. Makes me wonder what other surprises the book will have as I go on. Wishing I'd picked up one of the O'Reilly books. Those have always been good for me.
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There is a lot of good info in here, but the instructions and steps to follow have numerous gaps. Assumptions are made and steps are skipped entirely leading to extensive time spent troubleshooting instead of learning.
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About the authors

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Gaspar
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Miguel Gaspar started working at Webdetails about 3 years ago, some time before the acquisition of Webdetails by Pentaho. He was a consultant in the Implementation team and his work involved developing dashboard solutions as part of services. He is now acting as the technical owner of some of the Implementations projects as part of the Webdetails team in Pentaho. He likes to be as professional as possible, but in an informal way. One of his favorite hobbies is learning and his particular areas of interest are: business analytics, predictive analysis and big data, augmented reality, and cloud computing. He likes to play and is a huge martial arts fan and also one of the worst soccer players ever. He is married and a parent of two young and lovely daughters, who would like to spend more time playing like crazies with him. He also likes to spend time with friends or just having a drink and a good talk with someone else, if possible with his family at his side. He really hates liars.
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Profile icon Jack Stouffer
Jack Stouffer
Jack Stouffer is a programmer who has several years of experience in designing web applications. He switched to Flask three years ago for all his projects. He currently works for Apollo America in Auburn Hills, Michigan, and writes internal business tools and software using Python, Flask, and JavaScript. Jack is a believer and supporter of open source technology. When he released his Flask examples with the recommended best practices on GitHub (https://github.com/JackStouffer), it became one of the most popular Flask repositories on the site. Jack has also worked as a reviewer for Flask Framework Cookbook, Packt Publishing.
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The orders shipped to the countries that are listed under EU27 will not bear custom charges. They are paid by Packt as part of the order.

List of EU27 countries: www.gov.uk/eu-eea:

A custom duty or localized taxes may be applicable on the shipment and would be charged by the recipient country outside of the EU27 which should be paid by the customer and these duties are not included in the shipping charges been charged on the order.

How do I know my custom duty charges? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

The amount of duty payable varies greatly depending on the imported goods, the country of origin and several other factors like the total invoice amount or dimensions like weight, and other such criteria applicable in your country.

For example:

  • If you live in Mexico, and the declared value of your ordered items is over $ 50, for you to receive a package, you will have to pay additional import tax of 19% which will be $ 9.50 to the courier service.
  • Whereas if you live in Turkey, and the declared value of your ordered items is over € 22, for you to receive a package, you will have to pay additional import tax of 18% which will be € 3.96 to the courier service.
How can I cancel my order? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Cancellation Policy for Published Printed Books:

You can cancel any order within 1 hour of placing the order. Simply contact customercare@packt.com with your order details or payment transaction id. If your order has already started the shipment process, we will do our best to stop it. However, if it is already on the way to you then when you receive it, you can contact us at customercare@packt.com using the returns and refund process.

Please understand that Packt Publishing cannot provide refunds or cancel any order except for the cases described in our Return Policy (i.e. Packt Publishing agrees to replace your printed book because it arrives damaged or material defect in book), Packt Publishing will not accept returns.

What is your returns and refunds policy? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Return Policy:

We want you to be happy with your purchase from Packtpub.com. We will not hassle you with returning print books to us. If the print book you receive from us is incorrect, damaged, doesn't work or is unacceptably late, please contact Customer Relations Team on customercare@packt.com with the order number and issue details as explained below:

  1. If you ordered (eBook, Video or Print Book) incorrectly or accidentally, please contact Customer Relations Team on customercare@packt.com within one hour of placing the order and we will replace/refund you the item cost.
  2. Sadly, if your eBook or Video file is faulty or a fault occurs during the eBook or Video being made available to you, i.e. during download then you should contact Customer Relations Team within 14 days of purchase on customercare@packt.com who will be able to resolve this issue for you.
  3. You will have a choice of replacement or refund of the problem items.(damaged, defective or incorrect)
  4. Once Customer Care Team confirms that you will be refunded, you should receive the refund within 10 to 12 working days.
  5. If you are only requesting a refund of one book from a multiple order, then we will refund you the appropriate single item.
  6. Where the items were shipped under a free shipping offer, there will be no shipping costs to refund.

On the off chance your printed book arrives damaged, with book material defect, contact our Customer Relation Team on customercare@packt.com within 14 days of receipt of the book with appropriate evidence of damage and we will work with you to secure a replacement copy, if necessary. Please note that each printed book you order from us is individually made by Packt's professional book-printing partner which is on a print-on-demand basis.

What tax is charged? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Currently, no tax is charged on the purchase of any print book (subject to change based on the laws and regulations). A localized VAT fee is charged only to our European and UK customers on eBooks, Video and subscriptions that they buy. GST is charged to Indian customers for eBooks and video purchases.

What payment methods can I use? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

You can pay with the following card types:

  1. Visa Debit
  2. Visa Credit
  3. MasterCard
  4. PayPal
What is the delivery time and cost of print books? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Shipping Details

USA:

'

Economy: Delivery to most addresses in the US within 10-15 business days

Premium: Trackable Delivery to most addresses in the US within 3-8 business days

UK:

Economy: Delivery to most addresses in the U.K. within 7-9 business days.
Shipments are not trackable

Premium: Trackable delivery to most addresses in the U.K. within 3-4 business days!
Add one extra business day for deliveries to Northern Ireland and Scottish Highlands and islands

EU:

Premium: Trackable delivery to most EU destinations within 4-9 business days.

Australia:

Economy: Can deliver to P. O. Boxes and private residences.
Trackable service with delivery to addresses in Australia only.
Delivery time ranges from 7-9 business days for VIC and 8-10 business days for Interstate metro
Delivery time is up to 15 business days for remote areas of WA, NT & QLD.

Premium: Delivery to addresses in Australia only
Trackable delivery to most P. O. Boxes and private residences in Australia within 4-5 days based on the distance to a destination following dispatch.

India:

Premium: Delivery to most Indian addresses within 5-6 business days

Rest of the World:

Premium: Countries in the American continent: Trackable delivery to most countries within 4-7 business days

Asia:

Premium: Delivery to most Asian addresses within 5-9 business days

Disclaimer:
All orders received before 5 PM U.K time would start printing from the next business day. So the estimated delivery times start from the next day as well. Orders received after 5 PM U.K time (in our internal systems) on a business day or anytime on the weekend will begin printing the second to next business day. For example, an order placed at 11 AM today will begin printing tomorrow, whereas an order placed at 9 PM tonight will begin printing the day after tomorrow.


Unfortunately, due to several restrictions, we are unable to ship to the following countries:

  1. Afghanistan
  2. American Samoa
  3. Belarus
  4. Brunei Darussalam
  5. Central African Republic
  6. The Democratic Republic of Congo
  7. Eritrea
  8. Guinea-bissau
  9. Iran
  10. Lebanon
  11. Libiya Arab Jamahriya
  12. Somalia
  13. Sudan
  14. Russian Federation
  15. Syrian Arab Republic
  16. Ukraine
  17. Venezuela