Search icon CANCEL
Subscription
0
Cart icon
Your Cart (0 item)
Close icon
You have no products in your basket yet
Arrow left icon
Explore Products
Best Sellers
New Releases
Books
Videos
Audiobooks
Learning Hub
Newsletter Hub
Free Learning
Arrow right icon
timer SALE ENDS IN
0 Days
:
00 Hours
:
00 Minutes
:
00 Seconds
Bash Cookbook
Bash Cookbook

Bash Cookbook: Leverage Bash scripting to automate daily tasks and improve productivity

Arrow left icon
Profile Icon Brash Profile Icon Ganesh Sanjiv Naik
Arrow right icon
$43.99
Full star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon 1 (1 Ratings)
Paperback Jul 2018 264 pages 1st Edition
eBook
$24.99 $35.99
Paperback
$43.99
Subscription
Free Trial
Renews at $19.99p/m
Arrow left icon
Profile Icon Brash Profile Icon Ganesh Sanjiv Naik
Arrow right icon
$43.99
Full star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon 1 (1 Ratings)
Paperback Jul 2018 264 pages 1st Edition
eBook
$24.99 $35.99
Paperback
$43.99
Subscription
Free Trial
Renews at $19.99p/m
eBook
$24.99 $35.99
Paperback
$43.99
Subscription
Free Trial
Renews at $19.99p/m

What do you get with Print?

Product feature icon Instant access to your digital copy whilst your Print order is Shipped
Product feature icon Paperback book shipped to your preferred address
Product feature icon Redeem a companion digital copy on all Print orders
Product feature icon Access this title in our online reader with advanced features
Product feature icon DRM FREE - Read whenever, wherever and however you want
OR
Modal Close icon
Payment Processing...
tick Completed

Shipping Address

Billing Address

Shipping Methods
Table of content icon View table of contents Preview book icon Preview Book

Bash Cookbook

Acting Like a Typewriter and File Explorer

 In this chapter, we will introduce the following:

  • Basic searching for strings and files
  • Using wildcards and regexes
  • Math and calculations in script
  • Striping/altering/sorting/deleting/searching strings with Bash only
  • Using SED and AWK to remove/replace substrings
  • Formatting your data/output using echo and printf
  • Readying your script for different languages with internationalization
  • Calculating statistics and reducing duplicates based on file contents
  • Using file attributes with conditional logic
  • Reading delimited data and altered output format

Introduction

Hopefully, the previous Bash crash course chapter provided more than a hint of the utility and power of Bash. On the other hand, this chapter introduces several bolt-on technologies to make Bash even more extensive when searching for items and text, or automating file explorer/file system operations. 

By itself, Bash is merely a powerful scripting language, but much of Bash's flexibility comes from being able to "glue" other technologies (tools or languages) together to make the output more useful. In other words, Bash is a base platform similar to how some auto/car lovers choose a particular platform before making their modifications. Will a modified car do everything, even with enhancements? Certainly not, but it can make it more powerful or useful in specific cases, and at least provides four wheels for movement.

Not only do common scripts...

Basic searching for strings and files

Imagine searching for a four leaf clover in a big garden. It would be really hard (and it is still really hard for computers). Thankfully, words are not images and text on a computer is easily searchable depending on the format. The term format has to be used because if your tool cannot understand a given type of text (encoding), then you might have trouble recognizing a pattern or even detecting that there is text at all!

Typically, when you are looking at the console, text files, source code (C, C++, Bash, HTML), spreadsheets, XML, and other types, you are looking at it in ASCII or UTF. ASCII is a commonly used format in the *NIX world on the console. There is also the UTF encoding scheme, which is an improvement upon ASCII and can support a variety of extended characters that were not present in computing originally...

Using wildcards and regexes

As we saw in the previous section, there was this new concept of recursive functions and the introduction of wildcards. This section will extend upon those same fundamental primitives to create more advanced searches using regexes and globbing.

It will also extend them with a number of built-in Bash features, and some one-liners (nifty tricks) to enhance our searches. In short:

  • A wildcard can be: *, {*.ooh,*.ahh}, /home/*/path/*.txt, [0-10], [!a], ?, [a,p] m
  • A regex can be: $, ^, *, [], [!], | (be careful to escape this)

Globbing basically refers to a far more computer-eccentric term, which can be simply described in layman terms as extended pattern matching. Wildcards are the symbols used to describe patterns, and regex is short for regular expression, which are terms used to describe the pattern that is to match a series...

Math and calculations in script

After a grueling introduction to the world of wildcards and regexes for searches, we're going to move on to being able to perform some basic mathematical operations at the console. If you haven't already tried, what happens when you run something like the following in the Bash shell? Does it look like this?

$ 1*5
1*5: command not found

Command not found? Certainly, we know the computer can do math, but clearly Bash is unable to interpret mathematical operations in this way. We have to ensure that Bash is able to interpret these operations correctly through the use of:

  • The expr command (antiquated)
  • The bc command
  • POSIX Bash shell expansion
  • Another language/program to do the dirty work

Let's try again, but using the POSIX Bash shell expansion:

$ echo $((1*5))
5

We got the expected answer of 5, but where does...

Striping/altering/sorting/deleting/searching strings with Bash only

So far, we have seen inkling of the power of commands available in Linux, and some of these are among the most powerful: sed and grep. However, while we can easily use these commands together, sed by itself or even using another very useful command called awk, we can leverage Bash itself to shave time and reduce external dependencies in a portable way!

So, how can we do this? Let's begin with a few examples using this Bash syntax:

#!/bin/bash
# Index zero of VARIABLE is the char 'M' & is 14 bytes long
VARIABLE="My test string"
# ${VARIABLE:startingPosition:optionalLength}
echo ${VARIABLE:3:4}

In the preceding example, we can see a special way of calling special substring functionality using ${...} , where VARIABLE is a string variable within your script (or even global)...

Using SED and AWK to remove/replace substrings

Again, when we need to remove a pesky character or remove sections of strings upon occurrence, we can always rely on these two powerful commands: sed and awk. And while we saw that Bash does indeed have a similar functionality built-in, the full tools are able to offer the same and more complex functionality. So, when should we use these tools?

  • When we care less about the speed that might be gained by using the built-in functionality of Bash
  • When more complex features are needed (when programming constructs like multi-dimensional arrays are required or editing streams)
  • When we are focused on portability (Bash might be embedded or a limited version and standalone tools may be required)
Complete books have been written on both SED and AWK, and you can always find far more information online at https://www.gnu.org...

Formatting your data/output using echo and printf

Sometimes, finding the string or the exact data you are looking for is the easy part of your task, but formatting the output data is tricky. For example, here are some situations that have subtle elements that need to be altered:

  • Echoing output without the newline terminator (\n)
  • Echoing raw hexadecimal (hex) data
  • Printing raw hexadecimal values and printable ASCII characters
  • Concatenating strings
  • Escaping specific characters
  • Aligning text
  • Printing horizontal rules

In addition to tricks, we can also print values to the screen that are also floats as well (in addition to the recipe for math). Wait, what is a hexadecimal number? Yes, another type of data or at least a representation exists. To understand what hexadecimals are, we first need to remember that computers use binary, which consists of 1s and 0s (ones and zeros...

Readying your script for different languages with internationalization

Great, so you have this awesome script, but it's written in standard English and you would like to target those nice people who speak other languages. In some countries like Canada, they (we) have two official languages: English and French. Sometimes, the dual-language component is enforced with legislature and localized language laws. 

To get around this, let's imagine a scenario where you are an individual who has written a script that prints out specific strings, but in English first. He/she wishes to have all of the strings inside of variables so that they can be swapped in and out dynamically using system language variables. Here are the basics:

  • Create a shell script that utilizes gettext and sets the appropriate variables
  • Build a po file that contains the necessary...

Introduction


Hopefully, the previous Bash crash course chapter provided more than a hint of the utility and power of Bash. On the other hand, this chapter introduces several bolt-on technologies to make Bash even more extensive when searching for items and text, or automating file explorer/file system operations. 

By itself, Bash is merely a powerful scripting language, but much of Bash's flexibility comes from being able to "glue" other technologies (tools or languages) together to make the output more useful. In other words, Bash is a base platform similar to how some auto/car lovers choose a particular platform before making their modifications. Will a modified car do everything, even with enhancements? Certainly not, but it can make it more powerful or useful in specific cases, and at least provides four wheels for movement.

Not only do common scripts contain a series of commands for automation, they often include logic to modify strings such as the following:

  • Removing trailing characters...

Basic searching for strings and files


Imagine searching for a four leaf clover in a big garden. It would be really hard (and it is still really hard for computers). Thankfully, words are not images and text on a computer is easily searchable depending on the format. The term format has to be used because if your tool cannot understand a given type of text (encoding), then you might have trouble recognizing a pattern or even detecting that there is text at all!

Typically, when you are looking at the console, text files, source code (C, C++, Bash, HTML), spreadsheets, XML, and other types, you are looking at it in ASCII or UTF. ASCII is a commonly used format in the *NIX world on the console. There is also the UTF encoding scheme, which is an improvement upon ASCII and can support a variety of extended characters that were not present in computing originally. It comes in a number of formats such as UTF-8, UTF-16, and UTF32.

Note

When you hear the words encoding and decoding, it is similar to...

Using wildcards and regexes


As we saw in the previous section, there was this new concept of recursive functions and the introduction of wildcards. This section will extend upon those same fundamental primitives to create more advanced searches using regexes and globbing.

It will also extend them with a number of built-in Bash features, and some one-liners (nifty tricks) to enhance our searches. In short:

  • A wildcard can be: *, {*.ooh,*.ahh}, /home/*/path/*.txt, [0-10], [!a], ?, [a,p] m
  • A regex can be: $, ^, *, [], [!], | (be careful to escape this)

Globbing basically refers to a far more computer-eccentric term, which can be simply described in layman terms as extended pattern matching. Wildcards are the symbols used to describe patterns, and regex is short for regular expression, which are terms used to describe the pattern that is to match a series of data.

Note

Globbing in Bash is powerful, but likely not the best place to perform even more advanced or intricate pattern matching. In these cases...

Left arrow icon Right arrow icon
Download code icon Download Code

Key benefits

  • Automate tedious and repetitive tasks
  • Create several novel applications ranging from a simple IRC logger to a Web Scraper
  • Manage your system efficiently by becoming a seasoned Bash user

Description

In Linux, one of the most commonly used and most powerful tools is the Bash shell. With its collection of engaging recipes, Bash Cookbook takes you through a series of exercises designed to teach you how to effectively use the Bash shell in order to create and execute your own scripts. The book starts by introducing you to the basics of using the Bash shell, also teaching you the fundamentals of generating any input from a command. With the help of a number of exercises, you will get to grips with the automation of daily tasks for sysadmins and power users. Once you have a hands-on understanding of the subject, you will move on to exploring more advanced projects that can solve real-world problems comprehensively on a Linux system. In addition to this, you will discover projects such as creating an application with a menu, beginning scripts on startup, parsing and displaying human-readable information, and executing remote commands with authentication using self-generated Secure Shell (SSH) keys. By the end of this book, you will have gained significant experience of solving real-world problems, from automating routine tasks to managing your systems and creating your own scripts.

Who is this book for?

The Bash Cookbook is for you if you are a power user or system administrator involved in writing Bash scripts in order to automate tasks. This book is also ideal if you are interested in learning how to automate complex daily tasks.

What you will learn

  • Understand the basics of Bash shell scripting on a Linux system
  • Gain working knowledge of how redirections and pipes interact
  • Retrieve and parse input or output of any command
  • Automate tasks such as data collection and creating and applying a patch
  • Create a script that acts like a program with different features
  • Customize your Bash shell and discover neat tricks to extend your programs
  • •Compile and install shell and log commands on your system s console using Syslog
Estimated delivery fee Deliver to United States

Economy delivery 10 - 13 business days

Free $6.95

Premium delivery 6 - 9 business days

$21.95
(Includes tracking information)

Product Details

Country selected
Publication date, Length, Edition, Language, ISBN-13
Publication date : Jul 31, 2018
Length: 264 pages
Edition : 1st
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781788629362
Languages :
Tools :

What do you get with Print?

Product feature icon Instant access to your digital copy whilst your Print order is Shipped
Product feature icon Paperback book shipped to your preferred address
Product feature icon Redeem a companion digital copy on all Print orders
Product feature icon Access this title in our online reader with advanced features
Product feature icon DRM FREE - Read whenever, wherever and however you want
OR
Modal Close icon
Payment Processing...
tick Completed

Shipping Address

Billing Address

Shipping Methods
Estimated delivery fee Deliver to United States

Economy delivery 10 - 13 business days

Free $6.95

Premium delivery 6 - 9 business days

$21.95
(Includes tracking information)

Product Details

Publication date : Jul 31, 2018
Length: 264 pages
Edition : 1st
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781788629362
Languages :
Tools :

Packt Subscriptions

See our plans and pricing
Modal Close icon
$19.99 billed monthly
Feature tick icon Unlimited access to Packt's library of 7,000+ practical books and videos
Feature tick icon Constantly refreshed with 50+ new titles a month
Feature tick icon Exclusive Early access to books as they're written
Feature tick icon Solve problems while you work with advanced search and reference features
Feature tick icon Offline reading on the mobile app
Feature tick icon Simple pricing, no contract
$199.99 billed annually
Feature tick icon Unlimited access to Packt's library of 7,000+ practical books and videos
Feature tick icon Constantly refreshed with 50+ new titles a month
Feature tick icon Exclusive Early access to books as they're written
Feature tick icon Solve problems while you work with advanced search and reference features
Feature tick icon Offline reading on the mobile app
Feature tick icon Choose a DRM-free eBook or Video every month to keep
Feature tick icon PLUS own as many other DRM-free eBooks or Videos as you like for just $5 each
Feature tick icon Exclusive print discounts
$279.99 billed in 18 months
Feature tick icon Unlimited access to Packt's library of 7,000+ practical books and videos
Feature tick icon Constantly refreshed with 50+ new titles a month
Feature tick icon Exclusive Early access to books as they're written
Feature tick icon Solve problems while you work with advanced search and reference features
Feature tick icon Offline reading on the mobile app
Feature tick icon Choose a DRM-free eBook or Video every month to keep
Feature tick icon PLUS own as many other DRM-free eBooks or Videos as you like for just $5 each
Feature tick icon Exclusive print discounts

Frequently bought together


Stars icon
Total $ 125.97
Bash Cookbook
$43.99
Bash Quick Start Guide
$32.99
Mastering Bash
$48.99
Total $ 125.97 Stars icon

Table of Contents

9 Chapters
Crash Course in Bash Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Acting Like a Typewriter and File Explorer Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Understanding and Gaining File System Mastery Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Making a Script Behave Like a Daemon Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Scripts for System Administration Tasks Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Scripts for Power Users Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Writing Bash to Win and Profit Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Advanced Scripting Techniques Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Other Books You May Enjoy Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Customer reviews

Rating distribution
Full star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon 1
(1 Ratings)
5 star 0%
4 star 0%
3 star 0%
2 star 0%
1 star 100%
Sophie Sep 30, 2018
Full star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon 1
Typos everywhere! Your example code doesn't even work!
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Get free access to Packt library with over 7500+ books and video courses for 7 days!
Start Free Trial

FAQs

What is the digital copy I get with my Print order? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

When you buy any Print edition of our Books, you can redeem (for free) the eBook edition of the Print Book you’ve purchased. This gives you instant access to your book when you make an order via PDF, EPUB or our online Reader experience.

What is the delivery time and cost of print book? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Shipping Details

USA:

'

Economy: Delivery to most addresses in the US within 10-15 business days

Premium: Trackable Delivery to most addresses in the US within 3-8 business days

UK:

Economy: Delivery to most addresses in the U.K. within 7-9 business days.
Shipments are not trackable

Premium: Trackable delivery to most addresses in the U.K. within 3-4 business days!
Add one extra business day for deliveries to Northern Ireland and Scottish Highlands and islands

EU:

Premium: Trackable delivery to most EU destinations within 4-9 business days.

Australia:

Economy: Can deliver to P. O. Boxes and private residences.
Trackable service with delivery to addresses in Australia only.
Delivery time ranges from 7-9 business days for VIC and 8-10 business days for Interstate metro
Delivery time is up to 15 business days for remote areas of WA, NT & QLD.

Premium: Delivery to addresses in Australia only
Trackable delivery to most P. O. Boxes and private residences in Australia within 4-5 days based on the distance to a destination following dispatch.

India:

Premium: Delivery to most Indian addresses within 5-6 business days

Rest of the World:

Premium: Countries in the American continent: Trackable delivery to most countries within 4-7 business days

Asia:

Premium: Delivery to most Asian addresses within 5-9 business days

Disclaimer:
All orders received before 5 PM U.K time would start printing from the next business day. So the estimated delivery times start from the next day as well. Orders received after 5 PM U.K time (in our internal systems) on a business day or anytime on the weekend will begin printing the second to next business day. For example, an order placed at 11 AM today will begin printing tomorrow, whereas an order placed at 9 PM tonight will begin printing the day after tomorrow.


Unfortunately, due to several restrictions, we are unable to ship to the following countries:

  1. Afghanistan
  2. American Samoa
  3. Belarus
  4. Brunei Darussalam
  5. Central African Republic
  6. The Democratic Republic of Congo
  7. Eritrea
  8. Guinea-bissau
  9. Iran
  10. Lebanon
  11. Libiya Arab Jamahriya
  12. Somalia
  13. Sudan
  14. Russian Federation
  15. Syrian Arab Republic
  16. Ukraine
  17. Venezuela
What is custom duty/charge? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Customs duty are charges levied on goods when they cross international borders. It is a tax that is imposed on imported goods. These duties are charged by special authorities and bodies created by local governments and are meant to protect local industries, economies, and businesses.

Do I have to pay customs charges for the print book order? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

The orders shipped to the countries that are listed under EU27 will not bear custom charges. They are paid by Packt as part of the order.

List of EU27 countries: www.gov.uk/eu-eea:

A custom duty or localized taxes may be applicable on the shipment and would be charged by the recipient country outside of the EU27 which should be paid by the customer and these duties are not included in the shipping charges been charged on the order.

How do I know my custom duty charges? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

The amount of duty payable varies greatly depending on the imported goods, the country of origin and several other factors like the total invoice amount or dimensions like weight, and other such criteria applicable in your country.

For example:

  • If you live in Mexico, and the declared value of your ordered items is over $ 50, for you to receive a package, you will have to pay additional import tax of 19% which will be $ 9.50 to the courier service.
  • Whereas if you live in Turkey, and the declared value of your ordered items is over € 22, for you to receive a package, you will have to pay additional import tax of 18% which will be € 3.96 to the courier service.
How can I cancel my order? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Cancellation Policy for Published Printed Books:

You can cancel any order within 1 hour of placing the order. Simply contact customercare@packt.com with your order details or payment transaction id. If your order has already started the shipment process, we will do our best to stop it. However, if it is already on the way to you then when you receive it, you can contact us at customercare@packt.com using the returns and refund process.

Please understand that Packt Publishing cannot provide refunds or cancel any order except for the cases described in our Return Policy (i.e. Packt Publishing agrees to replace your printed book because it arrives damaged or material defect in book), Packt Publishing will not accept returns.

What is your returns and refunds policy? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Return Policy:

We want you to be happy with your purchase from Packtpub.com. We will not hassle you with returning print books to us. If the print book you receive from us is incorrect, damaged, doesn't work or is unacceptably late, please contact Customer Relations Team on customercare@packt.com with the order number and issue details as explained below:

  1. If you ordered (eBook, Video or Print Book) incorrectly or accidentally, please contact Customer Relations Team on customercare@packt.com within one hour of placing the order and we will replace/refund you the item cost.
  2. Sadly, if your eBook or Video file is faulty or a fault occurs during the eBook or Video being made available to you, i.e. during download then you should contact Customer Relations Team within 14 days of purchase on customercare@packt.com who will be able to resolve this issue for you.
  3. You will have a choice of replacement or refund of the problem items.(damaged, defective or incorrect)
  4. Once Customer Care Team confirms that you will be refunded, you should receive the refund within 10 to 12 working days.
  5. If you are only requesting a refund of one book from a multiple order, then we will refund you the appropriate single item.
  6. Where the items were shipped under a free shipping offer, there will be no shipping costs to refund.

On the off chance your printed book arrives damaged, with book material defect, contact our Customer Relation Team on customercare@packt.com within 14 days of receipt of the book with appropriate evidence of damage and we will work with you to secure a replacement copy, if necessary. Please note that each printed book you order from us is individually made by Packt's professional book-printing partner which is on a print-on-demand basis.

What tax is charged? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Currently, no tax is charged on the purchase of any print book (subject to change based on the laws and regulations). A localized VAT fee is charged only to our European and UK customers on eBooks, Video and subscriptions that they buy. GST is charged to Indian customers for eBooks and video purchases.

What payment methods can I use? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

You can pay with the following card types:

  1. Visa Debit
  2. Visa Credit
  3. MasterCard
  4. PayPal
What is the delivery time and cost of print books? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Shipping Details

USA:

'

Economy: Delivery to most addresses in the US within 10-15 business days

Premium: Trackable Delivery to most addresses in the US within 3-8 business days

UK:

Economy: Delivery to most addresses in the U.K. within 7-9 business days.
Shipments are not trackable

Premium: Trackable delivery to most addresses in the U.K. within 3-4 business days!
Add one extra business day for deliveries to Northern Ireland and Scottish Highlands and islands

EU:

Premium: Trackable delivery to most EU destinations within 4-9 business days.

Australia:

Economy: Can deliver to P. O. Boxes and private residences.
Trackable service with delivery to addresses in Australia only.
Delivery time ranges from 7-9 business days for VIC and 8-10 business days for Interstate metro
Delivery time is up to 15 business days for remote areas of WA, NT & QLD.

Premium: Delivery to addresses in Australia only
Trackable delivery to most P. O. Boxes and private residences in Australia within 4-5 days based on the distance to a destination following dispatch.

India:

Premium: Delivery to most Indian addresses within 5-6 business days

Rest of the World:

Premium: Countries in the American continent: Trackable delivery to most countries within 4-7 business days

Asia:

Premium: Delivery to most Asian addresses within 5-9 business days

Disclaimer:
All orders received before 5 PM U.K time would start printing from the next business day. So the estimated delivery times start from the next day as well. Orders received after 5 PM U.K time (in our internal systems) on a business day or anytime on the weekend will begin printing the second to next business day. For example, an order placed at 11 AM today will begin printing tomorrow, whereas an order placed at 9 PM tonight will begin printing the day after tomorrow.


Unfortunately, due to several restrictions, we are unable to ship to the following countries:

  1. Afghanistan
  2. American Samoa
  3. Belarus
  4. Brunei Darussalam
  5. Central African Republic
  6. The Democratic Republic of Congo
  7. Eritrea
  8. Guinea-bissau
  9. Iran
  10. Lebanon
  11. Libiya Arab Jamahriya
  12. Somalia
  13. Sudan
  14. Russian Federation
  15. Syrian Arab Republic
  16. Ukraine
  17. Venezuela