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Java 9 Data Structures and Algorithms
Java 9 Data Structures and Algorithms

Java 9 Data Structures and Algorithms: A step-by-step guide to data structures and algorithms

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Java 9 Data Structures and Algorithms

Chapter 2. Cogs and Pulleys – Building Blocks

We discussed algorithms in the previous chapter, but the title of the book also includes the term "data structure." So what is a data structure? A data structure is an organization of data in memory that is generally optimized so it can be used by a particular algorithm. We have seen that an algorithm is a list of steps that leads to a desired outcome. In the case of a program, there is always some input and output. Both input and output contain data and hence must be organized in some way or another. Therefore, the input and output of an algorithm are data structures. In fact, all the intermediate states that an algorithm has to go through must also be stored in some form of a data structure. Data structures don't have any use without algorithms to manipulate them, and algorithms cannot work without data structures. It's because this is how they get input and emit output or store their intermediate states...

Arrays

If you are a Java programmer, you must have worked with arrays. Arrays are the basic storage mechanisms available for a sequence of data. The best thing about arrays is that the elements of an array are collocated sequentially and can be accessed completely and randomly with single instructions.

The traversal of an array element by an element is very simple. Since any element can be accessed randomly, you just keep incrementing an index and keep accessing the element at this index. The following code shows both traversal and random access in an array:

    public static void printAllElements(int[] anIntArray){ 
        for(int i=0;i<anIntArray.length;i++){ 
            System.out.println(anIntArray[i]); 
        } 
    }

Insertion of elements in an array

All the elements in an array are stored in contiguous memory. This makes it possible to access any element in a constant amount of time. A program simply needs to compute the offset that corresponds to an index, and it reads the information...

Linked list

Arrays are great for storing data. We have also seen that any element of an array can be read in O(1) time. But arrays are fixed in size. Changing the size of an array means creating a new array and copying all the elements to the original array. The simplest recourse to the resizing problem is to store each element in a different object and then hold a reference in each element to the next element. This way, the process of adding a new element will just involve creating the element and attaching it at the end of the last element of the original linked list. In another variation, the new element can be added to the beginning of the existing linked list:

Linked list

Figure 3: An example of a linked list

Figure 3 shows an example of a linked list. The arrows represent a reference. Each element is stored in a wrapper object that also holds a reference to the next element wrapper. There are two additional references to the first and last elements, which are required for any operation to start...

Doubly linked list

Did you notice that there is no quick way to remove the element from the end of a linked list? This is because even if there is a quick way to find the last element, there is no quick way to find the element before it whose reference needs to be updated. We must walk all the way from the beginning to find the previous element. Well then, why not just have another reference to store the location of the last but one element? This is because after you remove the element, how would you update the reference otherwise? There would be no reference to the element right before that. What it looks like is that to achieve this, we have to store the reference of all the previous elements up to the beginning. The best way to do this would be to store the reference of the previous element in each of the elements or nodes along with the reference to the next element. Such a linked list is called a doubly linked list since the elements are linked both ways:

Doubly linked list

Figure 9: Doubly linked list...

Circular linked list

A circular linked list is an ordinary linked list, except that the last element holds the reference to the first element as its next element. This, of course, justifies its name. It would be useful when, for example, you are holding a list of players in a list and they play in turn in a round robin fashion. The implementation is simplified if you use a circular linked list and just keep rotating as the players complete their turn:

Circular linked list

Figure 14: A circular linked list

The basic structure of a circular linked list is the same as that of a simple linked list; no more fields or methods are required:

public class CircularLinkedList<E> extends LinkedList<E>{ 
}

Insertion

This is the same as the insertion for a simple linked list, except that you assign the last references next to the first:

    @Override 
    public Node<E> appendFirst(E value) { 
        Node<E> newNode = super.appendFirst(value); 
        last.next = first; 
        return newNode; 
  ...

Summary

We covered a few basic data structures and the algorithms for manipulating them. In addition to this, we also found out their running time complexities. To summarize this, an array provides you with the fastest random access there is with this time complexity: O(1). But arrays cannot change size; the only modification they allow is to change the value of an element. A linked list allows fast append at the end and insertion at the beginning at O(1) time. However, O(1) removal is only available for removing the first element. This is resolved by a doubly linked list that also allows O(1) removal from the end. A circular linked list holds a reference to the first element in the next reference of the last element. This makes the list a circular structure that allows one to loop indefinitely.

In the upcoming chapters, we will discuss the abstraction of data structures called abstract data types. We will use the data structures we have seen in this chapter to implement the abstract data...

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Key benefits

  • This book provides complete coverage of reactive and functional data structures
  • Based on the latest version of Java 9, this book illustrates the impact of new features on data structures
  • Gain exposure to important concepts such as Big-O Notation and Dynamic Programming

Description

Java 9 Data Structures and Algorithms covers classical, functional, and reactive data structures, giving you the ability to understand computational complexity, solve problems, and write efficient code. This book is based on the Zero Bug Bounce milestone of Java 9. We start off with the basics of algorithms and data structures, helping you understand the fundamentals and measure complexity. From here, we introduce you to concepts such as arrays, linked lists, as well as abstract data types such as stacks and queues. Next, we’ll take you through the basics of functional programming while making sure you get used to thinking recursively. We provide plenty of examples along the way to help you understand each concept. You will also get a clear picture of reactive programming, binary searches, sorting, search trees, undirected graphs, and a whole lot more!

Who is this book for?

This book is for Java developers who want to learn about data structures and algorithms. Basic knowledge of Java is assumed.

What you will learn

  • Understand the fundamentals of algorithms, data structures, and measurement of complexity
  • Find out what general purpose data structures are, including arrays, linked lists, double ended linked lists, and circular lists
  • Get a grasp on the basics of abstract data types—stack, queue, and double ended queue
  • See how to use recursive functions and immutability while understanding and in terms of recursion
  • Handle reactive programming and its related data structures
  • Use binary search, sorting, and efficient sorting—quicksort and merge sort
  • Work with the important concept of trees and list all nodes of the tree, traversal of tree, search trees, and balanced search trees
  • Apply advanced general purpose data structures, priority queue-based sorting, and random access immutable linked lists
  • Gain a better understanding of the concept of graphs, directed and undirected graphs, undirected trees, and much more
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Publication date, Length, Edition, Language, ISBN-13
Publication date : Apr 28, 2017
Length: 340 pages
Edition : 1st
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781785889349
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ISBN-13 : 9781785889349
Vendor :
Oracle
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Table of Contents

12 Chapters
1. Why Bother? – Basic Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
2. Cogs and Pulleys – Building Blocks Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
3. Protocols – Abstract Data Types Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
4. Detour – Functional Programming Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
5. Efficient Searching – Binary Search and Sorting Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
6. Efficient Sorting – quicksort and mergesort Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
7. Concepts of Tree Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
8. More About Search – Search Trees and Hash Tables Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
9. Advanced General Purpose Data Structures Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
10. Concepts of Graph Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
11. Reactive Programming Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Index Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Customer reviews

Rating distribution
Full star icon Full star icon Half star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon 2.3
(3 Ratings)
5 star 0%
4 star 33.3%
3 star 0%
2 star 33.3%
1 star 33.3%
madhu Feb 01, 2022
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Empty star icon 4
I like this book .
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Bin Jul 24, 2018
Full star icon Full star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon 2
This book is confusing. I do not recommend.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
RAGHVENDRA KUMAR Feb 25, 2018
Full star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon 1
i want to return this book very pages is very poor condition
Amazon Verified review Amazon
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