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Deep Learning with R Cookbook
Deep Learning with R Cookbook

Deep Learning with R Cookbook: Over 45 unique recipes to delve into neural network techniques using R 3.5.x

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Deep Learning with R Cookbook

Working with Convolutional Neural Networks

Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) are the most popular and widely used deep neural networks for computer vision problems. They are used in a variety of applications including image classification, face recognition, document analysis, medical image analysis, action recognition, and natural language processing. In this chapter, we will focus on learning convolutional operations, and concepts such as padding and strides, to optimize CNNs. The idea behind this chapter is to make you well versed with the functioning of the CNN and learn techniques such as data augmentation and batch normalization to fine-tune your network and prevent overfitting. We will also provide a brief discussion about how we can leverage transfer learning to boost model performance. 

In this chapter, we will cover the following recipes:

    ...

Introduction to convolutional operations

The generic architecture of CNN is comprised of convolutional layers followed by fully connected layers. Like other neural networks, a CNN also contains input, hidden and output layers, but it works by restructuring the data into tensors that consist of the image, and the width and height of the image. In CNN, each volume in one layer is connected only to a spatially relevant region in the next layer to ensure that when the number of layers increases, each neuron has a local influence on its specific location. A CNN may also contain pooling layers along with few fully connected layers.

The following is an example of a simple CNN with convolution and pooling layers. In this recipe, we will work with convolution layers. We will introduce the concept of pooling layers in the Getting familiar with pooling layers recipe of...

Understanding strides and padding

In this recipe, we will learn about two key configuration hyperparameters of CNN, which are strides and padding. Strides are used mainly to reduce the size of the output volume. Padding is another technique that lets us preserve the dimensions of the input volume in the output volume, thus enabling us to extract the low-level features efficiently.

Strides: Stride, in very simple terms, means the step of the convolution operation. Stride specifies the amount by which filters convolve around the input. For example, if we specify the value of stride argument as 1, that means the filter will shift one unit at a time over the input matrix. 

Strides can be used for multiple purposes, primarily the following:

  • To avoid feature overlapping
  • To achieve smaller spatial dimensionality of the output volume

In the following diagram, you...

Getting familiar with pooling layers

CNNs use pooling layers to reduce the size of the representation, to speed up the computation of the network, and to ensure robust feature extraction. The pooling layer is mostly stacked on top of the convolutional layer and this layer heavily downsizes the input dimension to reduce the computation in the network and also reduce overfitting.

There are two most commonly used types of pooling techniques :

  • Max pooling: This type of pooling does downsampling by dividing the input matrix into pooling regions followed by computing the max values of each region.

Here's an example:

  • Average poolingThis type of pooling does downsampling by dividing the input matrix into pooling regions followed by computing the average values of each region. 

Here's an example:

In this recipe, we will learn how...

Implementing transfer learning

Transfer learning helps us solve a new problem using fewer examples by using information gained from solving other related tasks. It is a technique where we reuse a learned model trained on a different dataset to solve a similar but different problem. In transfer learning, we extend the learning of a pre-trained model in our network and build a new model to solve a new learning problem. The keras library in R provides many pre-trained models; we will be using one such model called as VGG16 to train our network.

Getting ready

We will start by importing the keras library into our environment:

library(keras)

In this example, we will work with a subset of the Dogs versus Cats dataset from...

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Key benefits

  • Understand the intricacies of R deep learning packages to perform a range of deep learning tasks
  • Implement deep learning techniques and algorithms for real-world use cases
  • Explore various state-of-the-art techniques for fine-tuning neural network models

Description

Deep learning (DL) has evolved in recent years with developments such as generative adversarial networks (GANs), variational autoencoders (VAEs), and deep reinforcement learning. This book will get you up and running with R 3.5.x to help you implement DL techniques. The book starts with the various DL techniques that you can implement in your apps. A unique set of recipes will help you solve binomial and multinomial classification problems, and perform regression and hyperparameter optimization. To help you gain hands-on experience of concepts, the book features recipes for implementing convolutional neural networks (CNNs), recurrent neural networks (RNNs), and Long short-term memory (LSTMs) networks, as well as sequence-to-sequence models and reinforcement learning. You’ll then learn about high-performance computation using GPUs, along with learning about parallel computation capabilities in R. Later, you’ll explore libraries, such as MXNet, that are designed for GPU computing and state-of-the-art DL. Finally, you’ll discover how to solve different problems in NLP, object detection, and action identification, before understanding how to use pre-trained models in DL apps. By the end of this book, you’ll have comprehensive knowledge of DL and DL packages, and be able to develop effective solutions for different DL problems.

Who is this book for?

This deep learning book is for data scientists, machine learning practitioners, deep learning researchers and AI enthusiasts who want to learn key tasks in deep learning domains using a recipe-based approach. A strong understanding of machine learning and working knowledge of the R programming language is mandatory.

What you will learn

  • Work with different datasets for image classification using CNNs
  • Apply transfer learning to solve complex computer vision problems
  • Use RNNs and their variants such as LSTMs and Gated Recurrent Units (GRUs) for sequence data generation and classification
  • Implement autoencoders for DL tasks such as dimensionality reduction, denoising, and image colorization
  • Build deep generative models to create photorealistic images using GANs and VAEs
  • Use MXNet to accelerate the training of DL models through distributed computing

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Publication date : Feb 21, 2020
Length: 328 pages
Edition : 1st
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781789808278
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Product Details

Publication date : Feb 21, 2020
Length: 328 pages
Edition : 1st
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781789808278
Category :
Languages :
Concepts :
Tools :

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Table of Contents

10 Chapters
Understanding Neural Networks and Deep Neural Networks Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Working with Convolutional Neural Networks Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Recurrent Neural Networks in Action Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Implementing Autoencoders with Keras Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Deep Generative Models Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Handling Big Data Using Large-Scale Deep Learning Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Working with Text and Audio for NLP Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Deep Learning for Computer Vision Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Implementing Reinforcement Learning Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Other Books You May Enjoy Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Customer reviews

Rating distribution
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
(3 Ratings)
5 star 100%
4 star 0%
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1 star 0%
Karan Bhanot Nov 04, 2020
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
Disclaimer: One of the coordinators from the Publisher asked me to review this book and sent me a review copy. I promise to be completely honest about my thoughts on this book.Overview:Even though I’ve been working with R for more than a year, this book was my first introduction to deep learning in R (I do have experience in building deep learning models in other languages). This is a great book for anyone who knows about the basics of Deep learning and is looking to use R for developing models and deep learning projects. The book has a wide range of deep learning topics including convolutional neural networks, auto-encoders, NLP etc. The best part is that it explains and then provides the code to do the specific task being talked about which makes following along very easy.Things I like:There are a lot of things that I like about this book. I love how they describe about the various ways to work with deep learning. They discuss about the Tensorflow API, followed by how Microsoft Azure/Google Cloud can be used to do deep learning on the cloud detailing each step to get started and much more.The book is great at elaborating deep learning concepts through practical examples. For instance, the book details about using LSTMs for text generation, uses images to show how computer vision works and also explains how the model is generated. The layers of the model being defined are always highlighted and a section explains each layer used in the model.The authors aptly elaborate on the required theoretical background and explanation of various models. Keep in mind that some basics are required to be known before you can go ahead and understand these models properly.Things I didn’t like:Some of the code blocks are really long and I had trouble following along. Sometimes the code snippets extend beyond a page which makes it a little more troublesome. I quickly found a way around that. They provide a link to their GitHub repository which has all the codes which can be used to follow along in a much easier form.Things I’d like to see:The book can have a couple of chapters with the basics of machine, deep learning and R at the very start, so this book can be extended to complete beginners as well.
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Khushboo Oct 09, 2020
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To be honest, I have always been a python user. But, being a statistician, I thought it is important to be able to code in R too. After reading and applying concepts of this book, I am sure that it will definitely give you a head start when it comes to design and deploy neural networks algorithm. The flow of a chapter is well designed, starting from understanding the basic concept then move on to how can we implement it. There is a section of "see more" where you can find more useful resources for a particular topic and "Tips" are also very useful to keep in mind. This book covers almost everything you can do with neural nets in R and made my learning task easier as I did not have to make a google search every time I code. Now, I think R is simple to understand compared to Python. :D
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Mehrnaz Mar 03, 2021
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I like how the book covers different hot topics such as CNN, RNN, reinforcement learning, CV, NLP, ... The other good feature of this book is explaining installation details which is not covered in a lot of books. This is important to me because a lot of books assume that you magically have everything that you need on your computer or you have a cs background, while a lot of people struggle with them. Lastly, going step by step with examples helps to have a better understanding of the concepts.
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