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Internet of Things Programming with JavaScript
Internet of Things Programming with JavaScript

Internet of Things Programming with JavaScript: Get the best out of Arduino and Raspberry Pi Zero to develop Internet of Things projects using JavaScript

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Profile Icon Ruben Oliva Ramos
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Paperback Feb 2017 298 pages 1st Edition
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Profile Icon Ruben Oliva Ramos
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Paperback Feb 2017 298 pages 1st Edition
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Internet of Things Programming with JavaScript

Chapter 2. Connecting Things to the Raspberry Pi Zero

You need to learn how to connect things to your Raspberry Pi Zero, and also looked at the architecture and differentiate between the pins we can use for the purpose we defined. This is the reason we have this section--to help you with the sensors we can connect and give the basics of how to connect other things to your device. In this section, we will explain how to configure the Raspberry Pi; now you cannot avoid learning how to connect to your Raspberry Pi sensors to read analog inputs connected to it.

We will cover the following topics to make our hardware communicate with the board:

  • Connecting digital inputs: Sensor DS18B20
  • Connecting analog inputs using an MCP3008 ADC converter
  • Connecting a real-time clock (RTC)

Connectting digital input - sensor DS18B20

The Raspberry Pi has digital pins, so in this section, we will look at how to connect a digital sensor to the board. We will use the digital sensor DS18B20, which has a digital output and can be perfectly connected to a digital input in our Raspberry Pi sensor. The main idea is to take temperature readings from the sensor and display them on the screen.

Hardware requirements

We will require the following hardware to take the temperature reading:

  • Temperature sensor DS18B20 (waterproof)
  • One resistor of 4.7 kilo-ohms
  • Some jumper wires
  • A breadboard

We will use a waterproof sensor DS18B20 and a 4.7 kilo-ohm resistor:

Hardware requirements

This is the waterproof sensor that we are using in this project.

Hardware connections

The following diagram shows the circuit on the breadboard, with the sensor and the resistor:

Hardware connections

In the following image, we can see the circuit with the sensor:

Hardware connections

Configuring the one-wire protocol

Open a terminal in the Raspberry Pi, and type the following:

sudo nano /boot/config.txt

You should type the following line at the bottom of the page to configure the protocol and define the pin where the one-wire protocol will communicate:

dtoverlay=w1-gpio

The next step is to reboot the Raspberry Pi. After a few minutes, open the terminal and type the following lines:

sudo modprobew1-gpio
sudo modprobe w1-therm

Enter the folder and select the device that will be configured:

cd /sys/bus/w1/devices
ls

Select the device that will be set up. Change  xxxx to the serial number of the device that will set up in the protocol:

cd 28-xxxx
cat w1_slave

You will see the following:

Configuring the one-wire protocol

After that, you will see one line which says Yes if it appears that the temperature reading is done like this: t=29.562.

Software configuration

Let's now look at the code to display the temperature in degrees Celsius and Fahrenheit every second on the screen.

Here we import the libraries...

Connecting analog inputs using an MCP3008 ADC Converter

If we want to connect analog sensors to the Raspberry Pi, we need to use an Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC). The board doesn't have analog inputs; we use the MCP3008 to connect analog sensors. This is a 10-bit ADC and has eight channels. This means that you can connect up to eight sensors that can be read from the Raspberry Pi Zero. We don't need special components to connect them. They can be connected with SPI to the Raspberry Pi's GPIOs.

The first step is to enable SPI communication:

  1. Access the Raspberry Pi terminal and type the following command:
    sudo raspi-config
    
  2. Select Advanced Options, as shown in the following screenshot:
    Connecting analog inputs using an MCP3008 ADC Converter
  3. Enable SPI communication by selecting the SPI option:
    Connecting analog inputs using an MCP3008 ADC Converter
  4. Select <Yes> to enable the SPI interface:
    Connecting analog inputs using an MCP3008 ADC Converter
  5. The final screen looks like the following screenshot when we enable the SPI interface. Select <Ok>:
    Connecting analog inputs using an MCP3008 ADC Converter

Raspberry Pi GPIO header

The following screenshot is a chart of the GPIO pins of the Raspberry Pi Zero. In this case, we will use the SPI configuration interface (SPI_MOSI, SPI_MISO, SPI_CLK, SPI_CE0_N):

Raspberry Pi GPIO header

The following diagram shows the name of the pins of the MCP3008 chip that you connect to the Raspberry Pi: 

Raspberry Pi GPIO header

The following image shows the temperature sensor:

Raspberry Pi GPIO header

You need to connect the following pins according to the next description:

  • VDD to 3.3 volts
  • VREF to 3.3 volts from the Raspberry Pi Zero
  • Pin AGND to GND
  • Pin CLK (clock) to GPIO11 of the Raspberry Pi
  • DOUT to GPIO9
  • Pin DIN to GPIO10
  • Pin CS to GPIO8 and the pin
  • Pin the MCP3008D GND to Ground

This connection is represented in the following figure:

Raspberry Pi GPIO header

The following image shows the connections of the sensor to the ADC MCP3008 and the Raspberry Pi:

Raspberry Pi GPIO header

Reading the data with a Python script

In the next section, you will create the MCP3008.py file; you need to follow the next steps:

  1. Open the terminal on your Raspberry Pi Zero.
  2. Enter the interface in...

Connectting digital input - sensor DS18B20


The Raspberry Pi has digital pins, so in this section, we will look at how to connect a digital sensor to the board. We will use the digital sensor DS18B20, which has a digital output and can be perfectly connected to a digital input in our Raspberry Pi sensor. The main idea is to take temperature readings from the sensor and display them on the screen.

Hardware requirements

We will require the following hardware to take the temperature reading:

  • Temperature sensor DS18B20 (waterproof)

  • One resistor of 4.7 kilo-ohms

  • Some jumper wires

  • A breadboard

We will use a waterproof sensor DS18B20 and a 4.7 kilo-ohm resistor:

This is the waterproof sensor that we are using in this project.

Hardware connections

The following diagram shows the circuit on the breadboard, with the sensor and the resistor:

In the following image, we can see the circuit with the sensor:

Configuring the one-wire protocol


Open a terminal in the Raspberry Pi, and type the following:

sudo nano /boot/config.txt

You should type the following line at the bottom of the page to configure the protocol and define the pin where the one-wire protocol will communicate:

dtoverlay=w1-gpio

The next step is to reboot the Raspberry Pi. After a few minutes, open the terminal and type the following lines:

sudo modprobew1-gpio
sudo modprobe w1-therm

Enter the folder and select the device that will be configured:

cd /sys/bus/w1/devices
ls

Select the device that will be set up. Change  xxxx to the serial number of the device that will set up in the protocol:

cd 28-xxxx
cat w1_slave

You will see the following:

After that, you will see one line which says Yes if it appears that the temperature reading is done like this: t=29.562.

Software configuration

Let's now look at the code to display the temperature in degrees Celsius and Fahrenheit every second on the screen.

Here we import the libraries used...

Connecting analog inputs using an MCP3008 ADC Converter


If we want to connect analog sensors to the Raspberry Pi, we need to use an Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC). The board doesn't have analog inputs; we use the MCP3008 to connect analog sensors. This is a 10-bit ADC and has eight channels. This means that you can connect up to eight sensors that can be read from the Raspberry Pi Zero. We don't need special components to connect them. They can be connected with SPI to the Raspberry Pi's GPIOs.

The first step is to enable SPI communication:

  1. Access the Raspberry Pi terminal and type the following command:

    sudo raspi-config
    
  2. Select Advanced Options, as shown in the following screenshot:

  3. Enable SPI communication by selecting the SPI option:

  4. Select <Yes> to enable the SPI interface:

  5. The final screen looks like the following screenshot when we enable the SPI interface. Select <Ok>:

Raspberry Pi GPIO header


The following screenshot is a chart of the GPIO pins of the Raspberry Pi Zero. In this case, we will use the SPI configuration interface (SPI_MOSI, SPI_MISO, SPI_CLK, SPI_CE0_N):

The following diagram shows the name of the pins of the MCP3008 chip that you connect to the Raspberry Pi: 

The following image shows the temperature sensor:

You need to connect the following pins according to the next description:

  • VDD to 3.3 volts

  • VREF to 3.3 volts from the Raspberry Pi Zero

  • Pin AGND to GND

  • Pin CLK (clock) to GPIO11 of the Raspberry Pi

  • DOUT to GPIO9

  • Pin DIN to GPIO10

  • Pin CS to GPIO8 and the pin

  • Pin the MCP3008D GND to Ground

This connection is represented in the following figure:

The following image shows the connections of the sensor to the ADC MCP3008 and the Raspberry Pi:

Reading the data with a Python script

In the next section, you will create the MCP3008.py file; you need to follow the next steps:

  1. Open the terminal on your Raspberry Pi Zero.

  2. Enter the interface in your Pi terminal...

Connecting an RTC


To control a system, it is very important to have a circuit that can read the time; it can help control the outputs from the Raspberry Pi or detect an action at a specific time. We will interface an RTC module DS3231 with the Raspberry Pi.

I2C setup

The first step is to enable the I2C interface by performing the following steps:

  1. Select Advanced Options:

  2. Enable the I2C option, as shown in the following screenshot:

  3. Select <Yes> on the next screen:

  4. Select <Ok>:

  5. Then select <Yes>:

  6. Next, select <OK>:

DS3231 module setup


The module DS3231 is a real-time clock. It can be used to get the time and date from an integrated circuit, so it can work with your system to control specific events that you want to program from an embedded chip. It can work perfectly with the Raspberry Pi Zero in order to get the time and date in real time.

You need to be sure that you have the latest updates. To do that, type the following commands in your terminal:

sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get -y upgrade

Modify the system file with the following command:

sudo nano /etc/modules

Add the following lines to the modules.txt file:

snd-bcm2835 
i2c-bcm2835 
i2c-dev 
rtc-ds1307

Hardware setup

In this section, we will look at the pins of the RTC module:

DS3231   Pi GPIO 
GNDP     1-06 
VCC      (3.3V) 
SDA      (I2CSDA) 
SCL      (I2CSCL)

This is the RTC module, and we can see the pins of the chip:

The following diagram shows, the circuit connection:

The following image shows the final connection...

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Key benefits

  • • This is a practical guide to help you configure and build a complete distributed IoT system from scratch using JavaScript
  • • Utilize the power of Node and HTML5 to develop web services and a centralized web server, enabling high-level communication between connected devices
  • • Control all your connected devices from the browser by setting up a common dashboard

Description

The Internet of Things is taking the tech world by storm, and JavaScript is at its helm. This book will get you to grips with this exciting new technology. Where do Node.js, HTML5 and Windows 10 IoT Core come in with JavaScript and IoT? Why Raspberry Pi Zero rather than Arduino? How do you configure and build an IoT network from scratch? All your IoT JavaScript questions are answered in this book.

Who is this book for?

This book is for developers who are interested in learning how to communicate with connected devices in JavaScript to set up an IoT system. Some basic knowledge of JavaScript is expected. Hobbyists who want to explore the potential of IoT in JavaScript will also find this book useful.

What you will learn

  • With this book, you?ll learn about: ? Setting up a centralized web server to connect IoT devices ? Connecting sensors and actuators to devices ? Sending data to web server connected devices ? Understanding Internet of Things using web services and database ? Configuring dashboards using HTML5 and JavaScript ? Controlling and monitoring devices connected from dashboards ? Building apps for smartphones to control different devices
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Table of Contents

9 Chapters
1. Getting Started with Raspberry Pi Zero Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
2. Connecting Things to the Raspberry Pi Zero Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
3. Connecting Sensors - Measure the Real Things Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
4. Control-Connected Devices Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
5. Adding a Webcam to Monitor Your Security System Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
6. Building a Web Monitor and Controlling Devices from a Dashboard Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
7. Building a Spy Police with the Internet of Things Dashboard Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
8. Monitoring and Controlling Your Devices from a Smart Phone Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
9. Putting It All Together Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
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