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Home > Cloud & Networking > Cloud Computing > Infrastructure as Code Cookbook
Infrastructure as Code Cookbook
Infrastructure as Code Cookbook

Infrastructure as Code Cookbook: Automate complex infrastructures

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Profile Icon Stephane Jourdan Profile Icon Pierre Pomès
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Arrow left icon
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Paperback Feb 2017 440 pages 1st Edition
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Infrastructure as Code Cookbook

Chapter 2. Provisioning IaaS with Terraform

In this chapter, we will cover the following recipes:

  • Configuring the Terraform AWS provider
  • Creating and using an SSH key pair to use on AWS
  • Using AWS security groups with Terraform
  • Creating an Ubuntu EC2 instance with Terraform
  • Generating meaningful outputs with Terraform
  • Using contextual defaults with Terraform
  • Managing S3 storage with Terraform
  • Creating private Docker repositories with Terraform
  • Creating a PostgreSQL RDS database with Terraform
  • Enabling CloudWatch Logs for Docker with Terraform
  • Managing IAM users with Terraform

Introduction

A modern infrastructure often uses multiple providers Amazon Web Services (AWS), OpenStack, Google Cloud, Digital Ocean, and many others), combined with multiple external services (DNS, mail, monitoring, and others). Many providers propose their own automation tool, but the power of Terraform is that it allows you to manage it all from one place, all using code. With it, you can dynamically create machines at two IaaS providers depending on the environment, register their names at another DNS provider, enable monitoring at a third-party monitoring company, while configuring the company GitHub account and sending the application logs to an appropriate service. On top of that, it can delegate configuration to those who do it well (configuration management tools such as Chef, Puppet, and so on), all with the same tool. The state of your infrastructure is described, stored, versioned, and shared.

In this chapter, we'll discover how to use Terraform to bootstrap a fully capable...

Configuring the Terraform AWS provider

We can use Terraform with many IaaS providers, such as Google Cloud or Digital Ocean. Here, we'll configure Terraform to be used with AWS and stick with this provider for the rest of the chapter.

For Terraform to interact with an IaaS, it needs to have a provider configured.

Getting ready

To step through this recipe, you will need the following:

  • An AWS account with keys
  • A working Terraform installation
  • An empty directory to store your infrastructure code
  • An Internet connection

How to do it…

To configure the AWS provider in Terraform, we'll need the following three files:

  • A file declaring our variables, an optional description, and an optional default for each (variables.tf)
  • A file setting the variables for the whole project (terraform.tfvars)
  • A provider file (provider.tf)

Lets declare our variables in the variables.tf file. We can start by declaring what's usually known as the AWS_DEFAULT_REGION, AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID, and AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY...

Creating and using an SSH key pair to use on AWS

Now we have our AWS provider configured in Terraform, let's add a SSH key pair to use on a default account of the virtual machines we intend to launch soon.

Getting ready

To step through this recipe, you will need the following:

  • A working Terraform installation
  • An AWS provider configured in Terraform
  • Generate a pair of SSH keys somewhere you remember, for example, in the keys folder at the root of your repo:
    $ mkdir keys
$ ssh-keygen -q -f keys/aws_terraform -C aws_terraform_ssh_key -N ''
  • An Internet connection

How to do it…

The resource we want for this is named aws_key_pair. Let's use it inside a keys.tf file, and paste the public key content:

resource "aws_key_pair" "admin_key" {
  key_name   = "admin_key"
  public_key = "ssh-rsa AAAAB3[…]"
}

This will simply upload your public key to your AWS account under the name admin_key:

$ terraform apply
aws_key_pair.admin_key: Creating...

Using AWS security groups with Terraform

Amazon's security groups are similar to traditional firewalls, with ingress (incoming traffic) and egress (outgoing traffic) rules applied to EC2 instances. Those rules can be updated on-demand. We'll create an initial security group allowing ingress Secure Shell (SSH) traffic only for our own IP address, while allowing all outgoing traffic.

Getting ready

To step through this recipe, you will need the following:

  • A working Terraform installation
  • An AWS provider configured in Terraform (refer to the previous recipe)
  • An Internet connection

How to do it…

The resource we're using is called aws_security_group. Here's the basic structure:

resource "aws_security_group" "base_security_group" {
  name        = "base_security_group"
  description = "Base Security Group"

  ingress { }

  egress { }

}

We know we want to allow inbound TCP/22 for SSH only for our own IP (replace 1.2.3.4/32 with yours!...

Creating an Ubuntu EC2 instance with Terraform

We have previously created the requirements to launch a standard virtual machine on AWS EC2 (an SSH key pair and a security group). Let's now launch this virtual machine on EC2, using the specified SSH key pair to log into it and placed inside the security group, so (in our case) SSH is only available from a specific IP address.

Note

This example uses the t2.micro instance available for free in the AWS Free Tier.

Getting ready

To step through this recipe, you will need the following:

  • A working Terraform installation
  • An AWS provider, a SSH key pair, and a Security Group configured in Terraform (refer to the previous recipes)
  • An Internet connection

How to do it…

First, you need to find the correct AMI for your machine. An AMI is like a system disk image for AWS, and is referred to by its ID (that is: ami-df3bceb0 or ami-f2fc9d81). In the Ubuntu case, you can find the AMI you want by going to their Amazon EC2 AMI Locator page (https://cloud...

Generating meaningful outputs with Terraform

Wouldn't it be great if Terraform could show us useful, informational output after a successful run? Following what we've done so far, it would be helpful to know how to connect to the instance, what are the local and public IP addresses, or see the security groups used. That's what Terraform's outputs are for.

Getting ready

To step through this recipe, you will need the following:

  • A working Terraform installation
  • An AWS provider and an EC2 instance (using a SSH keypair and a Security Group), all configured in Terraform (refer to the previous recipes)
  • An Internet connection

How to do it…

Thankfully, we can use the same syntax we're already using to access variables and attributes of references, but this time in an output resource.

Let's start by simply adding a line in outputs.tf that would show us how to connect to our virtual machine, using the public_ip attribute of our dev EC2 instance:

output "login&quot...

Introduction

A modern infrastructure often uses multiple providers Amazon Web Services (AWS), OpenStack, Google Cloud, Digital Ocean, and many others), combined with multiple external services (DNS, mail, monitoring, and others). Many providers propose their own automation tool, but the power of Terraform is that it allows you to manage it all from one place, all using code. With it, you can dynamically create machines at two IaaS providers depending on the environment, register their names at another DNS provider, enable monitoring at a third-party monitoring company, while configuring the company GitHub account and sending the application logs to an appropriate service. On top of that, it can delegate configuration to those who do it well (configuration management tools such as Chef, Puppet, and so on), all with the same tool. The state of your infrastructure is described, stored, versioned, and shared.

In this chapter, we'll discover how to use Terraform to bootstrap a fully capable infrastructure...

Configuring the Terraform AWS provider

We can use Terraform with many IaaS providers, such as Google Cloud or Digital Ocean. Here, we'll configure Terraform to be used with AWS and stick with this provider for the rest of the chapter.

For Terraform to interact with an IaaS, it needs to have a provider configured.

Getting ready

To step through this recipe, you will need the following:

  • An AWS account with keys

  • A working Terraform installation

  • An empty directory to store your infrastructure code

  • An Internet connection

How to do it…

To configure the AWS provider in Terraform, we'll need the following three files:

  • A file declaring our variables, an optional description, and an optional default for each (variables.tf)

  • A file setting the variables for the whole project (terraform.tfvars)

  • A provider file (provider.tf)

Lets declare our variables in the variables.tf file. We can start by declaring what's usually known as the AWS_DEFAULT_REGION, AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID, and AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY environment variables...

Creating and using an SSH key pair to use on AWS

Now we have our AWS provider configured in Terraform, let's add a SSH key pair to use on a default account of the virtual machines we intend to launch soon.

Getting ready

To step through this recipe, you will need the following:

  • A working Terraform installation

  • An AWS provider configured in Terraform

  • Generate a pair of SSH keys somewhere you remember, for example, in the keys folder at the root of your repo:

    $ mkdir keys
$ ssh-keygen -q -f keys/aws_terraform -C aws_terraform_ssh_key -N ''

  • An Internet connection

How to do it…

The resource we want for this is named aws_key_pair. Let's use it inside a keys.tf file, and paste the public key content:

resource "aws_key_pair" "admin_key" {
  key_name   = "admin_key"
  public_key = "ssh-rsa AAAAB3[…]"
}

This will simply upload your public key to your AWS account under the name admin_key:

$ terraform apply
aws_key_pair.admin_key: Creating...
  fingerprint: "" => "<computed>"
  key_name:    "" =&gt...

Using AWS security groups with Terraform

Amazon's security groups are similar to traditional firewalls, with ingress (incoming traffic) and egress (outgoing traffic) rules applied to EC2 instances. Those rules can be updated on-demand. We'll create an initial security group allowing ingress Secure Shell (SSH) traffic only for our own IP address, while allowing all outgoing traffic.

Getting ready

To step through this recipe, you will need the following:

  • A working Terraform installation

  • An AWS provider configured in Terraform (refer to the previous recipe)

  • An Internet connection

How to do it…

The resource we're using is called aws_security_group. Here's the basic structure:

resource "aws_security_group" "base_security_group" {
  name        = "base_security_group"
  description = "Base Security Group"

  ingress { }

  egress { }

}

We know we want to allow inbound TCP/22 for SSH only for our own IP (replace 1.2.3.4/32 with yours!), and allow everything outbound. Here's how it looks:

ingress {
  from_port...

Creating an Ubuntu EC2 instance with Terraform

We have previously created the requirements to launch a standard virtual machine on AWS EC2 (an SSH key pair and a security group). Let's now launch this virtual machine on EC2, using the specified SSH key pair to log into it and placed inside the security group, so (in our case) SSH is only available from a specific IP address.

Note

This example uses the t2.micro instance available for free in the AWS Free Tier.

Getting ready

To step through this recipe, you will need the following:

  • A working Terraform installation

  • An AWS provider, a SSH key pair, and a Security Group configured in Terraform (refer to the previous recipes)

  • An Internet connection

How to do it…

First, you need to find the correct AMI for your machine. An AMI is like a system disk image for AWS, and is referred to by its ID (that is: ami-df3bceb0 or ami-f2fc9d81). In the Ubuntu case, you can find the AMI you want by going to their Amazon EC2 AMI Locator page (https://cloud-images.ubuntu...

Generating meaningful outputs with Terraform

Wouldn't it be great if Terraform could show us useful, informational output after a successful run? Following what we've done so far, it would be helpful to know how to connect to the instance, what are the local and public IP addresses, or see the security groups used. That's what Terraform's outputs are for.

Getting ready

To step through this recipe, you will need the following:

  • A working Terraform installation

  • An AWS provider and an EC2 instance (using a SSH keypair and a Security Group), all configured in Terraform (refer to the previous recipes)

  • An Internet connection

How to do it…

Thankfully, we can use the same syntax we're already using to access variables and attributes of references, but this time in an output resource.

Let's start by simply adding a line in outputs.tf that would show us how to connect to our virtual machine, using the public_ip attribute of our dev EC2 instance:

output "login" {
  value = "ssh ubuntu@${aws_instance.dev.public_ip...
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Page 1 of 13

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Key benefits

  • Over 90 practical, actionable recipes to automate, test, and manage your infrastructure quickly and effectively
  • About This Book
  • • Bring down your delivery timeline from days to hours by treating your server configurations and VMs as code, just like you would with software code.
  • • Take your existing knowledge and skill set with your existing tools (Puppet, Chef, or Docker) to the next level and solve IT infrastructure challenges.
  • • Use practical recipes to use code to provision and deploy servers and applications and have greater control of your infrastructure.
  • Who This Book Is For
  • This book is for DevOps engineers and developers working in cross-functional teams or operations and would now switch to IAC to manage complex infrastructures.
  • What You Will Learn
  • • Provision local and remote development environments with Vagrant
  • • Automate production infrastructures with Terraform, Ansible and Cloud-init on AWS, OpenStack, Google Cloud, Digital Ocean, and more
  • • Manage and test automated systems using Chef and Puppet
  • • Build, ship, and debug optimized Docker containers
  • • Explore the best practices to automate and test everything from cloud infrastructures to operating system configuration
  • In Detail
  • Infrastructure as Code (IAC) is a key aspect of the DevOps movement, and this book will show you how to transform the way you work with your infrastructure—by treating it as software.
  • This book is dedicated to helping you discover the essentials of infrastructure automation and its related practices; the over 90 organized practical solutions will demonstrate how to work with some of the very best tools and cloud solutions.
  • You will learn how to deploy repeatable infrastructures and services on AWS, OpenStack, Google Cloud, and Digital Ocean. You will see both Ansible and Terraform in action, manipulate the best bits from cloud-init to easily bootstrap instances, and simulate consistent environments locally or remotely using Vagrant. You will discover how to automate and test a range of system tasks using Chef or Puppet. You will also build, test, and debug various Docker containers having developers’ interests in mind.
  • This book will help you to use the right tools, techniques, and approaches to deliver working solutions for today’s modern infrastructure challenges.
  • Style and approach
  • This is a recipe-based book that allows you to venture into some of the most cutting-edge practices and techniques about IAC and solve immediate problems when trying to implement them.

Description

Para 1: Infrastructure as code is transforming the way we solve infrastructural challenges. This book will show you how to make managing servers in the cloud faster, easier and more effective than ever before. With over 90 practical recipes for success, make the very most out of IAC.

Who is this book for?

This book is for DevOps engineers and developers working in cross-functional teams or operations and would now switch to IAC to manage complex infrastructures.

What you will learn

  • With this book, you?ll learn about: ? Provisioning local and remote development environments with Vagrant ? Automating production infrastructures with Terraform, Ansible and Cloud-init on AWS, OpenStack, Google Cloud, Digital Ocean, and more ? Bringing down your delivery timeline from days to hours by treating your server configurations and VMs as code, just like you would with software code ? Managing and testing automated systems using Chef and Puppet ? Using code to provision and deploy servers and applications and have greater control of your infrastructure ? Building, shipping, and debugging optimized Docker containers ? Exploring the best practices to automate and test everything from cloud infrastructures to operating system configuration ? Taking knowledge with existing tools (Puppet, Chef, or Docker) to the next level

Product Details

Country selected
Publication date, Length, Edition, Language, ISBN-13
Publication date : Feb 17, 2017
Length: 440 pages
Edition : 1st
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781786464910
Vendor :
HashiCorp
Category :
Cloud & Networking
Concepts :
Cloud Computing
Tools :
Terraform

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Product feature icon 50+ new titles added per month, including many first-to-market concepts and exclusive early access to books as they are being written.
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Product Details

Publication date : Feb 17, 2017
Length: 440 pages
Edition : 1st
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781786464910
Vendor :
HashiCorp
Category :
Cloud & Networking
Concepts :
Cloud Computing
Tools :
Terraform

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Table of Contents

11 Chapters
1. Vagrant Development Environments Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
1. Vagrant Development Environments
Introduction
Adding an Ubuntu Xenial (16.04 LTS) Vagrant box
Using a disposable Ubuntu Xenial (16.04) in seconds
Enabling VirtualBox Guest Additions in Vagrant
Using a disposable CentOS 7.x with VMware in seconds
Extending the VMware VM capabilities
Enabling multiprovider Vagrant environments
Customizing a Vagrant VM
Using Docker with Vagrant
Using Docker in Vagrant for a Ghost blog behind NGINX
Using Vagrant remotely with AWS EC2 and Docker
Simulating dynamic multiple host networking
Simulating a networked three-tier architecture app with Vagrant
Showing your work on the LAN while working with Laravel
Sharing access to your Vagrant environment with the world
Simulating Chef upgrades using Vagrant
Using Ansible with Vagrant to create a Docker host
Using Docker containers on CoreOS with Vagrant
2. Provisioning IaaS with Terraform Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
2. Provisioning IaaS with Terraform
Introduction
Configuring the Terraform AWS provider
Creating and using an SSH key pair to use on AWS
Using AWS security groups with Terraform
Creating an Ubuntu EC2 instance with Terraform
Generating meaningful outputs with Terraform
Using contextual defaults with Terraform
Managing S3 storage with Terraform
Creating private Docker repositories with Terraform
Creating a PostgreSQL RDS database with Terraform
Enabling CloudWatch Logs for Docker with Terraform
Managing IAM users with Terraform
3. Going Further with Terraform Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
3. Going Further with Terraform
Introduction
Handling different environments with Terraform
Provisioning a CentOS 7 EC2 instance with Chef using Terraform
Using data sources, templates, and local execution
Executing remote commands at bootstrap using Terraform
Using Docker with Terraform
Simulating infrastructure changes using Terraform
Teamwork – sharing Terraform infrastructure state
Maintaining a clean and standardized Terraform code
One Makefile to rule them all
Team workflow example
Managing GitHub with Terraform
External monitoring integration with StatusCake
4. Automating Complete Infrastructures with Terraform Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
4. Automating Complete Infrastructures with Terraform
Introduction
Provisioning a complete CoreOS infrastructure on Digital Ocean with Terraform
Provisioning a three-tier infrastructure on Google Compute Engine
Provisioning a GitLab CE + CI runners on OpenStack
Managing Heroku apps and add-ons using Terraform
Creating a scalable Docker Swarm cluster on bare metal with Packet
5. Provisioning the Last Mile with Cloud-Init Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
5. Provisioning the Last Mile with Cloud-Init
Introduction
Using cloud-init on AWS, Digital Ocean, or OpenStack
Handling files using cloud-init
Configuring the server's time zone using cloud-init
Managing users, keys, and credentials using cloud-init
Managing repositories and packages using cloud-init
Running commands during boot using cloud-init
Configuring CoreOS using cloud-init
Deploying Chef Client from start to finish using cloud-init
Deploying a remote Docker server using cloud-init
6. Fundamentals of Managing Servers with Chef and Puppet Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
6. Fundamentals of Managing Servers with Chef and Puppet
Introduction
Getting started (notions and tools)
Installing the Chef Development kit and Puppet Collections
Creating a free hosted server Chef account and a Puppet server
Automatically bootstrapping a Chef client and a Puppet agent
Installing packages
Managing services
Managing files, directories, and templates
Handling dependencies
More dynamic code using notifications
Centrally sharing data using a Chef data bag and Hiera with Puppet
Creating functional roles
Managing external Chef cookbooks and Puppet modules
7. Testing and Writing Better Infrastructure Code with Chef and Puppet Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
7. Testing and Writing Better Infrastructure Code with Chef and Puppet
Introduction
Linting Chef code with Foodcritic and Puppet code with puppet-lint
Unit testing with ChefSpec and rspec-puppet
Testing infrastructure with Test Kitchen for Chef and Beaker for Puppet
Integration testing with ServerSpec
8. Maintaining Systems Using Chef and Puppet Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
8. Maintaining Systems Using Chef and Puppet
Introduction
Maintaining consistent systems using scheduled convergence
Creating environments
Using Chef encrypted data bags and Hiera-eyaml with Puppet
Using Chef Vault encryption
Accessing and manipulating system information with Ohai
Automating application deployment (a WordPress example)
Using a TDD workflow
Planning for the worse – train to rebuild working systems
9. Working with Docker Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
9. Working with Docker
Introduction
Docker usage overview
Choosing the right Docker base image
Optimizing the Docker image size
Versioning Docker images with tags
Deploying a Ruby-on-Rails web application in Docker
Building and using Golang applications with Docker
Networking with Docker
Creating more dynamic containers
Auto-configuring dynamic containers
Better security with unprivileged users
Orchestrating with Docker Compose
Linting a Dockerfile
Deploying a private Docker registry with S3 storage
10. Maintaining Docker Containers Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
10. Maintaining Docker Containers
Introduction
Testing Docker containers with BATS
Test-Driven Development (TDD) with Docker and ServerSpec
The workflow for creating automated Docker builds from Git
The workflow for connecting the Continuous Integration (CI) system
Scanning for vulnerabilities with Quay.io and Docker Cloud
Sending Docker logs to AWS CloudWatch logs
Monitoring and getting information out of Docker
Debugging containers using sysdig
Index Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Index

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Customer reviews

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Brian Dworak Feb 11, 2018
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Empty star icon 4
Excellent reference guide. I keep it on hand.
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About the authors

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Profile icon Stephane Jourdan
Stephane Jourdan
Stephane Jourdan is a passionate infrastructure engineer, enthusiastic entrepreneur, zealous trainer, and continuous learner, working on innovative infrastructures since the early 2000s. He focuses equally on tools and culture, in environments as different as startups, online audio/video media, e-commerce, and semi-conductors. The common point between all these experiences is that success comes with rigor, technical repeatability, communication, and a shared team culture. He co-founded an infrastructure automation consultancy (https://www.linkedin.com/company/green-alto), a web radio (http://phauneradio.com/), a container/serverless platform for developers (https://www.squarescale.com/), and a sound design studio (http://www.tarabust.com/). When Stephane isn't starting or contributing to new open source projects, he's usually found hiking in remote places with his camera.
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Profile icon Pierre Pomès
Pierre Pomès
Pierre Pomès is a senior enthusiastic engineer of open source technologies and a Linux adept since 1994. He has been working in the IT industry for the last twenty years mostly in C development, system administration, and security including PCI-DSS. He is currently an architect and a DevOps team leader for Reservit, an online hotel booking engine. He has also contributed to the pfSense project.
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