The classic C++ programming language was standardized in 1998 and it was followed by a small revision (mostly corrections) in 2003. To support advanced abstractions, developers relied on the Boost (http://www.boost.org) library and other public domain libraries. Thanks to the next wave of standardization, the language (from C++ 11 onward) was enhanced, and now developers can encode most widely used abstractions (supported by other languages) without relying on external libraries. Even threads and file-system interfaces, which came squarely under the aegis of libraries, are now part of the standard language. Modern C++ (which stands for C++ versions 11/14/17 ) contains superb additions to the language and its libraries, that make C++ the de-facto choice for writing industrial strength production software. The features covered in this chapter...
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