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Oracle Database 12c Security Cookbook
Oracle Database 12c Security Cookbook

Oracle Database 12c Security Cookbook: Secure your Oracle Database 12c with this valuable Oracle support resource, featuring more than 100 solutions to the challenges of protecting your data

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Profile Icon Maja Veselica & Zoran Pavlovic Profile Icon Pavlovic Profile Icon Veselica
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Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Half star icon 4.7 (3 Ratings)
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Oracle Database 12c Security Cookbook

Chapter 2. Security Considerations in Multitenant Environment

In this chapter, we will cover the following tasks:

  • Creating a common user
  • Creating a local user
  • Creating a common role
  • Creating a local role
  • Granting privileges commonly
  • Granting privileges locally
  • Granting common and local roles
  • The effects of plugging/unplugging operations on users, roles, and privileges

Introduction

The Oracle multitenant environment is a new architecture of Oracle Database, introduced in version 12c (12.1.0.1). It brings major changes to the way Oracle Database administrators think about the concept of databases and how they work (in a multitenant environment). One of the most significant changes is that many databases (up to 252) can share one database instance.

This chapter is focused on some of the security considerations concerning common and local users, roles, and privileges. The prerequisite for understanding recipes in this chapter is to have at least basic knowledge of fundamental multitenant concepts, such as what is a container database (CDB), pluggable database (PDB), root container, and seed.

Figure 1 shows the traditional architecture of Oracle Database.

Introduction

Figure 1 - A traditional architecture

Figure 2 shows the separation of the data dictionary in a multitenant architecture:

Introduction

Figure 2 - Data Dictionary separation

Figure 3 shows a multitenant architecture...

Creating a common user

A common user is a user created in the root container, which has the same identity across all containers. The main purpose of a common user is to perform "infrastructure" administrative tasks, such as starting up a CDB, plugging and unplugging PDBs, and opening PDBs. There are two types of common users: Oracle-supplied (for example, SYS and SYSTEM) and user-created common users.

Getting ready

To complete this recipe, you'll need an existing common user who has create user privilege granted commonly.

How to do it...

  1. Connect to the root container as a common user who has create user privilege granted commonly (for example, c##zoran or system user):
           SQL> connect c##zoran@cdb1
    
    
  2. Create a common user (for example, c##maja):
           c##zoran@CDB1> create user c##maja identified by oracle1
           container=all;  
    
    

How it works...

c##maja is actually not a single user, but each container...

Creating a local user

A local user is a user that is created and that exists in only one PDB. A local user can't be created in the root container.

Getting ready

A pluggable database (in our case, pdb1) should be open. You'll need an existing user (either common or local) who has create user privilege in that pluggable database.

How to do it...

  1. Connect to PDB (for example, pdb1) as a common user or local user who has      create user privilege in that PDB (for example, c##zoran or system user):
           SQL> connect c##zoran@pdb1
    
  2. Create a local user (for example, mike):
           c##zoran@PDB1> create user mike identified by pa3t5brii
           container=current;
    

How it works...

How it works...

Figure 9

Rules/guidelines for creating and managing local users

There are a few rules you should be aware of:

  • The name of a local user must be unique within its pluggable database and it must not begin with c## or C##
  • A local user cannot be created in...

Creating a common role

Common roles are roles created in the root container and they exist in all containers. These roles can have a different set of privileges in different containers and they can be granted to either common or local users or roles.

Getting ready

To complete this recipe, you'll need an existing common user who has create role privilege granted commonly.

How to do it...

  1. Connect to the root container as a common user who has create role privilege granted commonly (for example, c##zoran or system user):
    SQL> connect c##zoran@cdb1
    
  2. Create a common role (for example, c##role1):
    SQL> create role c##role1 container=all;
    

How it works...

When you create a common role, that role exists in all containers in that database (including a root container and existing and future pluggable databases).

How it works...

Figure 12

c##zoran@CDB1> select * from dba_roles where role='C##ROLE1';
ROLE                  PASSWORD AUTHENTICAT   COM  O
----------------      --------  -----------  --...

Creating a local role

Local roles are roles created in PDB and they exist only in that PDB. These roles can be granted only locally to either common or local users or roles.

Getting ready

For this recipe, a pluggable database (in our case, pdb1) should be open. You'll need an existing user (either common or local) who has create role privilege in that pluggable database.

How to do it...

  1. Connect to PDB (for example, pdb1) as a common or local user who has        create role privilege in that PDB (for example, c##maja):
    SQL> connect c##maja@pdb1
    
  2. Create a local role (for example, local_role1):
    c##maja@PDB1> create role local_role1 container=current;
    

How it works...

When you create a local role, that role exists only in the pluggable database in which it is created. Local roles cannot be created in the root container. These roles are traditional roles.

How it works...

Figure 15

c##maja@CDB1> select * from dba_roles where role='LOCAL_ROLE1';


    no rows selected...

Granting privileges and roles commonly

The common privilege is a privilege that can be exercised across all containers in a container database. Depending only on the way it is granted, a privilege becomes common or local. When you grant a privilege commonly (across all containers) it becomes a common privilege. Only common users or roles can have common privileges. Only common role can be granted commonly.

Getting ready

For this recipe, you will need to connect to the root container as an existing common user who is able to grant a specific privilege or existing role (in our case, create session, select any table, c##role1, c##role2) to another existing common user (c##john). If you want to try out examples in the How it works section, you should open pdb1 and pdb2.

You will use the following:

  • Common users c##maja and c##zoran with the dba role granted commonly
  • Common user c##john
  • Common roles c##role1 and c##role2

How to do it...

  1. You should connect to the root container as a common user who...

Introduction


The Oracle multitenant environment is a new architecture of Oracle Database, introduced in version 12c (12.1.0.1). It brings major changes to the way Oracle Database administrators think about the concept of databases and how they work (in a multitenant environment). One of the most significant changes is that many databases (up to 252) can share one database instance.

This chapter is focused on some of the security considerations concerning common and local users, roles, and privileges. The prerequisite for understanding recipes in this chapter is to have at least basic knowledge of fundamental multitenant concepts, such as what is a container database (CDB), pluggable database (PDB), root container, and seed.

Figure 1 shows the traditional architecture of Oracle Database.

Figure 1 - A traditional architecture

Figure 2 shows the separation of the data dictionary in a multitenant architecture:

Figure 2 - Data Dictionary separation

Figure 3 shows a multitenant architecture. To learn...

Creating a common user


A common user is a user created in the root container, which has the same identity across all containers. The main purpose of a common user is to perform "infrastructure" administrative tasks, such as starting up a CDB, plugging and unplugging PDBs, and opening PDBs. There are two types of common users: Oracle-supplied (for example, SYS and SYSTEM) and user-created common users.

Getting ready

To complete this recipe, you'll need an existing common user who has create user privilege granted commonly.

How to do it...

  1. Connect to the root container as a common user who has create user privilege granted commonly (for example, c##zoran or system user):

           SQL> connect c##zoran@cdb1
    
    
  2. Create a common user (for example, c##maja):

           c##zoran@CDB1> create user c##maja identified by oracle1
           container=all;  
    
    

How it works...

c##maja is actually not a single user, but each container has a user named c##maja and the passwords must be the same.

Figure...

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Key benefits

  • Explore and learn the new security features introduced in Oracle Database 12c, to successfully secure your sensitive data
  • Learn how to identify which security strategy is right for your needs – and how to apply it
  • Each ‘recipe’ provides you with a single step-by-step solution, making this book a vital resource, delivering Oracle support in one accessible place

Description

Businesses around the world are paying much greater attention toward database security than they ever have before. Not only does the current regulatory environment require tight security, particularly when dealing with sensitive and personal data, data is also arguably a company’s most valuable asset - why wouldn’t you want to protect it in a secure and reliable database? Oracle Database lets you do exactly that. It’s why it is one of the world’s leading databases – with a rich portfolio of features to protect data from contemporary vulnerabilities, it’s the go-to database for many organizations. Oracle Database 12c Security Cookbook helps DBAs, developers, and architects to better understand database security challenges. Let it guide you through the process of implementing appropriate security mechanisms, helping you to ensure you are taking proactive steps to keep your data safe. Featuring solutions for common security problems in the new Oracle Database 12c, with this book you can be confident about securing your database from a range of different threats and problems.

Who is this book for?

This book is for DBAs, developers, and architects who are keen to know more about security in Oracle Database 12c. This book is best suited for beginners and intermediate-level database security practitioners. Basic knowledge of Oracle Database is expected, but no prior experience of securing a database is required.

What you will learn

  • Analyze application privileges and reduce the attack surface
  • Reduce the risk of data exposure by using Oracle Data Redaction and Virtual Private Database
  • Control data access and integrity in your organization using the appropriate database feature or option
  • Learn how to protect your databases against application bypasses
  • Audit user activity using the new auditing architecture
  • Restrict highly privileged users from accessing data
  • Encrypt data in Oracle Database
  • Work in a real-world environment where a multi-layer security strategy is applied
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Publication date : Jun 06, 2016
Length: 388 pages
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Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781782172123
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Length: 388 pages
Edition : 1st
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781782172123
Vendor :
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Category :

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Table of Contents

12 Chapters
1. Basic Database Security Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
2. Security Considerations in Multitenant Environment Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
3. PL/SQL Security Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
4. Virtual Private Database Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
5. Data Redaction Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
6. Transparent Sensitive Data Protection Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
7. Privilege Analysis Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
8. Transparent Data Encryption Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
9. Database Vault Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
10. Unified Auditing Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
11. Additional Topics Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
12. Appendix – Application Contexts Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Customer reviews

Rating distribution
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Half star icon 4.7
(3 Ratings)
5 star 66.7%
4 star 33.3%
3 star 0%
2 star 0%
1 star 0%
Dmitri A. Levin Jun 19, 2016
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
As a technical reviewer of this book I really enjoyed the way it is written. This book is written in very simple, precise, straight forward and easy to understand language. As a cookbook style it is filled with examples for a real day-to-day life at work. The book is divided into sections starting with the basics and going into advanced topics such as Virtual Private Database, Data Reduction, TDE and Database Vault. It also has an appendix about the usage of application contexts. The security skills taught in this book are indispensable to every Oracle 12c DBA, developer and architect.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Osama Mustafa Jun 13, 2016
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
Being a technical reviewer for this book and one of the most amazing thing about this book that if you want to learn more about 12c security starting with basics then this book will help you with your daily work, helping you to understand the essential moving to advance topics each chapter of this book covered very well, examples using command lines and using enterprise manager cloud which both ways will be used by Oracle DBA.i am sure this book will improve performance for any DBA or anyone looking for a better future.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Caelus Aug 25, 2020
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Empty star icon 4
Ce livre m'a aidé à utiliser concrètement les principaux aspects de la sécurité d'oracle 12c. Cependant ça se lit très rapidement, et ne va pas loin dans les explications. Pour comprendre réellement, il faudra un livre supplémentaire. A utiliser en complément ou en introduction.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
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