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Hands-On Neuroevolution with Python
Hands-On Neuroevolution with Python

Hands-On Neuroevolution with Python: Build high-performing artificial neural network architectures using neuroevolution-based algorithms

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Hands-On Neuroevolution with Python

Overview of Neuroevolution Methods

The concept of artificial neural networks (ANN) was inspired by the structure of the human brain. There was a strong belief that, if we were able to imitate this intricate structure in a very similar way, we would be able to create artificial intelligence. We are still on the road to achieving this. Although we can implement Narrow AI agents, we are still far from creating a Generic AI agent.

This chapter introduces you to the concept of ANNs and the two methods that we can use to train them (the gradient descent with error backpropagation and neuroevolution) so that they learn how to approximate the objective function. However, we will mainly focus on discussing the neuroevolution-based family of algorithms. You will learn about the implementation of the evolutionary process that's inspired by natural evolution and become familiar with...

Evolutionary algorithms and neuroevolution-based methods

The term artificial neural networks stands for a graph of nodes connected by links where each of the links has a particular weight. The neural node defines a kind of threshold operator that allows the signal to pass only after a specific activation function has been applied. It remotely resembles the way in which neurons in the brain are organized. Typically, the ANN training process consists of selecting the appropriate weight values for all the links within the network. Thus, ANN can approximate any function and can be considered as a universal approximator, which is established by the Universal Approximation Theorem.

For more information on the proof of the Universal Approximation Theorem, take a look at the following papers:

  • Cybenko, G. (1989) Approximations by Superpositions of Sigmoidal Functions, Mathematics of Control...

NEAT algorithm overview

The method of NEAT for evolving complex ANNs was designed to reduce the dimensionality of the parameter search space through the gradual elaboration of the ANN's structure during evolution. The evolutionary process starts with a population of small, simple genomes (seeds) and gradually increases their complexity over generations.

The seed genomes have a very simple topology: only input, output, and bias neurons are expressed. No hidden nodes are introduced into the seed from the beginning to guarantee that the search for a solution starts in the lowest-dimensional parameter space (connection weights) possible. With each new generation, additional genes are introduced, expanding the solution search space by presenting a new dimension that previously did not exist. Thus, evolution begins by searching in a small space that can be easily optimized and...

Hypercube-based NEAT

Intelligence is a product of the brain, and the human brain as a structure is itself a product of natural evolution. Such an intricate structure has evolved over millions of years, under pressure from harsh environments, and while competing with other living beings for survival. As a result, an extremely complex structure has evolved, with many layers, modules, and trillions of connections between neurons. The structure of the human brain is our guiding star and is aiding our efforts in creating artificial intelligence systems. However, how can we address all the complexity of the human brain with our imperfect instruments?

By studying the human brain, neuroscientists have found that its spatial structure plays an essential role in all perceiving and cognitive tasks from vision to abstract thinking. Many intricate geometric structures have been found...

Evolvable-Substrate HyperNEAT

The HyperNEAT method exposes the fact that geometrical regularities of the natural world can be adequately represented by artificial neural networks with nodes placed at specific spatial locations. That way, the neuroevolution gains significant benefits and it allows large-scale ANNs to be trained for high dimensional problems, which was impossible with the ordinary NEAT algorithm. At the same time, the HyperNEAT approach is inspired by the structure of a natural brain, which still lacks the plasticity of the natural evolution process. While allowing the evolutionary process to elaborate on a variety of connectivity patterns between network nodes, the HyperNEAT approach exposes a hard limitation on where the network nodes are placed. The experimenter must define the layout of the network nodes from the very beginning, and any incorrect assumption...

Novelty Search optimization method

Most of the machine learning methods, including evolutionary algorithms, base their training on the optimization of the objective function. The main focus underlying the methods of optimization of the objective function is that the best way to improve the performance of a solver is to reward them for getting closer to the goal. In most evolutionary algorithms, the closeness to the goal is measured by the fitness of the solver. The measure of an organism's performance is defined by the fitness function, which is a metaphor for evolutionary pressure on the organism to adapt to its environment. According to that paradigm, the fittest organism is better adapted to its environment and best suited to find a solution.

While direct fitness function optimization methods work well in many simple cases, for more complex tasks, it often falls victim...

Summary

In this chapter, we began by discussing the different methods that are used to train artificial neural networks. We considered how traditional gradient descent-based methods differ from neuroevolution-based ones. Then, we presented one of the most popular neuroevolution algorithms (NEAT) and the two ways we can extend it (HyperNEAT and ES-HyperNEAT). Finally, we described the search optimization method (Novelty Search), which can find solutions to a variety of deceptive problems that cannot be solved by conventional objective-based search methods. Now, you are ready to put this knowledge into practice after setting up the necessary environment, which we will discuss in the next chapter.

In the next chapter, we will cover the libraries that are available so that we can experiment with neuroevolution in Python. We will also demonstrate how to set up a working environment...

Further reading

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Key benefits

  • Implement neuroevolution algorithms to improve the performance of neural network architectures
  • Understand evolutionary algorithms and neuroevolution methods with real-world examples
  • Learn essential neuroevolution concepts and how they are used in domains including games, robotics, and simulations

Description

Neuroevolution is a form of artificial intelligence learning that uses evolutionary algorithms to simplify the process of solving complex tasks in domains such as games, robotics, and the simulation of natural processes. This book will give you comprehensive insights into essential neuroevolution concepts and equip you with the skills you need to apply neuroevolution-based algorithms to solve practical, real-world problems. You'll start with learning the key neuroevolution concepts and methods by writing code with Python. You'll also get hands-on experience with popular Python libraries and cover examples of classical reinforcement learning, path planning for autonomous agents, and developing agents to autonomously play Atari games. Next, you'll learn to solve common and not-so-common challenges in natural computing using neuroevolution-based algorithms. Later, you'll understand how to apply neuroevolution strategies to existing neural network designs to improve training and inference performance. Finally, you'll gain clear insights into the topology of neural networks and how neuroevolution allows you to develop complex networks, starting with simple ones. By the end of this book, you will not only have explored existing neuroevolution-based algorithms, but also have the skills you need to apply them in your research and work assignments.

Who is this book for?

This book is for machine learning practitioners, deep learning researchers, and AI enthusiasts who are looking to implement neuroevolution algorithms from scratch. Working knowledge of the Python programming language and basic knowledge of deep learning and neural networks are mandatory.

What you will learn

  • Discover the most popular neuroevolution algorithms – NEAT, HyperNEAT, and ES-HyperNEAT
  • Explore how to implement neuroevolution-based algorithms in Python
  • Get up to speed with advanced visualization tools to examine evolved neural network graphs
  • Understand how to examine the results of experiments and analyze algorithm performance
  • Delve into neuroevolution techniques to improve the performance of existing methods
  • Apply deep neuroevolution to develop agents for playing Atari games
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Length: 368 pages
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Language : English
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Table of Contents

17 Chapters
Section 1: Fundamentals of Evolutionary Computation Algorithms and Neuroevolution Methods Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Overview of Neuroevolution Methods Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Python Libraries and Environment Setup Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Section 2: Applying Neuroevolution Methods to Solve Classic Computer Science Problems Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Using NEAT for XOR Solver Optimization Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Pole-Balancing Experiments Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Autonomous Maze Navigation Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Novelty Search Optimization Method Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Section 3: Advanced Neuroevolution Methods Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Hypercube-Based NEAT for Visual Discrimination Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
ES-HyperNEAT and the Retina Problem Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Co-Evolution and the SAFE Method Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Deep Neuroevolution Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Section 4: Discussion and Concluding Remarks Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Best Practices, Tips, and Tricks Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Concluding Remarks Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Other Books You May Enjoy Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Customer reviews

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Buy this book for the GitHub links to the codes only. Apart from that the books only tells about setting up virtual environment on the computer for all the codes. Codes themselves are not explained very well. What's written in the book one can figure out by just looking at the codes. That's the beauty of Python language. And what needs to be explained is not there in this book. There is a brief comparison of different implementations but that's too brief and leaves too many questions unanswered.
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