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The Complete Edition - Software Engineering for Real-Time Systems
The Complete Edition - Software Engineering for Real-Time Systems

The Complete Edition - Software Engineering for Real-Time Systems: A software engineering perspective toward designing real-time systems

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The Complete Edition - Software Engineering for Real-Time Systems

2. The Search for Dependable Software

Many steps have to be taken to combat the problems of poor software. Proper system specification, defined design methods, high-level language support, and good development tools all contribute toward a solution. However, to appreciate their use (instead of merely knowing what they do), we must understand what they aim to achieve. To answer that, we need to know where, why, and how software problems arise. Then, at least, we can define the features of software and software design that can eliminate such problems.

The aims of this chapter are to:

  • Show where, why, and how software errors arise
  • Explain why, in the real world, the development of fault-free systems cannot be achieved
  • Distinguish between correct, reliable, and safe software
  • Establish that dependable software should be a primary design aim
  • Highlight the importance and influence of the software operating environment
  • Establish the basics of good software...

2.1 What Do We Want in Our Software?

In an ideal world, what do we look for in our software? There are many answers to this question, but, more than anything else, one stands out: the production of totally fault-free software. We look for that because, we reason, given such software, our systems should work exactly as planned. But will they? Unfortunately, not necessarily so, as will be shown later. When designing software, a total system view must be taken. There are too many opportunities to get designs and implementations wrong; it isn't just confined to the code-writing stage.

In this chapter, we'll first look at the root problems of such errors. Then, we'll define the qualities of software that attempt to eliminate these. You must be realistic about them, however. Given the current state of design tools, it is impossible to guarantee the delivery of fault-free systems (on a personal note, I believe that totally fault-free systems are a myth).

Therefore, if...

2.2 Software Errors

2.2.1 Overview

In this text, a software error is defined to be "any feature of a program that produces a system malfunction." This is a very broad definition and really quite unfair to software developers. In many instances of system misbehavior, the code is blameless; however, we still talk of "faulty software." What it does, though, is emphasize that it isn't sufficient to eliminate errors at the software design stage; other factors need to be taken into account (Figure 2.3). These are explored further in more detail.

2.2.2 System Design Errors

System design takes place right at the frontend of a project. Quite often, software engineers are excluded from this stage. Many system designers have the attitude of "well, we'll go out and buy a box to control the plant (once we've worked out how to put it together)." Mistakes made here usually show only when system trials begin (or, worse still, when the system is...

2.3 The Basics of Good Software

2.3.1 General

"Good" software is dependable, is delivered on time, and is done within budget. Whether we can achieve this depends on many factors. Some relate to major sections of the development process. Others affect quite specific design activities.

What, then, do we need to do to create a quality software product? As a minimum, we should:

  • Develop a clear statement of requirements for the software
  • Ensure that the design solution is capable of satisfying these requirements
  • Organize the development so that the project is manageable
  • Organize the development so that the timescales can be met
  • Make sure that the design can be changed without major rewrites
  • Design for testability
  • Minimize risks by using tried and trusted methods
  • Ensure that safety is given its correct priority
  • Make sure that the project doesn't completely rely on particular individuals
  • Produce a maintainable design

Mind...

2.4 A Final Comment

It is only in the last few years that the ideas and methods described here have been put into action by the software industry. Much more still remains to be done, especially in view of the "cottage industry" mentality of many developers. It's not as if professionals don't recognize the problems of software design and development. In fact, many tools and techniques have been proposed with a fervor normally associated with evangelical rallies. Most of the early developments came from the data processing field, a trend that has continued with object-oriented (OO) technology. Unfortunately, these have little to offer for real-time work. Now, the sheer size of the software problem (time, cost, reliability, and so on) is acting as the driving force for the development of the following:

  • New and better tools specifically designed for the real-time market
  • Powerful, integrated development environments
  • Design formality
  • Defined documentation...

2.5 Review

Having finished this chapter you should now understand the following:

  • Realize why, in the real world, we can never guarantee the production of fault-free systems
  • Know what is meant by correct, reliable, and safe software
  • Know what is meant by dependable software and why it should be a primary design aim
  • Understand that software errors arise from problems to do with system design, software design, and environmental factors
  • See that developing real-time software without taking system factors into account can lead to major problems
  • Appreciate some of the root causes of poor software
  • Recognize what has to be done to produce a quality software product
  • Be aware of the need for, and use of, codes of practice in a professional development environment
  • Be able to describe the need for, and use of, defensive programming

2.6 References

  • [AND88] The CAMP approach to software reuse, C. Anderson, Defense Computing, pp. 25-29, Sept./Oct. 1988
  • [ARI96]: ARIANE 5 Flight 501 Failure Report by the Inquiry Board: http://www.esa.int/Newsroom/Press_Releases/Ariane_501_-_Presentation_of_Inquiry_Board_report, July 1996
  • [CB15] Component-Based Software Engineering 2015: https://www.slideshare.net/DEVANSHI12/component-based-software-engineering-46462727
  • [FRO84] System Safety in Aircraft Management, F. R. Frola and C. O. Miller, Logistics Management Institute, Washington, D.C., January 1984
  • [HAM86] Zero-defect software: the elusive goal, M. H. Hamilton, IEEE Spectrum, pp. 48-53, March 1986
  • [KLE83] Human problems with computer control, hazard prevention, T. Kletz, Journal of the System Safety Society, pp. 24-26, March/April 1983
  • [LEV86] Software safety: why, what, and how, Nancy Leveson, ACM Computing Surveys, Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 125-163, June 1986
  • [LEV95] Safeware – System Safety...
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Key benefits

  • Explore the impact of real-time systems on software design
  • Understand the role of diagramming in the software development process
  • Learn why software performance is a key element in real-time systems

Description

From air traffic control systems to network multimedia systems, real-time systems are everywhere. The correctness of the real-time system depends on the physical instant and the logical results of the computations. This book provides an elaborate introduction to software engineering for real-time systems, including a range of activities and methods required to produce a great real-time system. The book kicks off by describing real-time systems, their applications, and their impact on software design. You will learn the concepts of software and program design, as well as the different types of programming, software errors, and software life cycles, and how a multitasking structure benefits a system design. Moving ahead, you will learn why diagrams and diagramming plays a critical role in the software development process. You will practice documenting code-related work using Unified Modeling Language (UML), and analyze and test source code in both host and target systems to understand why performance is a key design-driver in applications. Next, you will develop a design strategy to overcome critical and fault-tolerant systems, and learn the importance of documentation in system design. By the end of this book, you will have sound knowledge and skills for developing real-time embedded systems.

Who is this book for?

If you are interested in developing a real-time embedded system, this is the ideal book for you. With a basic understanding of programming, microprocessor systems, and elementary digital logic, you will achieve the maximum with this book. Knowledge of assembly language would be an added advantage.

What you will learn

  • Differentiate between correct, reliable, and safe software
  • Discover modern design methodologies for designing a real-time system
  • Use interrupts to implement concurrency in the system
  • Test, integrate, and debug the code
  • Demonstrate test issues for OOP constructs
  • Overcome software faults with hardware-based techniques
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Publication date : Dec 26, 2019
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Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781839216589
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Table of Contents

15 Chapters
1. Real-Time Systems – Setting the Scene Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
2. The Search for Dependable Software Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
3. First Steps – Requirements Analysis and Specification Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
4. Software and Program Design Concepts Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
5. Multitasking Systems – an Introduction Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
6. Diagramming – an Introduction Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
7. Practical Diagramming Methods Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
8. Designing and Constructing Software – Code-Related Issues Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
9. Software Analysis and Design – Methods and Methodologies Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
10. Analyzing and Testing Source Code Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
11. Development Tools Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
12. Mission-Critical and Safety-Critical Systems Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
13. Performance Engineering Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
14. Documentation Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Glossary of terms Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
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