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Hands-On Functional Programming with TypeScript
Hands-On Functional Programming with TypeScript

Hands-On Functional Programming with TypeScript: Explore functional and reactive programming to create robust and testable TypeScript applications

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Hands-On Functional Programming with TypeScript

Mastering Functions

In Chapter 1, Functional Programming Fundamentals, we learned about some of the most fundamental functional programming concepts. Functions are one of the fundamental building blocks of any TypeScript application, and they are powerful enough to warrant an entire chapter being dedicated to them in order to explore their potential.

In this chapter, we are going to master the usage of functions. The chapter starts with a quick recap of a number of basic concepts and then moves on to some less commonly known function features and use cases:

  • Function types:
    • Function declarations and function expressions
    • Named and anonymous functions
  • Working with parameters:
    • Functions with optional parameters
    • Functions with default parameters
    • Functions with rest parameters
    • Function overloading
    • Specialized overloading signature
  • Function scope
  • Immediately-invoked functions
  • ...

Function types

We already know that it is possible to explicitly declare the type of an element in our application by using optional type annotations:

function greetNamed(name: string): string {
return 'Hi! ${name}';
}

In the previous function, we specified the type of parameter name (string) and its return type (string). Sometimes, we will need to specify the types of the function, as opposed to specifying the types of its components (arguments or returned value). Let's look at an example:

let greetUnnamed: (name: string) => string;

greetUnnamed = function(name: string): string {
return 'Hi! ${name}';
};

In the preceding example, we have declared the greetUnnamed variable and its type. The greetUnnamed type is a function type that takes a string variable called name as its only parameter and returns a string after being invoked. After declaring the...

Working with function parameters

In this section, we are going to learn how to work with function parameters in multiple scenarios, including optional parameters, default parameters, and rest parameters.

Trailing commas in function arguments

Trailing commas are commas that are used after the final argument of a function. Using a comma after the last parameter of a function can be useful because it is very common to forget a comma when we modify an existing function by adding additional parameters.

For example, the following function only takes one parameter and doesn't use trailing commas:

function greetWithoutTralingCommas(
name: string
): string {
return 'Hi! ${name}';
}

Some time after the initial implementation...

Function scope and hoisting

Low-level languages, such as C, have low-level memory management features. In programming languages with a higher level of abstraction, such as TypeScript, values are allocated when variables are created, and automatically cleared from memory when they are no longer used. The process that cleans the memory is known as garbage collection and is performed by the JavaScript runtime garbage collector.

The garbage collector does a great job, but it is a mistake to assume that it will always prevent us from facing a memory leak. The garbage collector will clear a variable from the memory whenever the variable is out of scope. It is important to understand how the TypeScript scope works in order for us to understand the life cycle of variables.

Some programming languages use the structure of the program source code to determine what variables we are referring...

Immediately-invoked functions

An immediately-invoked function expression (IIFE) is a design pattern that produces a lexical scope using function scoping. IIFE can be used to avoid variable hoisting from within blocks or to prevent us from polluting the global scope, for example:

let bar = 0; // global

(function() {
let foo: number = 0; // In scope of this function
bar = 1; // Access global scope
console.log(bar); // 1
console.log(foo); // 0
})();

console.log(bar); // 1
console.log(foo); // Error

In the preceding example, we have wrapped the declaration of a variable (foo) with an IIFE. The foo variable is scoped to the IIFE function and is not available in the global scope, which explains the error when trying to access it on the last line.

The bar variable is global. Therefore, it can be accessed from within and from outside the IIFE function.

We can also pass a variable...

Tag functions and tagged templates

In TypeScript, we can use template strings such as the following:

let name = "remo";
let surname = "jansen";
let html = '<h1>${name} ${surname}</h1>';

We can use a template string to create a special kind of function known as a tag function.

We can use a tag function to extend or modify the standard behavior of template strings. When we apply a tag function to a template string, the template string becomes a tagged template.

We are going to implement a tag function named htmlEscape. To use a tag function, we must use the name of the function, followed by a template string:

let html = htmlEscape '<h1>${name} ${surname}</h1>';

A tag template must return a string and take the following arguments:

  • A TemplateStringsArray, which contains all the static literals in the template string (...

Summary

In this chapter, we have learned a lot about functions. We have learned about different kinds of functions, such as named and anonymous function, and function declarations and function expressions. We also learned how to declare different types of function signatures as well as how to work with function arguments in multiple scenarios.

In the next chapter, we are going to learn about asynchronous programming techniques. We will learn why functions play a very fundamental role in the TypeScript and JavaScript asynchronous programming model.

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Key benefits

  • Get a solid understanding of how to apply functional programming concepts in TypeScript
  • Explore TypeScript runtime features such as event loop, closures, and Prototypes
  • Gain deeper knowledge on the pros and cons of TypeScript

Description

Functional programming is a powerful programming paradigm that can help you to write better code. However, learning functional programming can be complicated, and the existing literature is often too complex for beginners. This book is an approachable introduction to functional programming and reactive programming with TypeScript for readers without previous experience in functional programming with JavaScript, TypeScript , or any other programming language. The book will help you understand the pros, cons, and core principles of functional programming in TypeScript. It will explain higher order functions, referential transparency, functional composition, and monads with the help of effective code examples. Using TypeScript as a functional programming language, you’ll also be able to brush up on your knowledge of applying functional programming techniques, including currying, laziness, and immutability, to real-world scenarios. By the end of this book, you will be confident when it comes to using core functional and reactive programming techniques to help you build effective applications with TypeScript.

Who is this book for?

This book is designed for readers with no prior experience of functional programming with JavaScript, TypeScript or any other programming language. Some familiarity with TypeScript and web development is a must to grasp the concepts in the book easily.

What you will learn

  • Understand the pros and cons of functional programming
  • Delve into the principles, patterns, and best practices of functional and reactive programming
  • Use lazy evaluation to improve the performance of applications
  • Explore functional optics with Ramda
  • Gain insights into category theory functional data structures such as Functors and Monads
  • Use functions as values, so that they can be passed as arguments to other functions

Product Details

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Publication date, Length, Edition, Language, ISBN-13
Publication date : Jan 30, 2019
Length: 210 pages
Edition : 1st
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781788838184
Vendor :
Microsoft
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Product Details

Publication date : Jan 30, 2019
Length: 210 pages
Edition : 1st
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781788838184
Vendor :
Microsoft
Category :
Languages :

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Table of Contents

13 Chapters
Functional Programming Fundamentals Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Mastering Functions Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Mastering Asynchronous Programming Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
The Runtime &#x2013; The Event Loop and the this Operator Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
The Runtime &#x2013; Closures and Prototypes Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Functional Programming Techniques Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Category Theory Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Immutability, Optics, and Laziness Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Functional-Reactive Programming Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Real-World Functional Programming Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Functional Programming Learning Road Map Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Directory of TypeScript Functional Programming Libraries Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Other Books You May Enjoy Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Customer reviews

Rating distribution
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(2 Ratings)
5 star 0%
4 star 0%
3 star 0%
2 star 100%
1 star 0%
NotMyRealName Jun 30, 2019
Full star icon Full star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon 2
Overall, there's some good content in this book, but not enough of it that I feel satisfied with my purchase.Structurally it ends up being a hodgepodge of information, most of which isn't focused upon the central thrust of the book, Functional Programming in Typescript.The first half of the book is focused primarily upon JavaScript fundamentals regarding functions themselves, with some Typescript information thrown in. However most of the Typescript content is in the form of what additions you need to make to your tsconfig file. Beyond that there is little direct discussion of typescript. The examples are in typescript, but the author doesn't actually talk about approaches to typing.If you aren't already familiar with these topics, like Promises, the Event Loop, this, arrow functions, etc, the information will prove useful. But if you are, then feel free to skip the first half of the book you just paid for.Recursion gets a paragraph and the fibonnaci algorithm, while point free style has a vague explanation then a code example with and without a point free approach, leaving you to deduce what exactly the author meant.The category theory section was actually quite helpful for me, as it did a lot to clarify what Functors, Applicatives and Monads actually are without relying upon mathematic terminology.The Lense section was similarly clarifying.However then the author decides to delve into Functional Reactive programming and we spend a chapter learning about RxJs. Interesting, and helpful, if I wanted to learn about RxJs. If I did, I would get a book on it, and not just a chapter in a book on a different topic...Finally we get to the Real World Functional Programming chapter, which is nothing more than a brief overview of a couple functional programming libraries. We don't even talk about fp-ts, a functional programming library FOR typescript!Overall the book suffers from a disorganized focus upon everything but the two reasons I bought the book to begin with: functional programming & Typescript. All of the examples are in Typescript, but there's little actual coverage of how to type functional style programs, which can actually be quite difficult. It has a lot of different topics that it covers, presumably building up the fundamental knowledge that you need, but then falls completely flat.The author routinely treats the provided code as self-explanatory, and some times it is. However providing a single example and then moving on to a new topic is really inadequate. I was hoping for some solid functional code with a walk-through of the build up process is, figuring out what helper functions you'll need to define, dealing with IO, and thinking functionally, and instead I got a really terse book that spends more pages talking about function parameters than it does talking about ADT.One of the main reasons I purchased this book is because the author's blog post advocating using Typescript for Functional Programming. I assumed the book would be similarly well written. Given the formulaic nature of the book, I believe this is less of a reflection on the author than it is on Packt as a publisher and their formatting/content requirements.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Eric H Nov 29, 2022
Full star icon Full star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon 2
This books covers the basics of functional programming, so if you don't know what a Functor or Monad is - this book could be helpful.If you have any background with FP, have coded in Scala or Haskell or are looking for practical uses of FP in real world scenarios - this books provides nothing.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
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