You're reading from Causal Inference and Discovery in Python Unlock the secrets of modern causal machine learning with DoWhy, EconML, PyTorch and more

Product type Paperback

Published in May 2023

Publisher Packt

ISBN-13 9781804612989

Length 456 pages

Edition 1st Edition

Languages

Python

Tools

PyTorch

Concepts

Data Science

Author (1):

Aleksander Molak

View More author details

Table of Contents (21) Chapters

Preface

1. Part 1: Causality – an Introduction

2. Chapter 1: Causality – Hey, We Have Machine Learning, So Why Even Bother? FREE CHAPTER

3. Chapter 2: Judea Pearl and the Ladder of Causation

4. Chapter 3: Regression, Observations, and Interventions

5. Chapter 4: Graphical Models

6. Chapter 5: Forks, Chains, and Immoralities

7. Part 2: Causal Inference

8. Chapter 6: Nodes, Edges, and Statistical (In)dependence

9. Chapter 7: The Four-Step Process of Causal Inference

10. Chapter 8: Causal Models – Assumptions and Challenges

11. Chapter 9: Causal Inference and Machine Learning – from Matching to Meta-Learners

12. Chapter 10: Causal Inference and Machine Learning – Advanced Estimators, Experiments, Evaluations, and More

13. Chapter 11: Causal Inference and Machine Learning – Deep Learning, NLP, and Beyond

14. Part 3: Causal Discovery

15. Chapter 12: Can I Have a Causal Graph, Please?

16. Chapter 13: Causal Discovery and Machine Learning – from Assumptions to Applications

17. Chapter 14: Causal Discovery and Machine Learning – Advanced Deep Learning and Beyond

18. Chapter 15: Epilogue

19. Index

20. Other Books You May Enjoy

Graphs, graphs, graphs

This section will be a quick refresher on graphs and basic graph theory. If you’re not familiar with graphs – don’t worry – you can treat this section as a crash course on the topic.

Let’s start!

Graphs can be defined in multiple ways. You can think of them as discrete mathematical structures, abstract representations of real-world entities and relations between them, or computational data structures. What all of these perspectives have in common are the basic building blocks of graphs: nodes (also called vertices) and edges (links) that connect the nodes.

Types of graphs

We can divide graphs into types based on several attributes. Let’s discuss the ones that are the most relevant from the causal point of view.

Undirected versus directed

Directed graphs are graphs with directed edges, while undirected graphs have undirected edges. Figure 4.1 presents an example of a directed and undirected graph:

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