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Home > IoT & Hardware > IoT Development > MQTT Essentials - A Lightweight IoT Protocol
MQTT Essentials - A Lightweight IoT Protocol
MQTT Essentials - A Lightweight IoT Protocol

MQTT Essentials - A Lightweight IoT Protocol: Send and receive messages with the MQTT protocol for your IoT solutions.

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MQTT Essentials - A Lightweight IoT Protocol

Chapter 2. Securing an MQTT Mosquitto Server

In this chapter, we will secure a Mosquitto server. We will work with digital certificates to encrypt all the data sent between the MQTT clients and the server. To secure the server, we will:

  • Generate a private certificate authority to use TLS with Mosquitto
  • Create a certificate for the Mosquitto server
  • Configure TLS transport security in Mosquitto
  • Test the MQTT TLS configuration with MQTT.fx
  • Test the MQTT TLS configuration with MQTT-spy
  • Create a certificate for each MQTT client
  • Configure TLS client certificate authentication in Mosquitto
  • Test the MQTT TLS client authentication with MQTT.fx
  • Test the MQTT TLS configuration with MQTT-spy
  • Force the TLS protocol version

Securing a Mosquitto server

Security for IoT, mobile, and web applications is an extremely important topic that deserves entire books dedicated to it. Each solution has its own security requirements, and it is very important to consider all of them when developing each component of the solution.

If we use MQTT to publish values that are neither confidential nor critical for other applications, our only concern may be to keep control over the maximum number of subscribers to topics to make sure that the messages are always available. This way, we can avoid the failure of MQTT in delivering messages to a huge number of subscribers.

However, most of the times, we won't be working on a solution that can share the data with the entire world without limitations and doesn't need to care about data confidentiality and integrity in addition to data availability. Imagine that we are working on a solution that includes a mobile app that allows users to control a huge drone. If the drone...

Generating a private certificate authority to use TLS with Mosquitto

So far, we have been working with a Mosquitto server with its default configuration that listens on port 1883 and uses TCP as the transport protocol. The data sent between each MQTT client and server isn't encrypted. There are no restrictions to subscribers or publishers. If we open the firewall ports and redirect the ports in the router, any MQTT client that has our IP can publish to any topic and can subscribe to any topic.

In our examples in the previous chapter, we didn't make any changes in our configurations to allow incoming connections to port 1883, and therefore, we didn't open our Mosquitto server to the Internet.

We want to use TLS with MQTT and Mosquitto. This way, we will make sure that we can trust the MQTT server because we have confidence that it is who it says; our data will be private because it will be encrypted, and it will have integrity because it won't be altered in the middle...

Creating a certificate for the Mosquitto server

Now that we have a private certificate authority, we can create the certificate for the Mosquitto server, that is, a certificate for the computer that will run the MQTT server.

First, we must generate a new private key that will be different from the private key we generated for our own private certificate authority.

Go to the Terminal in macOS or Linux, or the Command Prompt in Windows. Run the following command to create a 2,048-bit key and save it in the server.key file:

openssl genrsa -out server.key 2048

The following lines show a sample output generated by the previous command:

Generating RSA private key, 2048 bit long modulus
....................................................................................................................................................................+++
......+++
e is 65537 (0x10001)

The previous command will generate the private key in the server.key file. Go back to the Terminal in macOS or Linux...

Configuring TLS transport security in Mosquitto

Now, we will configure Mosquitto to use TLS transport security and work with encrypted communications with different clients. Note that we haven't generated certificates for the clients, and therefore, we won't use client certificates for authentication. This way, any client that has the ca.crt file will be able to establish a communication with the Mosquitto server.

Go to the Mosquitto installation directory and create a new subdirectory named certificates. In Windows, you will need administrator privileges to access the default installation folder.

Copy the following files from the certificates directory, in which we have saved the certificate authority certificate and the server certificate, to the certificates subdirectory we recently created within the Mosquitto installation directory:

  • ca.crt
  • server.crt
  • server.key

In case you are running the Mosquitto server in a Terminal window in macOS or Linux, press Ctrl + C to stop it. In Windows...

Securing a Mosquitto server

Security for IoT, mobile, and web applications is an extremely important topic that deserves entire books dedicated to it. Each solution has its own security requirements, and it is very important to consider all of them when developing each component of the solution.

If we use MQTT to publish values that are neither confidential nor critical for other applications, our only concern may be to keep control over the maximum number of subscribers to topics to make sure that the messages are always available. This way, we can avoid the failure of MQTT in delivering messages to a huge number of subscribers.

However, most of the times, we won't be working on a solution that can share the data with the entire world without limitations and doesn't need to care about data confidentiality and integrity in addition to data availability. Imagine that we are working on a solution that includes a mobile app that allows users to control a huge drone. If the drone flies the wrong...

Generating a private certificate authority to use TLS with Mosquitto

So far, we have been working with a Mosquitto server with its default configuration that listens on port 1883 and uses TCP as the transport protocol. The data sent between each MQTT client and server isn't encrypted. There are no restrictions to subscribers or publishers. If we open the firewall ports and redirect the ports in the router, any MQTT client that has our IP can publish to any topic and can subscribe to any topic.

In our examples in the previous chapter, we didn't make any changes in our configurations to allow incoming connections to port 1883, and therefore, we didn't open our Mosquitto server to the Internet.

We want to use TLS with MQTT and Mosquitto. This way, we will make sure that we can trust the MQTT server because we have confidence that it is who it says; our data will be private because it will be encrypted, and it will have integrity because it won't be altered in the middle of the road. In case you...

Creating a certificate for the Mosquitto server

Now that we have a private certificate authority, we can create the certificate for the Mosquitto server, that is, a certificate for the computer that will run the MQTT server.

First, we must generate a new private key that will be different from the private key we generated for our own private certificate authority.

Go to the Terminal in macOS or Linux, or the Command Prompt in Windows. Run the following command to create a 2,048-bit key and save it in the server.key file:

openssl genrsa -out server.key 2048

The following lines show a sample output generated by the previous command:

Generating RSA private key, 2048 bit long modulus
....................................................................................................................................................................+++
......+++
e is 65537 (0x10001)

The previous command will generate the private key in the server.key file. Go back to the Terminal in macOS or Linux...

Configuring TLS transport security in Mosquitto

Now, we will configure Mosquitto to use TLS transport security and work with encrypted communications with different clients. Note that we haven't generated certificates for the clients, and therefore, we won't use client certificates for authentication. This way, any client that has the ca.crt file will be able to establish a communication with the Mosquitto server.

Go to the Mosquitto installation directory and create a new subdirectory named certificates. In Windows, you will need administrator privileges to access the default installation folder.

Copy the following files from the certificates directory, in which we have saved the certificate authority certificate and the server certificate, to the certificates subdirectory we recently created within the Mosquitto installation directory:

  • ca.crt

  • server.crt

  • server.key

In case you are running the Mosquitto server in a Terminal window in macOS or Linux, press Ctrl + C to stop it. In Windows...

Testing the MQTT TLS configuration with MQTT.fx

Now, we will use the MQTT.fx GUI utility to generate another MQTT client that uses an encrypted connection to publish messages to the same topic, sensors/drone01/altitude. We have to make changes to the connection options to enable TLS and specify the certificate authority certificate file. Follow the next steps:

  1. Launch MQTT.fx, select local mosquitto in the dropdown located on the upper-left corner, and click on the configuration icon on the right-hand side of this dropdown and on the left-hand side of the Connect button. MQTT.fx will display the Edit Connection Profiles dialog box with different options for the connection profile named local mosquitto.

  2. Change the value specified in Broker Port from 1883 to 8883 .

  3. Press the SSL/TLS button.

  4. Activate the Enable SSL/TLS checkbox.

  5. Activate the CA certificate file radio button.

  6. Enter or select the full path to the ca.crt file that you created in the certificates folder in the CA Certificate File textbox...

Testing the MQTT TLS configuration with MQTT-spy

There is another very popular utility to generate MQTT clients that can subscribe to topics and publish to topics: MQTT-spy. This utility is open source and can run on any computer that has Java 8 or a higher version installed on it. You can find more information about MQTT-spy at http://kamilfb.github.io/mqtt-spy. The options to establish a connection with an MQTT server with a certificate authority certificate file are similar to the ones we analyzed for MQTT.fx. However, in case you also want to work with this utility, it is convenient to analyze them in detail.

Now, we will use the MQTT-spy GUI utility to generate another MQTT client that uses an encrypted connection to publish messages to the same topic, that is, sensors/drone01/altitude. Follow the next steps:

  1. Launch MQTT-spy.

  2. Select Connections | New connection. The Connection list dialog box will appear.

  3. Click on the Connectivity tab and select MQTT 3.1.1 in the Protocol version dropdown...

Creating a certificate for each MQTT client

Now, we want to require each MQTT client to provide a valid certificate to establish a connection with the MQTT server. This way, only the clients that have a valid certificate will be able to publish or subscribe to topics. We will use the previously created private certificate authority to create client certificates for authentication.

We will generate a sample certificate for our local computer that will act as a client. We can follow the same procedure to generate additional certificates for additional devices that we want to be able to connect to the Mosquitto server. We just need to use a different name for the file and use a different device name in the corresponding option.

Tip

We must use the same certificate authority certificate that we used to generate the server certificate to generate the client certificates.

First, we must generate a new private key that will be different from the private keys we generated for our own private certificate...

Configuring TLS client certificate authentication in Mosquitto

Now, we will configure Mosquitto to use TLS client certificate authentication. This way, any client will require the ca.crt file and a client certificate to establish a communication with the Mosquitto server.

In case you are running the Mosquitto server in a Terminal window in macOS or Linux, press CtrlC to stop it. In Windows, stop the appropriate service.

Go to the Mosquitto installation directory and open the mosquitto.conf configuration file.

In macOS, Linux. or Windows, add the following lines at the end of the configuration file:

require_certificate true

We specified the true value for the require_certificate option to make Mosquitto require a valid client certificate for any client that requests a connection to Mosquitto.

Save the changes to the mosquitto.conf configuration file and launch Mosquitto again. We will use the mosquitto_sub command-line utility included in Mosquitto to generate a simple MQTT client that subscribes...

Testing the MQTT TLS client authentication with MQTT.fx

Now, we will use the MQTT.fx GUI utility to generate another MQTT client that uses an encrypted connection and TLS client authentication to publish messages to a topic that matches the topic filter we used for the subscription, sensors/drone25/altitude. We have to make changes to the connection options we used when we enabled TLS and specify the client certificate and client key files. Follow the next steps:

  1. Launch MQTT.fx, select local mosquitto in the dropdown located on the upper-left corner, and click on the configuration icon on the right-hand side of this dropdown and on the left-hand side of the Connect button. MQTT.fx will display the Edit Connection Profiles dialog box with different options for the connection profile named local mosquitto.

  2. Make sure the value specified in Broker Port is 8883 .

  3. Press the SSL/TLS button.

  4. Make sure the Enable SSL/TLS checkbox is activated.

  5. Activate the Self signed certificates radio button.

  6. Enter...

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Key benefits

  • Make your connected devices less prone to attackers by understanding practical security mechanisms
  • Dive deep into one of IoT’s extremely lightweight machines to enable connectivity protocol with some real-world examples
  • Learn to take advantage of the features included in MQTT for IoT and Machine-to-Machine communications with complete real-life examples

Description

This step-by-step guide will help you gain a deep understanding of the lightweight MQTT protocol. We’ll begin with the specific vocabulary of MQTT and its working modes, followed by installing a Mosquitto MQTT broker. Then, you will use best practices to secure the MQTT Mosquitto broker to ensure that only authorized clients are able to publish and receive messages. Once you have secured the broker with the appropriate configuration, you will develop a solution that controls a drone with Python. Further on, you will use Python on a Raspberry Pi 3 board to process commands and Python on Intel Boards (Joule, Edison and Galileo). You will then connect to the MQTT broker, subscribe to topics, send messages, and receive messages in Python. You will also develop a solution that interacts with sensors in Java by working with MQTT messages. Moving forward, you will work with an asynchronous API with callbacks to make the sensors interact with MQTT messages. Following the same process, you will develop an iOS app with Swift 3, build a website that uses WebSockets to connect to the MQTT broker, and control home automation devices with HTML5, JavaScript code, Node.js and MQTT messages

Who is this book for?

This book is a great resource for developers who want to learn more about the MQTT protocol to apply it to their individual IoT projects. Prior knowledge of working with IoT devices is essential.

What you will learn

  • Understand how MQTTv3.1 and v3.1.1 works in detail
  • Install and secure a Mosquitto MQTT broker by following best practices
  • Design and develop IoT solutions combined with mobile and web apps that use MQTT messages to communicate
  • Explore the features included in MQTT for IoT and Machine-to-Machine communications
  • Publish and receive MQTT messages with Python, Java, Swift, JavaScript, and Node.js
  • Implement the security best practices while setting up the MQTT Mosquitto broker
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Publication date : Apr 14, 2017
Length: 280 pages
Edition : 1st
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781787287815
Category :
IoT & Hardware
Languages :
Python
Concepts :
IoT Development
Tools :
MQTT

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Publication date : Apr 14, 2017
Length: 280 pages
Edition : 1st
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781787287815
Category :
IoT & Hardware
Languages :
Python
Concepts :
IoT Development
Tools :
MQTT

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Table of Contents

7 Chapters
1. Lightweight Messaging with MQTT 3.1.1 and Mosquitto Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
1. Lightweight Messaging with MQTT 3.1.1 and Mosquitto
Understanding convenient scenarios for the MQTT protocol
Working with the publish-subscribe pattern
Working with message filtering
Understanding the MQTT puzzle -- clients, servers, and connections
Installing a Mosquitto broker on Ubuntu Linux
Installing a Mosquitto broker on macOS
Installing a Mosquitto broker on Windows
Subscribing to topics
Publishing messages
Unsubscribing from topics
Working with best practices when creating topics
Understanding wildcards
Learning about the different Quality of Service levels
Working with at least once delivery
Working with exactly once delivery
Test your knowledge
Summary
2. Securing an MQTT Mosquitto Server Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
2. Securing an MQTT Mosquitto Server
Securing a Mosquitto server
Generating a private certificate authority to use TLS with Mosquitto
Creating a certificate for the Mosquitto server
Configuring TLS transport security in Mosquitto
Testing the MQTT TLS configuration with MQTT.fx
Testing the MQTT TLS configuration with MQTT-spy
Creating a certificate for each MQTT client
Configuring TLS client certificate authentication in Mosquitto
Testing the MQTT TLS client authentication with MQTT.fx
Testing the MQTT TLS configuration with MQTT-spy
Forcing the TLS protocol version
Test your knowledge
Summary
3. Controlling a Drone with Python Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
3. Controlling a Drone with Python
Understanding the requirements to control a drone with MQTT
Defining the topics and commands
Installing paho-mqtt for Python
Connecting the client to the MQTT server with Python
Understanding callbacks
Subscribing to topics with Python
Creating a class to represent a drone
Receiving messages with Python
Processing commands with Python
Sending messages with Python
Working with the network loop with Python
Test your knowledge
Summary
4. Interacting with Sensors in Java Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
4. Interacting with Sensors in Java
Understanding the requirements
Defining the topics and commands
Installing the Eclipse Paho Java Client
Creating a security helper class to establish a TLS secured connection
Configuring a TLS secured connection in Java
Working with asynchronous notifications and callbacks in Java
Subscribing to topics and understanding notification events in Java
Processing commands that interact with sensors in Java
Working with last will and testament in Java
Publishing messages with commands to target sensors
Test your knowledge
Summary
5. Controlling Home Automation in JavaScript Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
5. Controlling Home Automation in JavaScript
Understanding the requirements
Defining the topics and commands to control home automation
Enabling WebSockets for a Mosquitto server
Testing WebSockets with the Eclipse Paho client JavaScript utility
Understanding the Eclipse Paho JavaScript asynchronous client
Creating an HTML 5 web page to control LEDs
Publishing messages to target remote devices in JavaScript
Processing the received messages in JavaScript
Working with WebSockets to connect to the MQTT server
Subscribing to topics in JavaScript
Processing commands that interact with LEDs in Node.js
Running the home automation web application
Debugging asynchronous code with Chrome Developer Tools (CDT) in JavaScript
Securing MQTT over WebSockets with TLS
Test your knowledge
Summary
6. Interacting with Actuators in Swift Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
6. Interacting with Actuators in Swift
Understanding the requirements
Defining topics and commands
Enabling connections without TLS for a Mosquitto server
Installing the CocoaMQTT client library to create a new iOS app
Building the UI for the iOS app that will control an actuator
Understanding the CocoaMQTT client in Swift 3
Connecting to the MQTT server and subscribing to topics in Swift
Publishing messages to target actuators in Swift
Processing commands that interact with actuators in Node.js
Running the iOS app that controls an actuator with MQTT
Debugging events in Swift
Test your knowledge
Summary
A. Exersise Answers Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Chapter 1, Lightweight Messaging with MQTT 3.1.1 and Mosquitto
Chapter 2, Securing an MQTT Mosquitto Server
Chapter 3, Controlling a Drone with Python
Chapter 4, Interacting with Sensors in Java
Chapter 5, Controlling Home Automation in JavaScript
Chapter 6, Interacting with Actuators in Swift

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Brett Oct 25, 2023
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Grim Sleepless Oct 26, 2017
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Great book on MQTT. I only had issue replicating the TLS part!
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Alexander Pabel Apr 08, 2021
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
Good book which helped me to understand Mqtt protocol and use it in applications of a device which communicates with another device's application via a broker
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Steven C. Ollmann Apr 02, 2019
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
I purchased to learn about and create working samples for MQTT client. Tested against a sample MQTT server/broker and existing system.I was disappointed that when applying to Google IoT CORE, that Google implements differently. Without this book I would have had a bumpier road to travel. Glad I made this purchase! I learned a lot about MQTT implementations.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Nitish Nov 04, 2017
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Empty star icon 4
Good simple language and explanation is good and easy to understand. Overall a good and useful book. Thanks.
Amazon Verified review Amazon

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About the author

Profile icon Gaston C. Hillar
Gaston C. Hillar
Gaston C. Hillar is Italian and has been working with computers since he was 8 years old. Gaston has a Bachelor's degree in computer science (graduated with honors) and an MBA. Currently, Gaston is an independent IT consultant and a freelance author who is always looking for new adventures anywhere in the world. He was a senior contributing editor at Dr. Dobb's, and has written more than a hundred articles on software development topics. He has received the prestigious Intel Black Belt Software Developer award eight times. He has written many articles about Java for Oracle Java Magazine. Gaston was also a former Microsoft MVP in technical computing. He lives with his wife, Vanesa, and his two sons, Kevin and Brandon.
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