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Home > Programming > High Performance Programming > MariaDB High Performance
MariaDB High Performance
MariaDB High Performance

MariaDB High Performance: Familiarize yourself with the MariaDB system and build high-performance applications

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MariaDB High Performance

Chapter 2. Performance Analysis

In this chapter, you'll get recommendations for how to achieve good performance, what tools to use, and MariaDB internal presentations for analyses purposes. The goal of this chapter is to help you find where a performance issue comes from.

The performance goal takes time and requires a lot of tests to make things as performant as possible. There are many situations, many possibilities, and different architectures, and all these complex things need to be answered with many tools. These tools will help you diagnose performance issues as fast as possible to find complex issues.

Tools are not the only solutions. You can do many other things to optimize your databases:

  • Use good index types when it's necessary. Too many indexes will slow down your databases.
  • Set the best column data type. For example, do not use a char column data type if it stores only integers.
  • Avoid duplicated keys.
  • Optimize your SQL queries as much as possible.

If these points...

Slow queries

The slow query log feature gives the possibility to log queries that take more than x seconds to be executed. This is the first step when investigating a performance issue. To look at the current status, connect to your MariaDB instance and launch it:

MariaDB [(none)]> SHOW GLOBAL VARIABLES LIKE '%SLOW_QUERY%';
+---------------------+---------------------------------+
| Variable_name       | Value                           |
+---------------------+---------------------------------+
| slow_query_log      | OFF                             |
| slow_query_log_file | /var/log/mysql/mariadb-slow.log |
+---------------------+---------------------------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

Here, we can see the path of the slow query logs. To activate this on the fly, run that SQL command:

MariaDB [(none)]> SET GLOBAL SLOW_QUERY_LOG=1;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

The other option is to set in seconds the query delay to mark it as a long query. These long queries will...

The explain command

The explain SQL command provides information for a specific request. Most of the time, we get a query from the slow query logs to analyze the request. The explain command won't return the classical output of the query but will provide some information concerning the related SQL query.

The explain command can only be applied on a SELECT query. UPDATE and DELETE are supported in Version 10.0.5!

Let's take a query that you can have in your slow query logs. Here is an example with a working version of MediaWiki:

MariaDB [mediawiki]> explain select page_id, page_title, page_namespace, page_is_redirect, old_id, old_text from wiki_page, wiki_revision, wiki_text where rev_id=page_latest and old_id=rev_text_id\g;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
           id: 1
  select_type: SIMPLE
        table: wiki_page
         type: ALL
possible_keys: NULL
          key: NULL
      key_len: NULL
          ref: NULL
         rows: 2005
        Extra...

Slow query logs

Since you can directly have the query log the output of the explain command in MariaDB 10.0.5, this will help you save time. To make it active, you need to add this line in your MariaDB configuration file (/etc/mysql/my.cnf):

[mysqld]
log_slow_verbosity      = query_plan,explain

Then, restart MariaDB. To test it, simply force the creation of a long query. Here is a SQL script with a loop. Adapt the first line if the default time is not enough:

-- Change this value to a higher one if you need more time
-- This will insert x lines number in your database
SET @MAX_INSERT = 100000;

-- Vars
SET SQL_MODE="NO_AUTO_VALUE_ON_ZERO";
SET time_zone = "+00:00";

-- Create database
DROP DATABASE IF EXISTS chapter2;
CREATE DATABASE chapter2;
USE chapter2;

-- Create table and add index
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `s_explain` (
  `id` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
  `ts` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT '0000-00-00 00:00:00' ON UPDATE CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT...

The show explain command

The show explain feature is only available in MariaDB 10. It allows you to get an explanation directly from a running process, for example, if you use the loop.sql script once again. At the time of insertion, execute a show processlist command:

MariaDB [chapter2]> SHOW PROCESSLIST\G;
[...]
*************************** 2. row ***************************
      Id: 81
    User: root
    Host: localhost
      db: chapter2
 Command: Query
    Time: 0
   State: query end
    Info: INSERT INTO `s_explain`(`id`, `ts`) VALUES (FLOOR(RAND() * @MAX_INSERT), NOW())
Progress: 0.000
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

We can see here the 81 ID, which is the INSERT command in the loop.sql script. We're going to analyze it with the show explain command:

MariaDB [chapter2]> SHOW EXPLAIN FOR 81\G;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
           id: 1
  select_type: INSERT
        table: s_explain
         type: ALL
possible_keys: NULL
          key: NULL
 ...

Profiling

Profiling permits you to benchmark information that indicates resource usages during a session. This is used when we want to get information on a specified query. Here are the types of information:

  • Block I/O
  • Context switches
  • CPU
  • IPC
  • Memory
  • Page faults
  • Source
  • Swaps
  • All

First of all, you need to know that profiling on a production server is not recommended because of the performance degradation it can cause.

To enable profiling, use the following command:

MariaDB [none]> SET PROFILING=1;

Perform all the query tasks you want to profile and then list them:

MariaDB [none]> SHOW PROFILES;
+----------+------------+-------------------------+
| Query_ID | Duration   | Query                   |
+----------+------------+-------------------------+
|        1 | 0.30798532 | select * from s_explain |
|        2 | 0.25341312 | select * from s_explain |
+----------+------------+-------------------------+

In the preceding command-line output, you can see that we've two query IDs. To get information...

Slow queries

The slow query log feature gives the possibility to log queries that take more than x seconds to be executed. This is the first step when investigating a performance issue. To look at the current status, connect to your MariaDB instance and launch it:

MariaDB [(none)]> SHOW GLOBAL VARIABLES LIKE '%SLOW_QUERY%';
+---------------------+---------------------------------+
| Variable_name       | Value                           |
+---------------------+---------------------------------+
| slow_query_log      | OFF                             |
| slow_query_log_file | /var/log/mysql/mariadb-slow.log |
+---------------------+---------------------------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

Here, we can see the path of the slow query logs. To activate this on the fly, run that SQL command:

MariaDB [(none)]> SET GLOBAL SLOW_QUERY_LOG=1;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

The other option is to set in seconds the query delay to mark it as a long query. These long queries will be logged...

The explain command

The explain SQL command provides information for a specific request. Most of the time, we get a query from the slow query logs to analyze the request. The explain command won't return the classical output of the query but will provide some information concerning the related SQL query.

The explain command can only be applied on a SELECT query. UPDATE and DELETE are supported in Version 10.0.5!

Let's take a query that you can have in your slow query logs. Here is an example with a working version of MediaWiki:

MariaDB [mediawiki]> explain select page_id, page_title, page_namespace, page_is_redirect, old_id, old_text from wiki_page, wiki_revision, wiki_text where rev_id=page_latest and old_id=rev_text_id\g;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
           id: 1
  select_type: SIMPLE
        table: wiki_page
         type: ALL
possible_keys: NULL
          key: NULL
      key_len: NULL
          ref: NULL
         rows: 2005
        Extra:
*****...

Slow query logs

Since you can directly have the query log the output of the explain command in MariaDB 10.0.5, this will help you save time. To make it active, you need to add this line in your MariaDB configuration file (/etc/mysql/my.cnf):

[mysqld]
log_slow_verbosity      = query_plan,explain

Then, restart MariaDB. To test it, simply force the creation of a long query. Here is a SQL script with a loop. Adapt the first line if the default time is not enough:

-- Change this value to a higher one if you need more time
-- This will insert x lines number in your database
SET @MAX_INSERT = 100000;

-- Vars
SET SQL_MODE="NO_AUTO_VALUE_ON_ZERO";
SET time_zone = "+00:00";

-- Create database
DROP DATABASE IF EXISTS chapter2;
CREATE DATABASE chapter2;
USE chapter2;

-- Create table and add index
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `s_explain` (
  `id` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
  `ts` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT '0000-00-00 00:00:00' ON UPDATE CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1;
ALTER TABLE...

The show explain command

The show explain feature is only available in MariaDB 10. It allows you to get an explanation directly from a running process, for example, if you use the loop.sql script once again. At the time of insertion, execute a show processlist command:

MariaDB [chapter2]> SHOW PROCESSLIST\G;
[...]
*************************** 2. row ***************************
      Id: 81
    User: root
    Host: localhost
      db: chapter2
 Command: Query
    Time: 0
   State: query end
    Info: INSERT INTO `s_explain`(`id`, `ts`) VALUES (FLOOR(RAND() * @MAX_INSERT), NOW())
Progress: 0.000
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

We can see here the 81 ID, which is the INSERT command in the loop.sql script. We're going to analyze it with the show explain command:

MariaDB [chapter2]> SHOW EXPLAIN FOR 81\G;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
           id: 1
  select_type: INSERT
        table: s_explain
         type: ALL
possible_keys: NULL
          key: NULL
     ...

Profiling

Profiling permits you to benchmark information that indicates resource usages during a session. This is used when we want to get information on a specified query. Here are the types of information:

  • Block I/O

  • Context switches

  • CPU

  • IPC

  • Memory

  • Page faults

  • Source

  • Swaps

  • All

First of all, you need to know that profiling on a production server is not recommended because of the performance degradation it can cause.

To enable profiling, use the following command:

MariaDB [none]> SET PROFILING=1;

Perform all the query tasks you want to profile and then list them:

MariaDB [none]> SHOW PROFILES;
+----------+------------+-------------------------+
| Query_ID | Duration   | Query                   |
+----------+------------+-------------------------+
|        1 | 0.30798532 | select * from s_explain |
|        2 | 0.25341312 | select * from s_explain |
+----------+------------+-------------------------+

In the preceding command-line output, you can see that we've two query IDs. To get information...

Performance schema

In Version 5.5.3, you can use the performance_schema monitoring feature of MariaDB to monitor performance. It has been implemented as an engine (that's why you can see it on a show engines command) with a database that stores data performance.

To activate the performance schema, add this line to your my.cnf configuration file:

performance_schema=on

You can then check whether it has been correctly activated:

MariaDB [(none)]> SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'performance_schema';
+--------------------+-------+
| Variable_name      | Value |
+--------------------+-------+
| performance_schema | ON    |
+--------------------+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

You can now list the complete table list to see the available monitoring features:

MariaDB [(none)]> USE PERFORMANCE_SCHEMA;
MariaDB [performance_schema]> show tables;
+----------------------------------------------------+
| Tables_in_performance_schema                       |
+-----------------------------------------------...

User statistics

Since MariaDB 5.2, a patch from Google, Percona, and other companies has been implemented, which permits you to view the user statistics, client statistics, index statistics (and usage), and table statistics.

You can activate it on the fly using the following command:

MariaDB [(none)]> SET GLOBAL userstat=1;

Alternatively, you can make it persistent in the MariaDB configuration (my.cnf) using the following code:

[mysqld]
userstat = 1

You now have access to the new FLUSH and SHOW commands:

MariaDB [(none)]> FLUSH TABLE_STATISTICS
MariaDB [(none)]> FLUSH INDEX_STATISTICS
MariaDB [(none)]> FLUSH USER_STATISTICS
MariaDB [(none)]> FLUSH CLIENT_STATISTICS
MariaDB [(none)]> SHOW CLIENT_STATISTICS
MariaDB [(none)]> SHOW USER_STATISTICS
MariaDB [(none)]> SHOW INDEX_STATISTICS
MariaDB [(none)]> SHOW TABLE_STATISTICS

Here is an example of what the user statistics look like:

MariaDB [(none)]> SHOW USER_STATISTICS\G;
*************************** 1. row *****...

Sysbench

Sysbench is a benchmarking tool that has several modes to bench:

  • - fileio: This performs the file I/O test

  • - cpu: This performs the CPU performance test

  • - memory: This performs the memory functions speed test

  • - threads: This performs the thread subsystem performance test

  • - mutex: This performs the mutex performance test

  • - oltp: This performs the OLTP test

To install it, run this command:

> aptitude install sysbench

The common test is to use the Online Transaction Processing (OLTP) scenario with small transactions to hit an optimized database. We will pass arguments to the command to simulate application threads (the --num-threads argument).

You can run this OLTP test with two kinds of scenarios:

  • Read only (14 SELECT queries per transaction)

  • Read/Write (14 SELECT, 1 INSERT, 1 UPDATE, and 1 DELETE queries per transaction)

The available version in Debian Wheezy is 0.4. A newer version exists with more interesting results such as a reporting interval every x sec. In addition, you can...

Percona Toolkits

Percona Toolkits is a suite of tools for MySQL and MariaDB. They are very useful in many situations and well documented (the main website is http://www.percona.com/software/percona-toolkit). To install them, you can add the repository:

> aptitude install python-software-properties
> apt-key adv --keyserver keys.gnupg.net --recv-keys 1C4CBDCDCD2EFD2A
> add-apt-repository 'deb http://repo.percona.com/apt wheezy main'

Then, configure APT-Pining to avoid the Percona repository overriding MariaDB's repository and conflict some packages. So, create this file at /etc/apt/preferences.d/00percona.pref and add the following content to it:

Package: *
Pin: release o=Percona Development Team
Pin-Priority: 100

You're now ready for the installation of the package:

> aptitude update
> aptitude install percona-toolkit

That's it! Several binaries starting with pt- are now available on your system.

pt-query-digest

The pt-query-digest tool will help you analyze the MariaDB slow queries...

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Description

This book is aimed at system administrators/architects or DBAs who want to learn more about how to grow their current infrastructure to support larger traffic. Before beginning with this book, we expect you to be well-practiced with MySQL/MariaDB for common usage. You will be able to get a grasp quickly if you are comfortable with learning and building large infrastructures for MariaDB using Linux.

What you will learn

  • Set up master/slave classical replications and make them scale easily, even over WAN
  • Create a dual master replication with load balancer and cluster software
  • Shard your data using the Spider engine
  • Grow your write infrastructure by setting up a Galera Cluster
  • Make your Galera Cluster and replication work together to build complex solutions
  • Optimize your engine and identify bottlenecks
  • Compare the Galera and MySQL Cluster
  • Graph your data and tools solution
  • Build a Galera disaster recovery solution

Product Details

Country selected
Publication date, Length, Edition, Language, ISBN-13
Publication date : Sep 23, 2014
Length: 298 pages
Edition : 1st
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781783981601
Category :
Programming
Languages :
C
Concepts :
High Performance Programming
Tools :
MariaDB

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Publication date : Sep 23, 2014
Length: 298 pages
Edition : 1st
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781783981601
Category :
Programming
Languages :
C
Concepts :
High Performance Programming
Tools :
MariaDB

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Table of Contents

12 Chapters
1. Performance Introduction Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
1. Performance Introduction
MariaDB history
Choosing the appropriate hardware
Architecture types and performances
BIOS power management optimization
Migrating from MySQL to MariaDB
Introduction to MariaDB engines
Summary
2. Performance Analysis Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
2. Performance Analysis
Slow queries
The explain command
Slow query logs
The show explain command
Profiling
Performance schema
User statistics
Sysbench
Percona Toolkits
Process list progression
mytop
innotop
mysqlsla
Summary
3. Performance Optimizations Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
3. Performance Optimizations
Resetting statistics
Global statistics
DNS connections
Maximum connections
The binlogs cache
Temporary tables
Open tables
The query cache
Optimizing storage engines
Index
mysqltuner
Summary
4. MariaDB Replication Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
4. MariaDB Replication
How replication works
GTID replication
Migrating from classical to GTID replication
Parallel replication
Load balancing read transactions
Use cases and troubleshooting
Summary
5. WAN Slave Architectures Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
5. WAN Slave Architectures
Cascade slaves
Restricting replications
Designing slave in multiple continents
SSL replication
Compression options
Summary
6. Building a Dual Master Replication Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
6. Building a Dual Master Replication
Dual master replication and risks
Installing and configuring a dual master
Automatic management
How to repair a dual master replication
Summary
7. MariaDB Multimaster Slaves Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
7. MariaDB Multimaster Slaves
Multimaster slave replication
Summary
8. Galera Cluster – Multimaster Replication Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
8. Galera Cluster – Multimaster Replication
How Galera Cluster works
Galera Cluster limitations
The basics of installation and configuration
Usages and understandings
Designing redundant architectures
Tests and issues
Summary
9. Spider – Sharding Your Data Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
9. Spider – Sharding Your Data
Configuring Spider
Creating your first shard
Sharding replication
Performance tuning
Summary
10. Monitoring Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
10. Monitoring
Single instance
Replication
Galera Cluster
Other monitoring solutions
Summary
11. Backups Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
11. Backups
Using mysqldump
Using mysqlhotcopy
LVM
Xtrabackup
Galera backup
Summary
Index Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Index

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Vittorio Guglielmo Jun 05, 2015
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Great book !! After having read it, you will be able to build very easily any kind of complex architecture involving this powerful drop-in replacement of MySQL. It covers very well all needed arguments, form performance optimization to Dual Master/Multimaster replication, Galera Cluster, monitoring and a deep review of all the storage engines. For sure, a must have for all MySQL DBAs.
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arvind Jun 06, 2015
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its vary good book.....written in very understandable way as well as technical so that we don't have to move any where. i would like also thanks to Packt Publishing because it has collected a lot of good book.i will tell u one thing more to PP plz provide the good book on SAN.
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Hector Louzao Jun 05, 2015
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Every chapter is very well crafted, with a precise balance between theory and practice, and full of invaluable nuggets, sometimes transcending, very solid foundations for the reading ahead.All over the text, author propose tools, examples of use and proven techniques, that will greatly improve your performance firefighter skills and enhance your knowledge of MariaDB internals, and don't forget to have a look to the code that compain this book.
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CS Jun 18, 2015
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A good book for learning MariaDB, the new age of database servers. It cover all aspects which you need to learn about it. Great book overall, i highly recommend it.
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Brendon Jul 29, 2015
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Being involved in a project to migrate to MariaDB, we thought it would be prudent to buy a book to ensure we are getting the most out of the server. The book has been in constant use, along with Mastering MariaDB, so far!Well worth the purchase.
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About the author

Profile icon Pierre Mavro
Pierre Mavro
Pierre MAVRO lives in Joinville-le-Pont (a suburb of Paris). He's an open source software lover and has been working with Linux for more than 10 years now. Today, he works as a Senior DevOps Engineer at Red Hat / eNovance, where he designs and implements solutions for the Web and personal clouds (OpenStack). During the last few years, he has been designing high-availability infrastructures with performance tuning for a high-frequency trading company. He has also built geoclusters and developed tools to fit high-availability requirements for financial companies. He has worked on resolving issues on open source software for the French government. He has also provided training to several IT professionals on subjects such as Linux and MySQL/MariaDB.
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