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Continuous Delivery with Docker and Jenkins
Continuous Delivery with Docker and Jenkins

Continuous Delivery with Docker and Jenkins: Delivering software at scale

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Continuous Delivery with Docker and Jenkins

Introducing Continuous Delivery

The common problem faced by most developers is how to release the implemented code quickly and safely. The delivery process used traditionally is, however, a source of pitfalls and usually leads to the disappointment of both developers and clients. This chapter presents the idea of the Continuous Delivery approach and provides the context for the rest of the book.

This chapter covers the following points:

  • Introducing the traditional delivery process and its drawbacks
  • Describing the idea of Continuous Delivery and the benefits it brings
  • Comparing how different companies deliver their software
  • Explaining the automated deployment pipeline and its phases
  • Classifying different types of tests and their place in the process
  • Pointing out the prerequisites to the successful Continuous Delivery process
  • Presenting tools that will be used throughout the book
  • Showing the complete system that will be built throughout the book

What is Continuous Delivery?

The most accurate definition of the Continuous Delivery is stated by Jez Humble and reads as follows: "Continuous Delivery is the ability to get changes of all types—including new features, configuration changes, bug fixes, and experiments—into production, or into the hands of users, safely and quickly in a sustainable way." That definition covers the key points.

To understand it better, let's imagine a scenario. You are responsible for the product, let's say, the email client application. Users come to you with a new requirement—they want to sort emails by size. You decide that the development will take around one week. When can the user expect to use the feature? Usually, after the development is done, you hand over the completed feature first to the QA team and then to the operations team, which takes additional time ranging from days to months. Therefore, even though the development took only one week, the user receives it in a couple of months! The Continuous Delivery approach addresses that issue by automating manual tasks so that the user could receive a new feature as soon as it's implemented.

To present better what to automate and how, let's start by describing the delivery process that is currently used for most software systems.

The traditional delivery process

The traditional delivery process, as the name suggests, has been in place for many years now and is implemented in most IT companies. Let's define how it works and comment on its shortcomings.

Introducing the traditional delivery process

Any delivery process begins with the requirements defined by a customer and ends up with the release on the production. The differences are in between. Traditionally, it looks as presented in the following release cycle diagram:

The release cycle starts with the requirements provided by the Product Owner, who represents the Customer (stakeholders). Then there are three phases, during which the work is passed between different teams:

  • Development: Here, the developers (sometimes together with business analysts) work on the product. They often use Agile techniques (Scrum or Kanban) to increase the development velocity and to improve the communication with the client. Demo sessions are organized to obtain a customer's quick feedback. All good development techniques (like test-driven development or extreme programming practices) are welcome. After the implementation is completed, the code is passed to the QA team.
  • Quality Assurance: This phase is usually called User Acceptance Testing (UAT) and it requires a code freeze on the trunk codebase, so that no new development would break the tests. The QA team performs a suite of Integration Testing, Acceptance Testing, and Non-functional Testing (performance, recovery, security, and so on). Any bug that is detected goes back to the development team, so developers usually also have their hands full of work. After the UAT phase is completed, the QA team approves the features that are planned for the next release.
  • Operations: The last phase, usually the shortest one, means passing the code to the Operations team, so that they can perform the release and monitor the production. If anything goes wrong, they contact developers to help with the production system.

The length of the release cycle depends on the system and the organization, but it usually ranges from a week to a few months. The longest I've heard about was one year.The longest I worked with was quarterly-based and each part took as follows: development-1.5 months, UAT-1 month and 3 weeks, release (and strict production monitoring)-1 week.

The traditional delivery process is widely used in the IT industry and it's probably not the first time you've read about such an approach. Nevertheless, it has a number of drawbacks. Let's look at them explicity to understand why we need to strive for something better.

Shortcomings of the traditional delivery process

The most significant shortcomings of the traditional delivery process include the following:

  • Slow delivery: Here, the customer receives the product long after the requirements were specified. It results in the unsatisfactory time to market and delays of the customer's feedback.
  • Long feedback cycle: The feedback cycle is not only related to customers, but also to developers. Imagine that you accidentally created a bug and you learn about it during the UAT phase. How long does it take to fix something you worked on two months ago? Even minor bugs can consume weeks.
  • Lack of automation: Rare releases don't encourage the automation, which leads to unpredictable releases.
  • Risky hotfixes: Hotfixes can't usually wait for the full UAT phase, so they tend to be tested differently (the UAT phase is shortened) or not tested at all.
  • Stress: Unpredictable releases are stressful for the operations team. What's more, the release cycle is usually tightly scheduled which imposes an additional stress on developers and testers.
  • Poor communication: Work passed from one team to another represents the waterfall approach, in which people start to care only about their part, rather than the complete product. In case anything goes wrong, that usually leads to the blaming game instead of cooperation.
  • Shared responsibility: No team takes the responsibility for the product from A to Z. For developers: "done" means that requirements are implemented. For testers: "done" means that the code is tested. For operations: "done" means that the code is released.
  • Lower job satisfaction: Each phase is interesting for a different team, but other teams need to support the process. For example, the development phase is interesting for developers but, during two other phases, they still need to fix bugs and support the release, which usually is not interesting for them at all.

These drawbacks represent just a tip of the iceberg of the challenges related to the traditional delivery process. You may already feel that there must be a better way to develop the software and this better way is, obviously, the Continuous Delivery approach.

Benefits of Continuous Delivery

“How long would it take your organization to deploy a change that involves just one single line of code? Do you do this on a repeatable, reliable basis?" These are the famous questions from Mary and Tom Poppendieck (authors of Implementing Lean Software Development), which have been quoted many times by Jez Humble and other authors. Actually, the answer to these questions is the only valid measurement of the health of your delivery process.

To be able to deliver continuously, and not to spend a fortune on the army of operations teams working 24/7, we need automation. That is why, in short, Continuous Delivery is all about changing each phase of the traditional delivery process into a sequence of scripts, called the automated deployment pipeline or the Continuous Delivery pipeline. Then, if no manual steps are required, we can run the process after every code change and, therefore, deliver the product continuously to the users.

Continuous Delivery lets us get rid of the tedious release cycle and, therefore, brings the following benefits:

  • Fast delivery: Time to market is significantly reduced as customers can use the product as soon as the development is completed. Remember, the software delivers no revenue until it is in the hands of its users.
  • Fast feedback cycle: Imagine you created a bug in the code, which goes into the production the same day. How much time does it take to fix something you worked on the same day? Probably not much. This, together with the quick rollback strategy, is the best way to keep the production stable.
  • Low-risk releases: If you release on a daily basis, then the process becomes repeatable and therefore much safer. As the saying goes, "If it hurts, do it more often."
  • Flexible release options: In case you need to release immediately, everything is already prepared, so there is no additional time/cost associated with the release decision.

Needless to say, we could achieve all the benefits simply by eliminating all delivery phases and proceeding with the development directly on the production. It would, however, cause the quality to decline. Actually, the whole difficulty of introducing Continuous Delivery is the concern that the quality would decrease together with eliminating manual steps. In this book, we will show how to approach it in a safe manner and explain why, contrary to common beliefs, the products delivered continuously have fewer bugs and are better adjusted to the customer's needs.

Success stories

My favorite story on Continuous Delivery was told by Rolf Russell at one of his talks. It goes as follows. In 2005, Yahoo acquired Flickr and it was a clash of two cultures in the developer's world. Flickr, by that time, was a company with the start-up approach in mind. Yahoo, on the contrary, was a huge corporation with strict rules and the safety-first attitude. Their release processes differed a lot. While Yahoo used the traditional delivery process, Flickr released many times a day. Every change implemented by developers went on the production the same day. They even had a footer at the bottom of their page showing the time of the last release and the avatars of the developers who did the changes.

Yahoo deployed rarely and each release brought a lot of changes well tested and prepared. Flickr worked in very small chunks, each feature was divided into small incremental parts and each part was deployed quickly to the production. The difference is presented in the following diagram:

You can imagine what happened when the developers from two companies met. Yahoo obviously treated Flickr's colleagues as junior irresponsible developers, "a bunch of software cowboys who don't know what they are doing." So, the first thing they wanted to change was to add a QA team and the UAT phase into Flickr's delivery process. Before they applied the change, however, Flickr's developers had only one wish. They asked to evaluate the most reliable products in the whole Yahoo company. What a surprise when it happened that of all the software in Yahoo, Flickr had the lowest downtime. The Yahoo team didn't understand it at first, but let Flickr stay with their current process anyway. After all, they were engineers, so the evaluation result was conclusive. Only after some time, they realized that the Continuous Delivery process can be beneficial for all products in Yahoo and they started to gradually introduce it everywhere.

The most important question of the story remains-how was it possible that Flickr was the most reliable system? Actually, the reason for that fact was what we already mentioned in the previous sections. A release is less risky if:

  • The delta of code changes is small
  • The process is repeatable

That is why, even though the release itself is a difficult activity, it is much safer when done frequently.

The story of Yahoo and Flickr is only an example of many successful companies for which the Continuous Delivery process proved to be right. Some of them even proudly share details from their systems, as follows:

  • Amazon: In 2011, they announced reaching 11.6 seconds (on average) between deployments
  • Facebook: In 2013, they announced deployment of code changes twice a day
  • HubSpot: In 2013, they announced deployment 300 times a day
  • Atlassian: In 2016, they published a survey stating that 65% of their customers practice continuous delivery
You can read more about the research on the Continuous Delivery process and individual case studies at https://continuousdelivery.com/evidence-case-studies/.

Keep in mind that the statistics get better every day. However, even without any numbers, just imagine a world in which every line of code you implement goes safely into the production. Clients can react quickly and adjust their requirements, developers are happy because they don't have to solve that many bugs, managers are satisfied because they always know what is the current state of work. After all, remember, the only true measure of progress is the released software.

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Key benefits

  • Build reliable and secure applications using Docker containers.
  • Create a complete Continuous Delivery pipeline using Docker, Jenkins, and Ansible.
  • Deliver your applications directly on the Docker Swarm cluster.
  • Create more complex solutions using multi-containers and database migrations.

Description

The combination of Docker and Jenkins improves your Continuous Delivery pipeline using fewer resources. It also helps you scale up your builds, automate tasks and speed up Jenkins performance with the benefits of Docker containerization. This book will explain the advantages of combining Jenkins and Docker to improve the continuous integration and delivery process of app development. It will start with setting up a Docker server and configuring Jenkins on it. It will then provide steps to build applications on Docker files and integrate them with Jenkins using continuous delivery processes such as continuous integration, automated acceptance testing, and configuration management. Moving on you will learn how to ensure quick application deployment with Docker containers along with scaling Jenkins using Docker Swarm. Next, you will get to know how to deploy applications using Docker images and testing them with Jenkins. By the end of the book, you will be enhancing the DevOps workflow by integrating the functionalities of Docker and Jenkins.

Who is this book for?

This book is indented to provide a full overview of deep learning. From the beginner in deep learning and artificial intelligence to the data scientist who wants to become familiar with Theano and its supporting libraries, or have an extended understanding of deep neural nets. Some basic skills in Python programming and computer science will help, as well as skills in elementary algebra and calculus.

What you will learn

  • Get to grips with docker fundamentals and how to dockerize an application for the Continuous Delivery process
  • Configure Jenkins and scale it using Docker-based agents
  • Understand the principles and the technical aspects of a successful Continuous Delivery pipeline
  • Create a complete Continuous Delivery process using modern tools: Docker, Jenkins, and Ansible
  • Write acceptance tests using Cucumber and run them in the Docker ecosystem using Jenkins
  • Create multi-container applications using Docker Compose
  • Managing database changes inside the Continuous Delivery process and understand effective frameworks such as Cucumber and Flyweight
  • Build clustering applications with Jenkins using Docker Swarm
  • Publish a built Docker image to a Docker Registry and deploy cycles of Jenkins pipelines using community best practices
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Publication date : Aug 24, 2017
Length: 332 pages
Edition : 1st
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781787125230
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Table of Contents

9 Chapters
Introducing Continuous Delivery Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Introducing Docker Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Configuring Jenkins Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Continuous Integration Pipeline Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Automated Acceptance Testing Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Configuration Management with Ansible Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Continuous Delivery Pipeline Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Clustering with Docker Swarm Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Advanced Continuous Delivery Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Customer reviews

Rating distribution
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Empty star icon 4
(3 Ratings)
5 star 33.3%
4 star 33.3%
3 star 33.3%
2 star 0%
1 star 0%
Adam Nov 02, 2017
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
This is the best book available on the topic, period. I've also read a couple of other books on the topic, but they are outdated.This is the most up to date manual at the moment on how to implement Continuous Delivery with Docker and Jenkins.It covers Jenkins 2 and uses the latest features of Docker (swarm, stack).A big thank you to the author who put together this great book.Thank you.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Joginder Raperia Jan 23, 2018
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Empty star icon 4
Explains Jenkins, Ansible and Docker in a very easy way. Gives a very good starting point for anyone new in the area of Containers, Configuration Management and Continuous Delivery.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
lowtek Mar 26, 2019
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon 3
Some good tips but didn't really learn anything new. If you already understand CI and CD and use Jenkins/Docker often this won't be anything new for you either. Some good best practices listed but again nothing groundbreaking
Amazon Verified review Amazon
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