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Ubuntu Server Cookbook
Ubuntu Server Cookbook

Ubuntu Server Cookbook: Arm yourself to make the most of the versatile, powerful Ubuntu Server with over 100 hands-on recipes

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Ubuntu Server Cookbook

Chapter 2. Networking

In this chapter, we will cover the following recipes:

  • Connecting to a network with a static IP
  • Installing the DHCP server
  • Installing the DNS server
  • Hiding behind the proxy with squid
  • Being on time with NTP
  • Discussing load balancing with HAProxy
  • Tuning the TCP stack
  • Troubleshooting network connectivity
  • Securing remote access with OpenVPN
  • Securing a network with uncomplicated firewall
  • Securing against brute force attacks
  • Discussing Ubuntu security best practices

Introduction

When we are talking about server systems, networking is the first and most important factor. If you are using an Ubuntu server in a cloud or virtual machine, you generally don't notice the network settings, as they are already configured with various network protocols. However, as your infrastructure grows, managing and securing the network becomes the priority.

Networking can be thought of as an umbrella term for various activities that include network configurations, file sharing and network time management, firewall settings and network proxies, and many others. In this chapter, we will take a closer look at the various networking services that help us set up and effectively manage our networks, be it in the cloud or a local network in your office.

Connecting to a network with a static IP

When you install Ubuntu server, its network setting defaults to dynamic IP addressing, that is, the network management daemon in Ubuntu searches for a DHCP server on the connected network and configures the network with the IP address assigned by DHCP. Even when you start an instance in the cloud, the network is configured with dynamic addressing using the DHCP server setup by the cloud service provider. In this chapter, you will learn how to configure the network interface with static IP assignment.

Getting ready

You will need an Ubuntu server with access to the root account or an account with sudo privileges. If network configuration is a new thing for you, then it is recommended to try this on a local or virtual machine.

How to do it…

Follow these steps to connect to the network with a static IP:

  1. Get a list of available Ethernet interfaces using the following command:
    $ ifconfig -a | grep eth
    
    How to do it…
  2. Open /etc/network/interfaces and find the following...

Installing the DHCP server

DHCP is a service used to automatically assign network configuration to client systems. DHCP can be used as a handy tool when you have a large pool of systems that needs to be configured for network settings. Plus, when you need to change the network configuration, say to update a DNS server, all you need to do is update the DHCP server and all the connected hosts will be reconfigured with new settings. Also, you get reliable IP address configuration that minimizes configuration errors and address conflicts. You can easily add a new host to the network without spending time on network planning.

DHCP is most commonly used to provide IP configuration settings, such as IP address, net mask, default gateway, and DNS servers. However, it can also be set to configure the time server and hostname on the client.

DHCP can be configured to use the following configuration methods:

  • Manual allocation: Here, the configuration settings are tied with the MAC address of the client...

Installing the DNS server

DNS, also known as name server, is a service on the Internet that provides mapping between IP addresses and domain names and vice versa. DNS maintains a database of names and related IP addresses. When an application queries with a domain name, DNS responds with a mapped IP address. Applications can also ask for a domain name by providing an IP address.

DNS is quite a big topic, and an entire chapter can be written just on the DNS setup. This recipe assumes some basic understanding of the working of the DNS protocol. We will cover the installation of BIND, installation of DNS server application, configuration of BIND as a caching DNS, and setup of Primary Master and Secondary Master. We will also cover some best practices to secure your DNS server.

Getting ready

In this recipe, I will be using four servers. You can create virtual machines if you want to simply test the setup:

  1. ns1: Name server one/Primary Master
  2. ns2: Name server two/Secondary Master
  3. host1: Host system...

Hiding behind the proxy with squid

In this recipe, we will install and configure the squid proxy and caching server. The term proxy is generally combined with two different terms: one is forward proxy and the other is reverse proxy.

When we say proxy, it generally refers to forward proxy. A forward proxy acts as a gateway between a client's browser and the Internet, requesting the content on behalf of the client. This protects intranet clients by exposing the proxy as the only requester. A proxy can also be used as a filtering agent, imposing organizational policies. As all Internet requests go through the proxy server, the proxy can cache the response and return cached content when a similar request is found, thus saving bandwidth and time.

A reverse proxy is the exact opposite of a forward proxy. It protects internal servers from the outside world. A reverse proxy accepts requests from external clients and routes them to servers behind the proxy. External clients can see a single entity...

Being on time with NTP

Network Time Protocol (NTP) is a TCP/IP protocol for synchronizing time over a network. Although Ubuntu has a built-in clock that is helpful for keeping track of local events, it may create issues when the server is connected over a network and provides time-critical services to the clients. This problem can be solved with the help of NTP time synchronization. NTP works by synchronizing time across all servers on the Internet.

NTP uses hierarchies of servers with top-level servers synchronizing time with atomic clocks. This hierarchy levels are known as stratum, and the level can range between 1 and 15, both inclusive. The highest stratum level is 1 and is determined by the accuracy of the clock the server synchronizes with. If a server synchronizes with other NTP server with stratum level 3, then the stratum level for this server is automatically set to 4.

Another time synchronization tool provided by Ubuntu is ntpdate, which comes preinstalled with Ubuntu. It executes...

Introduction


When we are talking about server systems, networking is the first and most important factor. If you are using an Ubuntu server in a cloud or virtual machine, you generally don't notice the network settings, as they are already configured with various network protocols. However, as your infrastructure grows, managing and securing the network becomes the priority.

Networking can be thought of as an umbrella term for various activities that include network configurations, file sharing and network time management, firewall settings and network proxies, and many others. In this chapter, we will take a closer look at the various networking services that help us set up and effectively manage our networks, be it in the cloud or a local network in your office.

Connecting to a network with a static IP


When you install Ubuntu server, its network setting defaults to dynamic IP addressing, that is, the network management daemon in Ubuntu searches for a DHCP server on the connected network and configures the network with the IP address assigned by DHCP. Even when you start an instance in the cloud, the network is configured with dynamic addressing using the DHCP server setup by the cloud service provider. In this chapter, you will learn how to configure the network interface with static IP assignment.

Getting ready

You will need an Ubuntu server with access to the root account or an account with sudo privileges. If network configuration is a new thing for you, then it is recommended to try this on a local or virtual machine.

How to do it…

Follow these steps to connect to the network with a static IP:

  1. Get a list of available Ethernet interfaces using the following command:

    $ ifconfig -a | grep eth
    
  2. Open /etc/network/interfaces and find the following lines...

Installing the DHCP server


DHCP is a service used to automatically assign network configuration to client systems. DHCP can be used as a handy tool when you have a large pool of systems that needs to be configured for network settings. Plus, when you need to change the network configuration, say to update a DNS server, all you need to do is update the DHCP server and all the connected hosts will be reconfigured with new settings. Also, you get reliable IP address configuration that minimizes configuration errors and address conflicts. You can easily add a new host to the network without spending time on network planning.

DHCP is most commonly used to provide IP configuration settings, such as IP address, net mask, default gateway, and DNS servers. However, it can also be set to configure the time server and hostname on the client.

DHCP can be configured to use the following configuration methods:

  • Manual allocation: Here, the configuration settings are tied with the MAC address of the client...

Installing the DNS server


DNS, also known as name server, is a service on the Internet that provides mapping between IP addresses and domain names and vice versa. DNS maintains a database of names and related IP addresses. When an application queries with a domain name, DNS responds with a mapped IP address. Applications can also ask for a domain name by providing an IP address.

DNS is quite a big topic, and an entire chapter can be written just on the DNS setup. This recipe assumes some basic understanding of the working of the DNS protocol. We will cover the installation of BIND, installation of DNS server application, configuration of BIND as a caching DNS, and setup of Primary Master and Secondary Master. We will also cover some best practices to secure your DNS server.

Getting ready

In this recipe, I will be using four servers. You can create virtual machines if you want to simply test the setup:

  1. ns1: Name server one/Primary Master

  2. ns2: Name server two/Secondary Master

  3. host1: Host system...

Hiding behind the proxy with squid


In this recipe, we will install and configure the squid proxy and caching server. The term proxy is generally combined with two different terms: one is forward proxy and the other is reverse proxy.

When we say proxy, it generally refers to forward proxy. A forward proxy acts as a gateway between a client's browser and the Internet, requesting the content on behalf of the client. This protects intranet clients by exposing the proxy as the only requester. A proxy can also be used as a filtering agent, imposing organizational policies. As all Internet requests go through the proxy server, the proxy can cache the response and return cached content when a similar request is found, thus saving bandwidth and time.

A reverse proxy is the exact opposite of a forward proxy. It protects internal servers from the outside world. A reverse proxy accepts requests from external clients and routes them to servers behind the proxy. External clients can see a single entity...

Being on time with NTP


Network Time Protocol (NTP) is a TCP/IP protocol for synchronizing time over a network. Although Ubuntu has a built-in clock that is helpful for keeping track of local events, it may create issues when the server is connected over a network and provides time-critical services to the clients. This problem can be solved with the help of NTP time synchronization. NTP works by synchronizing time across all servers on the Internet.

NTP uses hierarchies of servers with top-level servers synchronizing time with atomic clocks. This hierarchy levels are known as stratum, and the level can range between 1 and 15, both inclusive. The highest stratum level is 1 and is determined by the accuracy of the clock the server synchronizes with. If a server synchronizes with other NTP server with stratum level 3, then the stratum level for this server is automatically set to 4.

Another time synchronization tool provided by Ubuntu is ntpdate, which comes preinstalled with Ubuntu. It executes...

Discussing load balancing with HAProxy


When an application becomes popular, it sends an increased number of requests to the application server. A single application server may not be able to handle the entire load alone. We can always scale up the underlying hardware, that is, add more memory and more powerful CUPs to increase the server capacity; but these improvements do not always scale linearly. To solve this problem, multiple replicas of the application server are created and the load is distributed among these replicas. Load balancing can be implemented at OSI Layer 4, that is, at TCP or UDP protocol levels, or at Layer 7, that is, application level with HTTP, SMTP, and DNS protocols.

In this recipe, we will install a popular load balancing or load distributing service, HAProxy. HAProxy receives all the requests from clients and directs them to the actual application server for processing. Application server directly returns the final results to the client. We will be setting HAProxy...

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Key benefits

  • Master the skills to setup secure and scalable web services with popular tools like Apache, Nginx, MySQL and HAProxy
  • Set up your own cloud with Open Stack and quickly deploy applications with Docker or LXD
  • Packed with clear, step-by-step recipes to let you protect you valuable data with your own chat servers, code hosting and collaboration tools.

Description

Ubuntu is one of the most secure operating systems and defines the highest level of security as compared other operating system. Ubuntu server is a popular Linux distribution and the first choice when deploying a Linux server. It can be used with a $35 Raspberry Pi to top-notch, thousand-dollar-per-month cloud hardware. Built with lists that there are 4 million + websites built using Ubuntu. With its easy-to-use package management tools and availability of well-known packages, we can quickly set up our own services such as web servers and database servers using Ubuntu. This book will help you develop the skills required to set up high performance and secure services with open source tools. Starting from user management and an in-depth look at networking, we then move on to cover the installation and management of web servers and database servers, as well as load balancing various services. You will quickly learn to set up your own cloud and minimize costs and efforts with application containers. Next, you will get to grips with setting up a secure real-time communication system. Finally, we’ll explore source code hosting and various collaboration tools. By the end of this book, you will be able to make the most of Ubuntu’s advanced functionalities.

Who is this book for?

Ubuntu Server Cookbook is for system administrators or software developers with a basic understanding of the Linux operating system who want to set up their own servers. You are not required to have in-depth knowledge or hands-on experience with Ubuntu, but you should know the basics commands for directory navigation, file management, and the file editing tool. An understanding of computer networks is advisable

What you will learn

  • Set up high performance, scalable, and fault-tolerant back ends with web and database servers
  • Facilitate team communication with a real-time chat service and collaboration tools
  • Quickly deploy your applications to their own containers and scale your infrastructure as and when needed
  • Find out how to set up your own cloud infrastructure for your internal use or rent it to the public
  • Ensure quick and easy access for your users while also securing your infrastructure from intruders
  • Set up a high performance private network with a personal VPN server and centralized authentication system
  • Swiftly start a content streaming service
  • Set up network storage for private data and source code and say good bye to costly and unreliable cloud services
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Language : English
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Table of Contents

15 Chapters
1. Managing Users and Groups Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
2. Networking Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
3. Working with Web Servers Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
4. Working with Mail Servers Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
5. Handling Databases Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
6. Network Storage Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
7. Cloud Computing Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
8. Working with Containers Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
9. Streaming with Ampache Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
10. Communication Server with XMPP Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
11. Git Hosting Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
12. Collaboration Tools Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
13. Performance Monitoring Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
14. Centralized Authentication Service Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Index Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Customer reviews

Rating distribution
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
(2 Ratings)
5 star 100%
4 star 0%
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1 star 0%
Paul McDowell Dec 01, 2020
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
If you are working with UBUNTU this is a great book
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Fakhruddin U. Nov 20, 2016
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
This book has complete in detail description to setup server from scratch, including AWS Ubuntu server as well. Everything has been explained very precisely, in a simple language, that is easy to understand and implement. With bash commands mentioned at every step, you don't have to Google if you are stuck any point of time.Looking forward for more such books from the author.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
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