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The macOS User Administration Guide
The macOS User Administration Guide

The macOS User Administration Guide: A practical guide to implementing, managing, and optimizing macOS Big Sur features and tools

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The macOS User Administration Guide

Overview of the macOS System, Architecture, and Features

Exploring the macOS operating system, its architecture and features, and the industry standards it uses is essential to understanding what sets macOS apart from other leading operating systems, and places you in a better position to help users with their support questions or problems.

In this first chapter, you will explore the fundamentals of the macOS system and architecture. Also, you will see the general features, as well as the newest features, apps, and enhancements, introduced to macOS in the latest version releases at the time of the publication of this book.

More specifically, we will cover the following topics in this chapter:

  • Overview of the macOS system and architecture
  • Overview of the macOS general features
  • Exploring the new features introduced in the latest macOS releases
  • Touring macOS
  • Exploring the macOS...

Technical requirements

To proceed with this chapter, you will need the following:

  • Basic knowledge of the macOS environment
  • General knowledge of operating systems and development terminology

Overview of the macOS system and architecture

This section describes the essential components of the macOS architecture. Although this book does not intend to explain the macOS architecture in depth, as a Mac system administrator, support professional, coordinator, or advanced user, you must be familiar with the underlying components of macOS and how it was conceived and built. These concepts are necessary to understand how the system works, perform administrative tasks, and provide better support to end users.

So, let's jump right into the technical aspects of the system.

macOS can be better understood if seen as a layered architecture including key technologies that are continually improved. New features, bug fixes, and other improvements and enhancements are added regularly.

macOS is built on the foundation of the 64-bit Mach kernel, which manages processor resources, memory, and other low-level processes. There is a modified version of the BSD (Berkeley Software Distribution...

Overview of the macOS general features

macOS is the name used for the current generation of operating systems for Mac computers. Apple's macOS team introduced it after the long-running OS X generation, which lasted from 2001 to 2016.

Here's a summary of the essential features:

  • Mac App Store: It is one of the largest marketplaces for apps specifically designed for the Mac computers. Most of the apps you will ever need can be found here. It is a safe and convenient way to download apps without the need for passwords or activation procedures. Apple's team recently redesigned it, and we will be covering it in more detail in Chapter 10, Managing Apps and Documents.
  • Built-in apps: These are essential apps that allow you to be productive from day one. They are built into macOS, bundled with the installer, and require no additional licenses. Examples of these apps are Mail, Messages, Reminders, Safari, Notes, and Contacts. We discuss many of the new and advanced features of these...

Exploring the new features introduced in the latest macOS releases

In this section, we will explore the new features introduced in the latest macOS releases, namely macOS Catalina (version 10.15.x) and Big Sur (version 11.x).

Let's start with the latest version launched as of the publication of this book: macOS Big Sur.

New features introduced in macOS Big Sur

Apple introduced the newest version of macOS, also known as Big Sur, at the World Wide Developer Conference (WWDC) 2020. The version number of this release is the transition from the long-running generation of OS X and macOS version 10.x to version 11.x. The improvements are significant in terms of design and look, new features, new system sounds, and improvements to apps.

These are some of the features presented by Apple at the WWDC 2020:

  • Optimized for the M1 chip: macOS Big Sur is designed for the advanced power, efficiency, and performance that are offered with the new Macs with the M1 chip, including hardware-verified...

Touring macOS

You can take a guided tour of macOS through the Finder to learn more about what's new, learn about the basics (if you are new to Mac), and obtain information on your MacBook Pro if you own one.

You can do that by clicking on the notification popup that will appear after installing macOS ( Figure 1.10):

Figure 1.10 – Take a guided tour

If you don't see the notification, just go to the Help menu in the Finder top menu and select one of the options, such as See what's new in macOS. You will then see a screen such as the one in Figure 1.11 that will start the guided tour:

Figure 1.11 – Take a guided tour

Now that you have a pretty good idea of the new features in your Mac, let's review the version history that brought macOS to where it is today.

Exploring the macOS version history

The road to get to the current version of macOS, with all the features it has today, has been long. In case you are wondering which versions of the operating system Apple has launched so far, the following is an updated list at the time of the publication of this book. This information is also useful when you are dealing with the requirements of certain apps and features; you will most likely read something such as OS X Yosemite and later, so you need to know which versions come later or earlier:

Version name Version number
macOS Big Sur 11.0
macOS Catalina 10.15.6
macOS Mojave 10.14.6
macOS High Sierra 10.13.6
macOS Sierra 10.12.6
OS X El Capitan 10.11.6
OS X Yosemite 10.10.5
OS X Mavericks 10.9.5
OS X Mountain Lion 10.8.5
OS X Lion 10.7.5
Mac OS X Snow Leopard 10.6.8
Mac OS X Leopard 10.5.8
Mac OS X Tiger 10.4.11
Mac OS X Panther 10.3.9
Mac OS X Jaguar 10.2.8
Mac OS X Puma 10.1.5
Mac OS X Cheetah 10.0.4
Visit...

Comparing macOS to other leading operating systems

To begin with, macOS was designed with a different logic in mind. Its design was centered on a clean, easy-to-use user interface with the tools the user needs to start working right away. In fact, Apple pioneered the free installation of the major operating system upgrades, which the rest of the industry then quickly followed. Until then, the prevailing model was to pay for those upgrades. And it wasn't cheap! No doubt, Apple implemented this to ensure customers had a great motivation to keep using Macs, no excuses! But, because customer satisfaction is at the very core of Apple's philosophy, they also implemented this new model to make sure users could access the improvements and new features, and not let price be an obstacle to enjoy those benefits. The introduction of the Mac App Store was key to making these updates and upgrades not only available to end users but also easier to obtain. Ultimately, the benefit was mutual...

Exploring the industry standards used by macOS

macOS is compatible with the most relevant industry standards: two of the most important ones are multicast DNS (mDNS) for networking and the Swift programming language. Let's briefly describe each of them.

Multicast DNS

mDNS is a technology developed to facilitate IP networking configuration. It's related to a concept you have probably already heard of: zero-configuration networking, or zeroconf. We know zeroconf in Mac as the Bonjour protocol created by Apple to facilitate device configuration for local networks.

The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) maintains the mDNS standard. The technical definition of mDNS, as stated in IETF's RFC document, is the following: "Clients performing DNS-like queries for DNS-like resource records by sending DNS-like UDP query and response messages over IP Multicast to UDP port 5353."

While that might sound like a mouthful, what's important about this technology is that...

Summary

Now that you have completed this chapter, you can describe the generalities of macOS, and you are also aware of the new features introduced in the latest macOS versions. Also, you know the fundamentals of the macOS architecture and what each layer of its design is responsible for. This information is essential for you to understand how Macs and macOS are different from other industry-leading products, as well as their capabilities and features. This information enables you to explain those features and differences to other users, to whom perhaps you will be providing support.

In the next chapter, we will move on to the practical aspects of managing macOS, starting with the essential tasks of installing and configuring macOS.

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Key benefits

  • Delve into macOS Big Sur, from installation to managing apps and optimizing your environment
  • Become an Apple Certified Support Professional (ACSP) with this comprehensive macOS support guide
  • The book is not intended to be a user guide, it covers concepts pertinent for a user acting as an administrator

Description

Apple is pushing the capabilities of its technologies to help users achieve high performance, including improvements in its OS running across all Mac systems, macOS, and new technologies such as M1 Silicon chips. This book walks you through macOS from a system administration and support point of view, exploring its latest features. The book starts by explaining macOS architecture, installation, and startup processes to enable you to get started with the OS. You'll learn how to manage users and discover techniques for user security and privacy. Moving on, you'll get to grips with the macOS file system and learn to manage disks, volumes, and partitions for effective file management. Most of the examples covered in this book are from an administrator's perspective; however, when relevant, a standard user's perspective is also presented. You'll find illustrations for Mac systems running macOS 11 (Big Sur), and when necessary, for macOS 10.15 (macOS Catalina). Finally, you'll explore advanced topics such as networking and using command-line tools for administration tasks. By the end of this macOS book, you'll be well-versed with macOS features, administration tasks, and best practices. You'll also be able to apply the concepts to increase your chances of success in obtaining Apple certifications such as Apple Certified Support Professional (ACSP).

Who is this book for?

If you are a Mac system administrator, support and help desk technician or engineer, or Mac power user looking to explore macOS architecture and tooling, then this book is for you. The book assumes beginner-level knowledge of the macOS environment and system administration.

What you will learn

  • Understand the fundamentals of the macOS system and architecture
  • Configure key services and perform essential troubleshooting in your Mac system
  • Install, update, and configure your local macOS system and identify the stages of the startup process
  • Create and manage a local user account and set up your customized macOS environment
  • Manage your file systems, storage, and permissions
  • Explore practices and techniques to work with apps, networks, and security for your Mac system
  • Delve into administration tasks such as managing service resources and peripherals
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Table of Contents

18 Chapters
Overview of the macOS System, Architecture, and Features Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Installing and Configuring macOS Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
The Start Up Process Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
User Accounts Management Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Managing User Security and Privacy Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
The macOS File System: Disks, Volumes, and Partitions Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Understanding Ownership and Permissions Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
System Resources and Shortcuts Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Understanding Metadata and Searching Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Managing Apps and Documents Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Backups and Archiving Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Networking in macOS Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Using macOS Network Services Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Using macOS Sharing Services Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Managing Security in macOS Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Using the Command Line Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Troubleshooting Tips Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
About Packt Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Customer reviews

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theshark34 Mar 03, 2023
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
This well structured book makes it easy to learn how to manage MacOS. It starts in chapter 1 with a simple introduction to build a great Fundament for further aspects.It also provides some insights of how macOS works which I really liked!Another great aspect of this book is the step-by-step instructions and screenshots provided throughout the text. These visual aids make it easy to follow the instructions.My overall highlight is chapter 6 which provides information about managing disks, volumes and partitions. That was the part I really needed.Overall I would say this book is a valuable resource that will save you time and frustration, and help you become more proficient in managing MacOS in general.
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Robert S. Aug 10, 2021
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To learn the macOS Big Sur
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zoha May 19, 2021
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
This book is ideal for beginners as well as experienced macOS users as it covers concepts from fundamentals to more advanced troubleshooting scenarios. It covers almost all concepts required for Apple Support certification exams.I am about halfway through the book and so far it has not disappointed me. The book is well written and goes through great detail to explain how each part of the environment works. You’ll find in-depth, step-by-step instructions on everything from upgrading, updating, reinstalling, and configuring macOS Big Sur. The instructions are clear and easy to understand.I would highly recommend this book to anyone who needs to support, troubleshoot, and optimize macOS.
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Nicholas May 04, 2021
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
This book goes very in depth on the features and options that are available to Mac users. It begins by covering what was new with Catalina, and what is new with Big Sur. If needed, you will find instructions on updating your macOS to the latest version. The book proceeds to go into great detail on everything from the startup process (you would be surprised how much actually goes into this), setting up and managing user accounts, understanding the keychain system, and the chapters get steadily more advanced, covering things like archiving data, disk partitions, and using the command line.I would say this book is especially useful if you are managing a team of people who use work macs and need some specific access/ownership permissions on their device.Any directions given within the book are step by step and very clear.The book is FILLED with detailed graphics that help show what the book is explaining in text. I found the graphics to be really helpful in making sure I was doing the right thing.As a final note, I would like to just say the book is fantastic at doing what its meant to do: helping you become familiar with the Mac ecosystem and customizing your mac or the mac you give out to your employees to be tailored to their use.
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David Jul 07, 2022
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
Purchased for my team to reduce the "drama" trying to treat all the Mac's like Windows - it's different. The book is the go to for throwing the BS flag that OSX wont do that like Windows.....
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