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PHP Microservices
PHP Microservices

PHP Microservices: Transit from monolithic architectures to highly available, scalable, and fault-tolerant microservices

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Profile Icon Pablo Solar Vilariño Profile Icon Carlos Pérez Sánchez
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Arrow left icon
Profile Icon Pablo Solar Vilariño Profile Icon Carlos Pérez Sánchez
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€36.99
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Half star icon Empty star icon 3.8 (5 Ratings)
Paperback Mar 2017 392 pages 1st Edition
eBook
€26.98 €29.99
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PHP Microservices

Chapter 1. What are Microservices?

Good projects need good solutions; this is why developers are always looking for better ways to do their jobs. There is no best solution for all projects because every single project has different needs and the architect (or the developer) has to find the best solution for that specific project.

Microservices are maybe a good approach to solve problems; in the last few years, companies such as Netflix, PayPal, eBay, Amazon, and Spotify have chosen to use microservices in their own development teams because they believed them to be the best solution for their projects. To understand why they chose microservices and understand the kinds of projects you should use them in, it is necessary to know what a microservice is.

Firstly, it is essential to understand what a monolithic application is, but basically, we can define a microservice as an extended Service Oriented Architecture. In other words, it is a way to develop an application by following the required steps to turn it into various little services. Each service will execute itself and communicate with others through requests, usually using APIs on HTTP.

To further understand what microservices are, we first need to understand what a monolithic application is. It is the typical application that we have been developing for the last few years, for example in PHP, using a framework like Symfony; in other words, all the applications we have been developing are divided into different parts, such as frontend, backend, and database, and also use the Model-View-Controller (MVC) pattern. It is important to differentiate between MVC and microservices. MVC is a design pattern and microservices are a way to develop an application; therefore, applications developed using MVC could still be monolithic applications. People may think that if we split our application into different machines and divide the business logic from the model and the view, the application is then based on microservices, but this is not correct.

However, using a monolithic architecture still has its advantages. There are also various huge web applications, such as Facebook, that use it; we just need to know when we need to use a monolithic architecture and when we need to use microservices.

Monolithic versus microservices

Now, we will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using monolithic applications and how microservices improve a specific project by giving a basic example.

Imagine a taxi platform like Uber; the platform in this example will be a small one with only the basic things in order to understand the definitions. There are customers, drivers, cities, and a system to track the location of the taxi in real time:

Monolithic versus microservices

In a monolithic system, we have all this together---we have a common database with the customers and drivers linked to cities and all these are linked to the system to track taxis using foreign keys.

All this can also be hosted on different machines using master-slave databases; the backend can be in different instances using a load balancer or a reverse proxy and the frontend can use a different technology using Node.js or even plain HTML. Even so, the platform will be a monolithic application.

Lets see an example of possible problems faced in a monolithic application:

  • Two developers, Joe and John, are working on the basic taxi example project; Joe needs to change some code on drivers and John has to change some code on customers. The first problem is that both the developers are working on the same base code; this is not an exclusive monolithic problem but if Joe needs to add a new field on drivers, he may need to change the customer's model too, so Joe's work does not finish on the driver's side; in other words, his work is not delimited. This is what happens when we use monolithic applications.
  • Joe and John have realized that the system to track taxis has to communicate with third parties calling external APIs. The application does not have a very big load but the system to track taxis has a lot of requests from customers and drivers, so there is a bottleneck on that side. Joe and John have to scale it to solve the problem on the tracking system: they can get faster machines, more memory, and a load balancer, but the problem is that they have to scale the entire application.
  • Joe and John are happy; they just finished fixing the problem on the system to track taxis. Now they will put the changes on the production server. They will have to work tonight when the traffic on the web application is lower; the risk is high because they have to deploy the entire application and not just the system to track taxis that they fixed.
  • In a couple of hours, an error 500 appears within the application. Joe and John know that the problem is related to the tracking system, but the entire application will be down only because there is a problem with a part of the application.

A microservice is a simple, isolated entity with a concrete proposal. It is independent and works with the rest of the microservices by communicating through an agreed channel as you can see in the next picture:

Monolithic versus microservices

For developers who are used to working on object-oriented programming, the idea of a microservice would be something like an encapsulated object working on a different machine and isolated from the other ones working on different machines too.

Following the same example as before, if we have a problem on the system to track taxis, it would be necessary to isolate all the code related to this part of the application. This is a little complex and will be explained in detail in Chapter 9, From Monolithic to Microservices, but in general terms, it is a database used exclusively by the system to track taxis, so we need to extract the part for this purpose and the code needs to be modified to work with the extracted database. Once the goal is achieved, we will have a microservice with an API (or any other channel) that can be called by the rest of the monolithic application.

This will avoid the problems mentioned before---Joe and John can work on their own issue because once the application is divided into microservices, they will work on the customer or driver microservice. If Joe has to change code or include a new field, he will only need to change it in his own entity and John will consume the drivers API to communicate with it from the customer's part.

The scalability can be done just for this microservice, so it is not necessary to scale the entire application by spending money and resources and if the system to track taxis is down, the rest of the application will work without any problems.

Another advantage of using microservices is that they are agnostic to the language; in other words, it is possible to use different languages for each microservice. A microservice written in PHP can talk to others written in Python or Ruby because they only give the API to the rest of the microservices, so they just have to share the same interface to communicate with each other.

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Key benefits

  • Build your own applications based on event-driven microservices and set them up on a production server.
  • Successfully transform any monolithic application into a microservice.
  • Monitor the health of your application, prevent downtime, and reduce costs.

Description

The world is moving away from bulky, unreliable, and high-maintenance PHP applications, to small, easy-to-maintain and highly available microservices and the pressing need is for PHP developers to understand the criticalities in building effective microservices that scale at large. This book will be a reliable resource, and one that will help you to develop your skills and teach you techniques for building reliable microservices in PHP. The book begins with an introduction to the world of microservices, and quickly shows you how to set up a development environment and build a basic platform using Docker and Vagrant. You will then get into the different design aspects to be considered while building microservices in your favorite framework and you will explore topics such as testing, securing, and deploying microservices. You will also understand how to migrate a monolithic application to the microservice architecture while keeping scalability and best practices in mind. Furthermore you will get into a few important DevOps techniques that will help you progress on to more complex domains such as native cloud development, as well as some interesting design patterns. By the end of this book you will be able to develop applications based on microservices in an organized and efficient way. You will also gain the knowledge to transform any monolithic applications into microservices.

Who is this book for?

PHP developers who want to build scalable, highly available, and secure applications will find this book useful. No knowledge of microservices is assumed.

What you will learn

  • Set up a development environment using the right strategies and tools.
  • Learn about application design and structure to start implementing your application.
  • Transform a monolithic application into microservices.
  • Explore the best way to start implementing your application using testing.
  • Understand how to monitor your microservices, handle errors, and debug the application.
  • Deploy your finished application into a production environment and learn how to solve common problems.
  • Know how to scale your application based on microservices once it is up–and-running.
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Length: 392 pages
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Table of Contents

12 Chapters
1. What are Microservices? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
2. Development Environment Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
3. Application Design Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
4. Testing and Quality Control Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
5. Microservices Development Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
6. Monitoring Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
7. Security Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
8. Deployment Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
9. From Monolithic to Microservices Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
10. Strategies for Scalability Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
11. Best Practices and Conventions Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
12. Cloud and DevOps Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Customer reviews

Rating distribution
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Half star icon Empty star icon 3.8
(5 Ratings)
5 star 60%
4 star 0%
3 star 20%
2 star 0%
1 star 20%
Vikram Jul 28, 2018
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
A good quick read. Concepts are explained from a developers usage perspective
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Marcio Rosa Jun 21, 2021
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
Excelente livro para quem quer aprender/melhorar sua caminhada em desenvolvimento web.Otima abordagem. Recomendado para todos os níveis de programadores
Amazon Verified review Amazon
ltheoret Jun 08, 2017
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
A lot of info on PHP
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Amazon Customer Jul 13, 2017
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon 3
In general, a fairly easy read with quite a few side-steps in explaining other tools and approaches.It does dive into details here and there were the overview has not been established yet. I do think the book is overpriced for what it offers.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Julio César Barrera Andrade Apr 12, 2018
Full star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon 1
- Demasiados errores en el código mostrado,- Falta de detalle para el montado de algunos servicios (sentry, weave works)- Falta de detalle y errores de configuración en micro-framework de Lumen.- Algunos temas se detallan, otros quedan demasiada simple la explicación.Sinceramente de los peores libros que he leído.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
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