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Neural Networks with Keras Cookbook
Neural Networks with Keras Cookbook

Neural Networks with Keras Cookbook: Over 70 recipes leveraging deep learning techniques across image, text, audio, and game bots

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Neural Networks with Keras Cookbook

Building a Deep Feedforward Neural Network

In this chapter, we will cover the following recipes:

  • Training a vanilla neural network
  • Scaling the input dataset
  • Impact of training when the majority of inputs are greater than zero
  • Impact of batch size on model accuracy
  • Building a deep neural network to improve network accuracy
  • Varying the learning rate to improve network accuracy
  • Varying the loss optimizer to improve network accuracy
  • Understanding the scenario of overfitting
  • Speeding up the training process using batch normalization

In the previous chapter, we looked at the basics of the function of a neural network. We also learned that there are various hyperparameters that impact the accuracy of a neural network. In this chapter, we will get into the details of the functions of the various hyperparameters within a neural network.

All the codes for this chapter are available at...

Training a vanilla neural network

To understand how to train a vanilla neural network, we will go through the task of predicting the label of a digit in the MNIST dataset, which is a popular dataset of images of digits (one digit per image) and the corresponding label of the digit that is contained in the image.

Getting ready

Training a neural network is done in the following steps:

  1. Import the relevant packages and datasets
  2. Preprocess the targets (convert them into one-hot encoded vectors) so that we can perform optimization on top of them:
    • We shall be minimizing categorical cross entropy loss
  3. Create train and test datasets:
    • We have the train dataset so that we create a model based on it
    • The test dataset is not seen...

Scaling the input dataset

Scaling a dataset is a process where we limit the variables within a dataset to ensure they do not have a very wide range of different values. One way to achieve this is to divide each variable in the dataset by the maximum value of the variable. Typically, neural networks perform well when we scale the input datasets.

In this section, let's understand the reason neural networks perform better when the dataset is scaled.

Getting ready

To understand the impact of the scaling input on the output, let's contrast the scenario where we check the output when the input dataset is not scaled, with the output when the input dataset is scaled.

Input data is not scaled:

In the preceding table, note...

Impact on training when the majority of inputs are greater than zero

So far, in the dataset that we have considered, we have not looked at the distribution of values in the input dataset. Certain values of the input result in faster training. In this section, we will understand a scenario where weights are trained faster when the training time depends on the input values.

Getting ready

In this section, we will follow the model-building process in exactly the same way as we did in the previous section.

However, we will adopt a small change to our strategy:

  • We will invert the background color, and also the foreground color. Essentially, the background will be colored white in this scenario, and the label will be written in...

Impact of batch size on model accuracy

In the previous sections, for all the models that we have built, we considered a batch size of 32. In this section, we will try to understand the impact of varying the batch size on accuracy.

Getting ready

To understand the reason batch size has an impact on model accuracy, let's contrast two scenarios where the total dataset size is 60,000:

  • Batch size is 30,000
  • Batch size is 32

When the batch size is large, the number of times of weight update per epoch is small, when compared to the scenario when the batch size is small.

The reason for a high number of weight updates per epoch when the batch size is small is that less data points are considered to calculate the loss value. This...

Building a deep neural network to improve network accuracy

Until now, we have looked at model architectures where the neural network has only one hidden layer between the input and the output layers. In this section, we will look at the neural network where there are multiple hidden layers (and hence a deep neural network), while reusing the same MNIST training and test dataset that were scaled.

Getting ready

A deep neural network means that there are multiple hidden layers connecting the input to the output layer. Multiple hidden layers ensure that the neural network learns a complex non-linear relation between the input and output, which a simple neural network cannot learn (due to a limited number of hidden layers).

A typical...

Varying the learning rate to improve network accuracy

So far, in the previous recipes, we used the default learning rate of the Adam optimizer, which is 0.0001.

In this section, we will manually set the learning rate to a higher number and see the impact of changing the learning rate on model accuracy, while reusing the same MNIST training and test dataset that were scaled in the previous recipes.

Getting ready

In the previous chapter on building feedforward neural networks, we learned that the learning rate is used in updating weights and the change in weight is proportional to the amount of loss reduction.

Additionally, a change in a weight's value is equal to the decrease in loss multiplied by the learning rate. Hence...

Varying the loss optimizer to improve network accuracy

So far, in the previous recipes, we considered the loss optimizer to be the Adam optimizer. However, there are multiple other variants of optimizers, and a change in the optimizer is likely to impact the speed with which the model learns to fit the input and the output.

In this recipe, we will understand the impact of changing the optimizer on model accuracy.

Getting ready

To understand the impact of varying the optimizer on network accuracy, let's contrast the scenario laid out in previous sections (which was the Adam optimizer) with using a stochastic gradient descent optimizer in this section, while reusing the same MNIST training and test datasets that were scaled...

Understanding the scenario of overfitting

In some of the previous recipes, we have noticed that the training accuracy is ~100%, while test accuracy is ~98%, which is a case of overfitting on top of a training dataset. Let's gain an intuition of the delta between the training and the test accuracies.

To understand the phenomenon resulting in overfitting, let's contrast two scenarios where we compare the training and test accuracies along with a histogram of the weights:

  • Model is run for five epochs
  • Model is run for 100 epochs

The comparison-of-accuracy metric between training and test datasets between the two scenarios is as follows:

Scenario

Training dataset

Test dataset

5 epochs

97.59%

97.1%

100 epochs

100%

98.28%

Once we plot the histogram of weights that are connecting the hidden layer to the output layer, we will notice that the 100...

Speeding up the training process using batch normalization

In the previous section on the scaling dataset, we learned that optimization is slow when the input data is not scaled (that is, it is not between zero and one).

The hidden layer value could be high in the following scenarios:

  • Input data values are high
  • Weight values are high
  • The multiplication of weight and input are high

Any of these scenarios can result in a large output value on the hidden layer.

Note that the hidden layer is the input layer to output layer. Hence, the phenomenon of high input values resulting in a slow optimization holds true when hidden layer values are large as well.

Batch normalization comes to the rescue in this scenario. We have already learned that, when input values are high, we perform scaling to reduce the input values. Additionally, we have learned that scaling can also be performed using...

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Key benefits

  • From scratch, build multiple neural network architectures such as CNN, RNN, LSTM in Keras
  • Discover tips and tricks for designing a robust neural network to solve real-world problems
  • Graduate from understanding the working details of neural networks and master the art of fine-tuning them

Description

This book will take you from the basics of neural networks to advanced implementations of architectures using a recipe-based approach. We will learn about how neural networks work and the impact of various hyper parameters on a network's accuracy along with leveraging neural networks for structured and unstructured data. Later, we will learn how to classify and detect objects in images. We will also learn to use transfer learning for multiple applications, including a self-driving car using Convolutional Neural Networks. We will generate images while leveraging GANs and also by performing image encoding. Additionally, we will perform text analysis using word vector based techniques. Later, we will use Recurrent Neural Networks and LSTM to implement chatbot and Machine Translation systems. Finally, you will learn about transcribing images, audio, and generating captions and also use Deep Q-learning to build an agent that plays Space Invaders game. By the end of this book, you will have developed the skills to choose and customize multiple neural network architectures for various deep learning problems you might encounter.

Who is this book for?

This intermediate-level book targets beginners and intermediate-level machine learning practitioners and data scientists who have just started their journey with neural networks. This book is for those who are looking for resources to help them navigate through the various neural network architectures; you'll build multiple architectures, with concomitant case studies ordered by the complexity of the problem. A basic understanding of Python programming and a familiarity with basic machine learning are all you need to get started with this book.

What you will learn

  • Build multiple advanced neural network architectures from scratch
  • Explore transfer learning to perform object detection and classification
  • Build self-driving car applications using instance and semantic segmentation
  • Understand data encoding for image, text and recommender systems
  • Implement text analysis using sequence-to-sequence learning
  • Leverage a combination of CNN and RNN to perform end-to-end learning
  • Build agents to play games using deep Q-learning
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Table of Contents

17 Chapters
Building a Feedforward Neural Network Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Building a Deep Feedforward Neural Network Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Applications of Deep Feedforward Neural Networks Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Building a Deep Convolutional Neural Network Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Transfer Learning Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Detecting and Localizing Objects in Images Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Image Analysis Applications in Self-Driving Cars Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Image Generation Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Encoding Inputs Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Text Analysis Using Word Vectors Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Building a Recurrent Neural Network Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Applications of a Many-to-One Architecture RNN Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Sequence-to-Sequence Learning Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
End-to-End Learning Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Audio Analysis Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Reinforcement Learning Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Other Books You May Enjoy Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Customer reviews

Top Reviews
Rating distribution
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Half star icon Empty star icon 3.3
(8 Ratings)
5 star 37.5%
4 star 12.5%
3 star 12.5%
2 star 12.5%
1 star 25%
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krishna Sep 23, 2019
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
The Word embedding concepts were clear, application oriented and neatly explained.The book is structured appropriate to the readers learning curve. The author is reachable on linkedin and is has an amazing intuitive way of explaining complicated NN architectures. This book is a must buy if you are into deep learning applications.
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drew lubz Oct 25, 2019
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This book is perfect for practitioners in the intermediate stage of machine learning.. The different examples help understanding how to create real word applications....the organization of it ('how to do it' sections) are really good..
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janga reddy Aug 31, 2019
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
I have gone through multiple books in vain, trying to understand the working details of various neural networks architectures. This book does an amazing job of detailing the steps involved in building neural network architectures step by step.The structure of book is easy for the reader to follow, with a logical flow from one chapter to another and from one use case to another.The code is easy to follow with commentary about each line of code. However, there are a couple of use cases where in the book, the imported libraries are to be upgraded to have the code working – sufficient information has been provided in the code’s github repository.The combination of detail in book and the corresponding github code for use cases ranging across the spectrum makes this a MUST-HAVE book for anyone beginning with neural networks.
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JJG Jan 29, 2020
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I love the content of this book, the best of many books I have purchased on the subject of machine learning. Want to give a 5, but there are many places where the formating just sucks. See my image for example.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Melanie L. Jan 04, 2020
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It might be a valuable book if you're looking for Keras examples and references. But it is hard to read and lacking details. (Yes, this is a cookbook not a deep dive book after all.)
Amazon Verified review Amazon
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