Comparison with R

R is the tool on which pandas is loosely designed. Many of the functionalities are very similar in terms of syntax, usage, and output. Differences occur mainly in some of the data types, which can be the matrix in R versus arrays in pandas, an aggregation framework, such as the aggregate function in R and the GroupBy operation in pandas, and subtle differences in the syntaxes of similarly named functions, such as melt and cut.

Data types in R

R has five primitive or atomic types:

• Character
• Numeric
• Integer
• Complex
• Logical/Boolean

It also has the following more complex container types:

• Vector: This is similar to numpy.array. It can only contain objects of the same type.
• List: This is a heterogeneous container...