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Home > Cloud & Networking > Shell Scripting > Learning Linux Shell Scripting
Learning Linux Shell Scripting
Learning Linux Shell Scripting

Learning Linux Shell Scripting: Leverage the power of shell scripts to solve real-world problems , Second Edition

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Learning Linux Shell Scripting

Drilling Deep into Process Management, Job Control, and Automation

In the last chapter, we introduced ourselves to the Bash shell environment in Linux. You learned basic commands and wrote your first shell script as well.

You also learned about process management and job control. This information will be very useful for system administrators in automation and in terms of solving many problems.

In this chapter, we will cover the following topics:

  • Monitoring processes with ps
  • Job management–working with fg, bg, jobs, and kill
  • Exploring at and crontab

Introducing process basics

A running instance of a program is called a process. A program stored in the hard disk or pen drive is not a process. When that stored program starts executing, then we say that process has been created and is running.

Let's very briefly understand the Linux operating system boot-up sequence:

  1. In PCs, initially, the BIOS chip initializes system hardware, such as PCI bus, and display device drivers.
  2. Then the BIOS executes the boot loader program.
  1. The boot loader program then copies the kernel in the memory and, after basic checks, it calls a kernel function start_kernel().
  2. The kernel then initializes the OS and creates the first process called init.
  3. You can check the presence of this process with the following command:
    $ ps -ef
  1. Every process in the OS has one numerical identification associated with it. It is called a process ID. The process...

Monitoring processes using ps

We have used the ps command in the introduction. Let's learn more about it:

  • To list the processes associated with our current Bash shell Terminal, enter the following command:
    $ ps
  • To list processes, along with the parent process ID associated with the current Terminal, enter the following command:
    $ ps -f
  • We can see the process ID in the PID column and the parent process ID, in the PPID column in the preceding output.
  • To list processes with the parent process ID along with the process state, enter the following command:
    $ ps -lf
  • In the preceding output, the column with S (state) shows the current state of a process, such as R for running and S for suspended state.
  • To list all the processes running in the operating system, including the system processes, enter the following command:
    $ ps -ef
  • The process names...

Process management

Since we have understood the command to check processes, we will learn more about managing different processes.

  • In a Bash shell, when we enter any command or start any program, it starts running in the foreground. In such a situation, we cannot run more than one command in the foreground. We need to create many Terminal windows for starting many processes. If we need to start many processes or programs from the same Terminal, then we will need to start them as background processes.
  • If we want to start a process in the background, then we need to append the command in the Bash shell by &.
  • If I want to start my Hello program as the background process, then the command would be as follows:
    $ Hello &
  • If we terminate any command by &, then it starts running as the
    background process.

For example, we will issue a simple sleep command, which creates...

Process monitoring tools – top, iostat, and vmstat

We can view the native performance of various processes in an OS by using the following tools:

  • To view a dynamic real-time view of the running processes in an OS, use the following command:
    $ top

An explanation of the top command generated output is as follows:

The $top command displays a lot of information about the running system.

The first line of the display is shown as follows:

The description of fields in the first line is as follows:

  • Current time
  • System uptime
  • Number of users logged in
  • Load average of 5, 10, and 15 minutes, respectively

The second line is shown as follows:

This line shows the summary of tasks or processes. It shows the total number of all the processes, which includes the total number of running, sleeping, stopped, and zombie processes. The third line is shown as follows:

This line shows...

Understanding "at"

Many a time, we need to schedule a task for a future time, say in the evening at 8 p.m. on a specific day. We can use the at command in such a situation.

Sometimes, we need to repeat the same task at a specific time, periodically, every day, or every month. In such situations, we can use the crontab command.

Let's learn more about the use of the at command. To use the at command, the syntax is as follows:

    $ at time date

The following are examples of the at command:

  • The Ctrl + D command will save the at job. The task will be executed at 11.15 A.M. This command will log messages to the log.txt file at 11.15 a.m.:
    $ at 11.15 AM
    at >  echo "Hello World" > $HOME/log.txt
    at >  Control + D
  • The following command will send an email on March 31, 2015, at 10 A.M.:
    $ at 10am mar 31 2015
    at> echo "taxes...

Understanding crontab

If we need to run a specific task repetitively, then the solution is to use crontab. The syntax of the command is as follows:

    $ crontab -e

This will open a new editor. The following diagram is the syntax to add tasks. The fields to use for repeating tasks at a particular time are explained here:

Finally, to save the jobs, use the following:

    Press Esc then type :wq

The preceding operations will save the job and quit crontab.

The following are a few examples of the crontab command:

  • Use the following command to run a script every hour at the fifth minute, every day:
    5 * * * *      $HOME/bin/daily.job >> $HOME/tmp/out  2>&1
  • Use the following command to run 5 minutes after midnight every day:
    5 0 * * *      $HOME/bin/daily.job >> $HOME/tmp/out  2>&1
  • Use the following command to run at 2.15 p.m. on the first of...

Summary

In this chapter, we studied basic process management. You learned about the ps command. Using commands such as jobs, fg, bg, kill, and pkill, we studied job management. Later on, you learned about the top, iostat, and vmstat process monitoring tools.

In the next chapter, you will learn about standard input/output, various meta–characters, and text filters used in shell scripting.

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Key benefits

  • •Learn to impeccably build shell scripts and develop advanced applications
  • •Create smart solutions by writing and debugging scripts
  • •A step-by-step tutorial to automate routine tasks by developing scripts

Description

Linux is the most powerful and universally adopted OS. Shell is a program that gives the user direct interaction with the operating system. Scripts are collections of commands that are stored in a file. The shell reads this file and acts on commands as if they were typed on the keyboard. Learning Linux Shell Scripting covers Bash, GNU Bourne Again Shell, preparing you to work in the exciting world of Linux shell scripting. CentOS is a popular rpm-based stable and secured Linux distribution. Therefore, we have used CentOS distribution instead of Ubuntu distribution. Linux Shell Scripting is independent of Linux distributions, but we have covered both types of distros. We start with an introduction to the Shell environment and basic commands used. Next, we explore process management in Linux OS, real-world essentials such as debugging and perform Shell arithmetic fluently. You'll then take a step ahead and learn new and advanced topics in Shell scripting, such as decision making, starting up a system, and customizing a Linux environment. You will also learn about grep, stream editor, and AWK, which are very powerful text filters and editors. Finally, you'll get to grips with taking backup, using other language scripts in Shell Scripts as well as automating database administration tasks for MySQL and Oracle. By the end of this book, you will be able to confidently use your own shell scripts in the real world.

Who is this book for?

Learning Linux Shell Scripting is ideal for those who are proficient at working with Linux and want to learn about shell scripting to improve their efficiency and practical skills.

What you will learn

  • •Familiarize yourself with the various text filtering tools available in Linux
  • •Understand expressions and variables and how to use them practically
  • •Automate decision-making and save a lot of time and effort of revisiting code
  • •Get to grips with advanced functionality such as using traps, dialogs to develop screens & Database administration such as MySQL or Oracle
  • •Start up a system and customize a Linux system
  • •Taking backup of local or remote data or important files.
  • •Use existing other language scripts such as Python, Perl & Ruby in Shell Scripts
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Publication date : May 21, 2018
Length: 332 pages
Edition : 2nd
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781788993197
Category :
Cloud & Networking
Languages :
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Concepts :
Shell Scripting
Tools :
Bash

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Learning Linux Shell Scripting
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Table of Contents

16 Chapters
Getting Started and Working with Shell Scripting Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Getting Started and Working with Shell Scripting
Comparison of shells
Tasks done by the shell
Working in the shell
Learning basic Linux commands
Our first script – Hello World
Compiler and interpreter – differences in process
When not to use scripts
Various directories
Working more effectively with Shell – basic commands
Working with permissions
Summary
Drilling Deep into Process Management, Job Control, and Automation Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Drilling Deep into Process Management, Job Control, and Automation
Introducing process basics
Monitoring processes using ps
Process management
Process monitoring tools – top, iostat, and vmstat
Understanding "at"
Understanding crontab
Summary
Using Text Processing and Filters in Your Scripts Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Using Text Processing and Filters in Your Scripts
Text filtering tools
IO redirection
Pattern matching with the vi editor
Pattern searching using grep
Summary
Working with Commands Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Working with Commands
Learning shell interpretation of commands
Command substitution
Command separators
Logical operators
Pipes
Summary
Exploring Expressions and Variables Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Exploring Expressions and Variables
Understanding variables
Working with environment variables
Working with read-only variables
Working with command-line arguments (special variables, set and shift, getopt)
Understanding getopts
Understanding default parameters
Working with arrays
Summary
Neat Tricks with Shell Scripting Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Neat Tricks with Shell Scripting
Interactive shell scripts – reading user input
The here document and the << operator
The here string and the <<< operator
File handling
Debugging
Summary
Performing Arithmetic Operations in Shell Scripts Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Performing Arithmetic Operations in Shell Scripts
Using a declare command for arithmetic
Using the let command for arithmetic
Using the expr command for arithmetic
Binary, octal, and hex arithmetic operations
Floating-point arithmetic
Summary
Automating Decision-Making in Scripts Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Automating Decision-Making in Scripts
Checking the exit status of commands
Understanding the test command
Conditional constructs – if else
Switching case
Implementing simple menus with select
Summary
Automating Repetitive Tasks Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Automating Repetitive Tasks
Looping with the for command
Exiting from the current loop iteration with the continue command
Exiting from a loop with a break
Working with the do – while loop
Using until
Piping the output of a loop to a Linux command
Running loops in the background
The IFS and loops
Summary
Working with Functions Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Working with Functions
Understanding functions
Passing arguments or parameters to functions
Sharing the data with many functions
Declaring local variables in functions
Returning information from functions
Running functions in the background
Creating a library of functions
Summary
Using Advanced Functionality in Scripts Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Using Advanced Functionality in Scripts
Understanding signals and traps
Using the trap command
Ignoring signals
Using traps inside a function
Running scripts or processes even if the user logs out
Creating dialog boxes with the dialog utility
Summary
System Startup and Customizing a Linux System Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
System Startup and Customizing a Linux System
System startup, inittab, and run levels
User initialization scripts
Summary
Pattern Matching and Regular Expressions with sed and awk Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Pattern Matching and Regular Expressions with sed and awk
The basics of regular expressions
sed – non-interactive stream editor
Using awk
Summary
Taking Backup and Embedding Other Languages in Shell Scripts Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Taking Backup and Embedding Other Languages in Shell Scripts
Backup of files from command line
Embedding other language codes or scripts in Bash shell scripts
Summary
Database Administration Using Shell Scripts Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Database Administration Using Shell Scripts
Introduction to database administration
Working with a MySQL Database
Working with Oracle Database
Summary
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well written
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mohamed azarudeen Jul 21, 2019
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Easy to learn and understand
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James Oct 16, 2019
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well laid out reference book with plenty of useful examples
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This is by far the worst book I read from Packt. Well I just started, won't finish. Was there ever some editing?! Not only about the content (more or less copy paste from everywhere a bit, no real thread), but there are just wrong scripts sometimes, text/screenshots are missing. Poor quality, don't buy
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About the author

Profile icon Ganesh Sanjiv Naik
Ganesh Sanjiv Naik
LinkedIn icon Github icon
Ganesh Sanjiv Naik is an author, consultant, and corporate trainer for embedded Android, embedded Linux, and Internet of Things related product development. He completed his computer engineering in 1988. Since then, he has worked in this industry. He has worked on projects including micro-controller based projects to advanced Embedded Android projects. He has more than 20 years of professional experience and project accomplishment in information technology. Ganesh has a passion and deep desire for teaching. He has trained 1,000 engineers in Linux and Android product development. He has developed a lot of training material as well as curriculum for various universities and training institutes. He has an interest in spiritual study and practices such as meditation. He is a certified yoga teacher. His hobbies include yoga and martial arts. He has worked as a corporate trainer for Indian Space Research Organization, Intel, GE, Samsung, Motorola, Penang Skill Development Center (Malaysia), various companies in Singapore as well as various other corporates in India and other countries. He has started a company called Levana Technologies, which works with the Penang Skill Development Center (Malaysia) for consulting and training activities. If you would like to send feedback, suggestions, or corrections in the book, he can be contacted at https://in.linkedin.com/in/naikganesh. This book is his real-life experience…. He has worked as a consultant and corporate trainer in the following skills: • Internet of Things • Embedded Android, Android internals, and device driver development • USB and PCI device driver development in Linux • Embedded Linux and device driver development • Unix Shell scripting with sed and awk • Embedded C++ and C programming • Operating systems, software engineering, and networking • Problem solving—analysis, reasoning, and solution techniques for software engineers
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  14. Russian Federation
  15. Syrian Arab Republic
  16. Ukraine
  17. Venezuela
What is custom duty/charge? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Customs duty are charges levied on goods when they cross international borders. It is a tax that is imposed on imported goods. These duties are charged by special authorities and bodies created by local governments and are meant to protect local industries, economies, and businesses.

Do I have to pay customs charges for the print book order? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

The orders shipped to the countries that are listed under EU27 will not bear custom charges. They are paid by Packt as part of the order.

List of EU27 countries: www.gov.uk/eu-eea:

A custom duty or localized taxes may be applicable on the shipment and would be charged by the recipient country outside of the EU27 which should be paid by the customer and these duties are not included in the shipping charges been charged on the order.

How do I know my custom duty charges? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

The amount of duty payable varies greatly depending on the imported goods, the country of origin and several other factors like the total invoice amount or dimensions like weight, and other such criteria applicable in your country.

For example:

  • If you live in Mexico, and the declared value of your ordered items is over $ 50, for you to receive a package, you will have to pay additional import tax of 19% which will be $ 9.50 to the courier service.
  • Whereas if you live in Turkey, and the declared value of your ordered items is over € 22, for you to receive a package, you will have to pay additional import tax of 18% which will be € 3.96 to the courier service.
How can I cancel my order? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Cancellation Policy for Published Printed Books:

You can cancel any order within 1 hour of placing the order. Simply contact customercare@packt.com with your order details or payment transaction id. If your order has already started the shipment process, we will do our best to stop it. However, if it is already on the way to you then when you receive it, you can contact us at customercare@packt.com using the returns and refund process.

Please understand that Packt Publishing cannot provide refunds or cancel any order except for the cases described in our Return Policy (i.e. Packt Publishing agrees to replace your printed book because it arrives damaged or material defect in book), Packt Publishing will not accept returns.

What is your returns and refunds policy? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Return Policy:

We want you to be happy with your purchase from Packtpub.com. We will not hassle you with returning print books to us. If the print book you receive from us is incorrect, damaged, doesn't work or is unacceptably late, please contact Customer Relations Team on customercare@packt.com with the order number and issue details as explained below:

  1. If you ordered (eBook, Video or Print Book) incorrectly or accidentally, please contact Customer Relations Team on customercare@packt.com within one hour of placing the order and we will replace/refund you the item cost.
  2. Sadly, if your eBook or Video file is faulty or a fault occurs during the eBook or Video being made available to you, i.e. during download then you should contact Customer Relations Team within 14 days of purchase on customercare@packt.com who will be able to resolve this issue for you.
  3. You will have a choice of replacement or refund of the problem items.(damaged, defective or incorrect)
  4. Once Customer Care Team confirms that you will be refunded, you should receive the refund within 10 to 12 working days.
  5. If you are only requesting a refund of one book from a multiple order, then we will refund you the appropriate single item.
  6. Where the items were shipped under a free shipping offer, there will be no shipping costs to refund.

On the off chance your printed book arrives damaged, with book material defect, contact our Customer Relation Team on customercare@packt.com within 14 days of receipt of the book with appropriate evidence of damage and we will work with you to secure a replacement copy, if necessary. Please note that each printed book you order from us is individually made by Packt's professional book-printing partner which is on a print-on-demand basis.

What tax is charged? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Currently, no tax is charged on the purchase of any print book (subject to change based on the laws and regulations). A localized VAT fee is charged only to our European and UK customers on eBooks, Video and subscriptions that they buy. GST is charged to Indian customers for eBooks and video purchases.

What payment methods can I use? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

You can pay with the following card types:

  1. Visa Debit
  2. Visa Credit
  3. MasterCard
  4. PayPal
What is the delivery time and cost of print books? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Shipping Details

USA:

'

Economy: Delivery to most addresses in the US within 10-15 business days

Premium: Trackable Delivery to most addresses in the US within 3-8 business days

UK:

Economy: Delivery to most addresses in the U.K. within 7-9 business days.
Shipments are not trackable

Premium: Trackable delivery to most addresses in the U.K. within 3-4 business days!
Add one extra business day for deliveries to Northern Ireland and Scottish Highlands and islands

EU:

Premium: Trackable delivery to most EU destinations within 4-9 business days.

Australia:

Economy: Can deliver to P. O. Boxes and private residences.
Trackable service with delivery to addresses in Australia only.
Delivery time ranges from 7-9 business days for VIC and 8-10 business days for Interstate metro
Delivery time is up to 15 business days for remote areas of WA, NT & QLD.

Premium: Delivery to addresses in Australia only
Trackable delivery to most P. O. Boxes and private residences in Australia within 4-5 days based on the distance to a destination following dispatch.

India:

Premium: Delivery to most Indian addresses within 5-6 business days

Rest of the World:

Premium: Countries in the American continent: Trackable delivery to most countries within 4-7 business days

Asia:

Premium: Delivery to most Asian addresses within 5-9 business days

Disclaimer:
All orders received before 5 PM U.K time would start printing from the next business day. So the estimated delivery times start from the next day as well. Orders received after 5 PM U.K time (in our internal systems) on a business day or anytime on the weekend will begin printing the second to next business day. For example, an order placed at 11 AM today will begin printing tomorrow, whereas an order placed at 9 PM tonight will begin printing the day after tomorrow.


Unfortunately, due to several restrictions, we are unable to ship to the following countries:

  1. Afghanistan
  2. American Samoa
  3. Belarus
  4. Brunei Darussalam
  5. Central African Republic
  6. The Democratic Republic of Congo
  7. Eritrea
  8. Guinea-bissau
  9. Iran
  10. Lebanon
  11. Libiya Arab Jamahriya
  12. Somalia
  13. Sudan
  14. Russian Federation
  15. Syrian Arab Republic
  16. Ukraine
  17. Venezuela