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Home > Programming > High Performance Programming > Clang Compiler Frontend
Clang Compiler Frontend
Clang Compiler Frontend

Clang Compiler Frontend: Get to grips with the internals of a C/C++ compiler frontend and create your own tools

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Profile Icon Ivan Murashko
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eBook Mar 2024 326 pages 1st Edition
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Clang Compiler Frontend

1

Environment Setup

In this chapter, we will discuss the basic steps of setting up the environment for future experiments with Clang . The setup is appropriate for Unix-based systems such as Linux and Mac OS (Darwin). In addition, you will get important information on how to download, configure, and build the LLVM source code. We will continue with a short session that explains how to build and use the LLVM debugger (LLDB ), which will be used as the primary tool for code investigation throughout the book. Finally, we will finish with a simple Clang tool that can check C/C++ files for compilation errors. We will use LLDB for a simple debug session for the created tool and clang internal. We will cover the following topics:

  • Prerequisites

  • Getting to know LLVM

  • Source code compilation

  • How to create a custom Clang tool

1.1 Technical requirements

Downloading and building LLVM code is very easy and does not require any paid tools. You will require the following:

  • Unix-based OS (Linux, Darwin)

  • Command line git

  • Build tools: CMake and Ninja

We will use the debugger as the source investigation tool. LLVM has its own debugger, LLDB. We will build it as our first tool from LLVM monorepo: https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project.git.

Any build process consists of two steps. The first one is the project configuration and the last one is the build itself. LLVM uses CMake as a project configuration tool. It also can use a wide range of build tools, such as Unix Makefiles, and Ninja. It can also generate project files for popular IDEs such as Visual Studio and XCode. We are going to use Ninja as the build tool because it speeds up the build process, and most LLVM developers use it. You can find additional information about the tools here: https://llvm.org/docs/GettingStarted.html.

The source code for this chapter...

1.2 Getting to know LLVM

Let’s begin by covering some foundational information about LLVM, including the project history as well as its structure.

1.2.1 Short LLVM history

The Clang compiler is a part of the LLVM project. The project was started in 2000 by Chris Lattner and Vikram Adve as their project at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign [26].

LLVM was originally designed to be a next-generation code generation infrastructure that could be used to build optimizing compilers for many programming languages. However, it has since evolved into a full-featured platform that can be used to build a wide variety of tools, including debuggers, profilers, and static analysis tools.

LLVM has been widely adopted in the software industry and is used by many companies and organizations to build a variety of tools and applications. It is also used in academic research and teaching and has inspired the development of similar projects in other fields.

The project received...

1.3 Source code compilation

We are compiling our source code in debug mode to make it suitable for future investigations with a debugger. We are using LLDB as the debugger. We will start with an overview of the build process and finish building the LLDB as a concrete example.

1.3.1 Configuration with CMake

Create a build folder where the compiler and related tools will be built:

$ mkdir build
$ cd build

The minimal configuration command looks like this:

$ cmake -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Debug ../llvm

The command requires the build type to be specified (e.g. Debug in our case) as well as the primary argument that points to a folder with the build configuration file. The configuration file is stored as CMakeLists.txt and is located in the llvm folder, which explains the ../llvm argument usage. The command generates Makefile located in the build folder, thus you can use the simple make command to start the build process.

We will use more advanced configuration...

1.4 Test project – syntax check with a Clang tool

For our first test project, we will create a simple Clang tool that runs the compiler and checks the syntax for the provided source file. We will create a so-called out-of-tree LLVM project, that is, a project that will use LLVM but will be located outside the main LLVM source tree.

Several actions are required to create the project:

  • The required LLVM libraries and headers have to be built and installed

  • We have to create a build configuration file for our test project

  • The source code that uses LLVM has to be created

We will start with the first step and install the Clang support libraries and headers. We will use the following configuration command for CMake:

cmake -G Ninja -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Debug -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=../install -DLLVM_TARGETS_TO_BUILD="X86" -DLLVM_ENABLE_PROJECTS="clang" -DLLVM_USE_LINKER=gold -DLLVM_USE_SPLIT_DWARF=ON -DBUILD_SHARED_LIBS=ON ../llvm

Figure 1.12: LLVM CMake configuration...

1.5 Summary

In this chapter, we covered the history of the LLVM project, obtained the source code for LLVM, and explored its internal structure. We learned about the tools used to build LLVM, such as CMake and Ninja. We studied the various configuration options for building LLVM and how they can be used to optimize resources, including disk space. We built Clang and LLDB in debug and release modes and used the resulting tools to compile a basic program and run it with the debugger. We also created a simple Clang tool and ran it with the LLDB debugger.

The next chapter will introduce you to the compiler design architecture and explain how it appears in the context of Clang . We will primarily focus on the Clang frontend, but we will also cover the important concept of the Clang driver – the backbone that manages all stages of the compilation process, from parsing to linking.

1.6 Further reading

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Key benefits

  • Expand your understanding of the C++ programming language by learning about how the C++ compiler works and how to utilize its advanced features
  • Explore techniques for static code analysis and use them to create lint checks
  • Enhance your IDE to support advanced compiler tools
  • Purchase of the print or Kindle book includes a free PDF eBook

Description

Discover the power of Clang, a versatile compiler known for its compilation speed and insightful error and warning messages. This book will get you acquainted with the capabilities of Clang, helping you harness its features for performance improvements and modularity by creating custom compiler tools. While focused on Clang compiler frontend, this book also covers other parts of LLVM, essential to understanding Clang's functionality, to keep up with the constantly evolving LLVM project. Starting with LLVM fundamentals, from installation procedures to development tools, this book walks you through Clang's internal architecture and its integral role within LLVM. As you progress, you’ll also tackle optimizing compilation performance through features such as C++ modules and header maps. The later chapters cover tools developed using the Clang/LLVM, including clang-tidy for linting, refactoring tools, and IDE support, and feature many examples to illustrate the material. By the end of this book, you’ll have a solid understanding of Clang, different Clang Tools, and how to use them to their fullest potential.

Who is this book for?

This book is for experienced C++ software engineers who have no prior experience with compiler design but want to gain the knoweldge they need to get up and running. Engineers who want to learn about how Clang works and familiarize themselves with its specific features will also benefit from this book.

What you will learn

  • Get to grips with compiler architecture
  • Gain an understanding of the inner workings of Clang
  • Familiarize yourself with features specific to Clang
  • Investigate various techniques for static code analysis
  • Acquire knowledge on how to use AST matchers
  • Create custom code modification and refactoring tools
  • Explore tools for integrating compiler tools with IDEs

Product Details

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Publication date : Mar 29, 2024
Length: 326 pages
Edition : 1st
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781837635238
Category :
Programming
Concepts :
High Performance Programming

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Product Details

Publication date : Mar 29, 2024
Length: 326 pages
Edition : 1st
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781837635238
Category :
Programming
Concepts :
High Performance Programming

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Table of Contents

14 Chapters
Part I: Clang Setup and Architecture Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Part I: Clang Setup and Architecture
Chapter 1: Environment Setup Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Chapter 1: Environment Setup
1.1 Technical requirements
1.2 Getting to know LLVM
1.3 Source code compilation
1.4 Test project – syntax check with a Clang tool
1.5 Summary
1.6 Further reading
Chapter 2: Clang Architecture Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Chapter 2: Clang Architecture
2.1 Technical requirements
2.2 Getting started with compilers
2.3 Clang driver overview
2.4 Clang frontend overview
2.5 Summary
2.6 Further reading
Chapter 3: Clang AST Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Chapter 3: Clang AST
3.1 Technical requirements
3.2 AST
3.3 AST traversal
3.4 Recursive AST visitor
3.5 AST matchers
3.6 Explore Clang AST with clang-query
3.7 Processing AST in the case of errors
3.8 Summary
3.9 Further reading
Chapter 4: Basic Libraries and Tools Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Chapter 4: Basic Libraries and Tools
4.1 Technical requirements
4.2 LLVM coding style
4.3 LLVM basic libraries
4.4 Clang basic libraries
4.5 LLVM supporting tools
4.6 Clang plugin project
4.7 Summary
4.8 Further reading
Part II: Clang Tools Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Part II: Clang Tools
Chapter 5: Clang-Tidy Linter Framework Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Chapter 5: Clang-Tidy Linter Framework
5.1 Technical requirements
5.2 Overview of Clang-Tidy and usage examples
5.3 Clang-Tidy’s internal design
5.4 Custom Clang-Tidy check
5.5 Summary
5.6 Further reading
Chapter 6: Advanced Code Analysis Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Chapter 6: Advanced Code Analysis
6.1 Technical requirements
6.2 Static analysis
6.3 CFG
6.4 Custom CFG check
6.5 CFG on Clang
6.6 Brief description of Clang analysis tools
6.7 Knowing the limitations of analysis
6.8 Summary
6.9 Future reading
Chapter 7: Refactoring Tools Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Chapter 7: Refactoring Tools
7.1 Technical requirements
7.2 Custom code modification tool
7.3 Clang-Tidy as a code modification tool
7.4 Code modification and Clang-Format
7.5 Summary
7.6 Further reading
Chapter 8: IDE Support and Clangd Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Chapter 8: IDE Support and Clangd
8.1 Technical requirements
8.2 Language Server Protocol
8.3 Environment setup
8.4 LSP demo
8.5 Integration with Clang tools
8.6 Performance optimizations
8.7 Summary
8.8 Further reading
Part III: Appendix Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Part III: Appendix
Bibliography Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Bibliography
Index Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Index
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As a software engineer who uses C++ daily, I've always wanted to gain a deeper understanding of compiler internals. Unfortunately, taking the first steps has always been an intimidating endeavour. Ivan Murashko's book, Clang Compiler Frontend, makes this journey much easier to begin. The book is organised as a step-by-step guide, starting with a broader context about LLVM, then providing a comprehensive overview of Clang's architecture, and finally exploring its libraries and tools. Whether your end goal is to contribute to the Clang open-source codebase, implement custom lint checks, or simply understand compiler internals better, this book is an excellent choice to start your journey.
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About the author

Profile icon Ivan Murashko
Ivan Murashko
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Ivan V. Murashko is a C++ software engineer: He got his PhD from Peter the Great St.Petersburg Polytechnic University and has over 20 years of C++ programming experience; since 2020 he has worked with LLVM compilers. His area of interest includes clang compiler frontend and clang tools (clang-tidy, clangd).
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