Search icon CANCEL
Subscription
0
Cart icon
Your Cart (0 item)
Close icon
You have no products in your basket yet
Save more on your purchases! discount-offer-chevron-icon
Savings automatically calculated. No voucher code required.
Arrow left icon
Explore Products
Best Sellers
New Releases
Books
Videos
Audiobooks
Learning Hub
Newsletter Hub
Free Learning
Arrow right icon
timer SALE ENDS IN
0 Days
:
00 Hours
:
00 Minutes
:
00 Seconds
Android NDK Beginner`s Guide - Second Edition
Android NDK Beginner`s Guide - Second Edition

Android NDK Beginner`s Guide - Second Edition: Discover the native side of Android and inject the power of C/C++ in your applications

eBook
S$53.98 S$59.99
Paperback
S$74.99
Subscription
Free Trial
Renews at $19.99p/m

What do you get with Print?

Product feature icon Instant access to your digital copy whilst your Print order is Shipped
Product feature icon Paperback book shipped to your preferred address
Product feature icon Redeem a companion digital copy on all Print orders
Product feature icon Access this title in our online reader with advanced features
Product feature icon DRM FREE - Read whenever, wherever and however you want
OR
Modal Close icon
Payment Processing...
tick Completed

Shipping Address

Billing Address

Shipping Methods
Table of content icon View table of contents Preview book icon Preview Book

Android NDK Beginner`s Guide - Second Edition

Chapter 2. Starting a Native Android Project

A man with the most powerful tools in hand is unarmed without the knowledge of their usage. Make, GCC, Ant, Bash, Eclipse…—any new Android programmer needs to deal with this technological ecosystem. Luckily, some of these names may already sound familiar. Indeed, Android is based on many open source components, laid together by the Android Development Kits and their specific tool-set: ADB, AAPT, AM, NDK-Build, NDK-GDB... Mastering them will give us the power to create, build, deploy and debug our own Android applications.

Before diving deeper into native code in the next chapter, let's discover these tools by starting a new concrete Android project that includes native C/C++ code. Despite Android Studio being the new official Android IDE, its lack of support for native code encourages us to focus mainly on Eclipse.

Therefore, in this chapter, we are going to:

  • Build an official sample application and deploy it on an...

Building NDK sample applications

The simplest way to get started with your new Android development environment is to compile and deploy some of the samples provided with the Android NDK. A possible (and polygonful!) choice is the San Angeles demo, created in 2004 by Jetro Lauha and later ported to OpenGL ES (more information at http://jet.ro/visuals/4k-intros/san-angeles-observation/).

Time for action – compiling and deploying San Angeles sample

Let's use Android SDK and NDK tools to build a working APK:

  1. Open a command-line prompt and go to the San Angeles sample directory inside the Android NDK. All further steps have to be performed from this directory.

    Generate San Angeles project files with the android command:

    cd $ANDROID_NDK/samples/san-angeles
    android update project -p ./
    Time for action – compiling and deploying San Angeles sample

    Tip

    You may get the following error upon executing this command:

    Error: The project either has no target set or the target is invalid.
    Please provide a --target to the 'android update' command.
    

    This means that you have not installed all the Android SDK platforms as specified in Chapter 1, Setting Up Your Environment. In which case, either install them using the Android manager tool or specify your own project target, for example, android update project --target 18 -p ./.

  2. Compile San Angeles native library with ndk-build:
    Time for action – compiling and deploying San Angeles sample
  3. Build and package San Angeles application in Debug mode:
    ant...

Creating your first native Android project

In the first part of the chapter, we saw how to use Android command-line tools. However, developing with Notepad or VI is not really attractive. Coding should be fun! And to make it so, we need our preferred IDE to perform boring or unpractical tasks. So now we will see how to create a native Android project using Eclipse.

Note

The resulting project is provided with this book under the name Store_Part1.

Time for action – creating a native Android project

Eclipse provides a wizard to help us set up our project:

  1. Launch Eclipse. In the main menu, go to File | New | Project….
  2. Then, in the opened New project wizard, go to Android | Android Application Project and click on Next.
  3. In the next screen, enter project properties as follows and click on Next again:
    Time for action – creating a native Android project
  4. Click on Next twice, leaving default options, to go to the Create activity wizard screen. Select Blank activity with Fragment and click on Next.
  5. Finally, in the Blank Activity screen, enter activity properties as follows:
    Time for action – creating a native Android project
  6. Click on Finish to validate. After a few seconds, the wizard disappears and the project Store is displayed in Eclipse.
  7. Add native C/C++ support to the project. Select the project Store in the Package Explorer view and from its right-click context menu, go to Android Tools | Add Native Support....
  8. In the opened Add Android Native Support popup, set the library name to com_packtpub_store_Store and click on Finish.
    Time for action – creating a native Android project
  9. The...

Interfacing Java with C/C++

Native C/C++ code has the ability to unleash the power of your application. To do so, Java code needs to invoke and run its native counterpart. In this part, we are going to interface Java and native C/C++ code together.

Note

The resulting project is provided with this book under the name Store_Part2.

Time for action – calling C code from Java

Let's create our first native method and call it from the Java side:

  1. Open src/com/packtpub/store/Store.java and declare one native method to query the Store. This method returns int with the number of entries in it. There is no need to define a method body:
    package com.packtpub.store;
    
    public class Store {
        static {
            System.loadLibrary("com_packtpub_store_Store");
        }
    
        public native int getCount();
    }
  2. Open src/com/packtpub/store/StoreActivity.java and initialize the store. Use its getCount() method value to initialize the application title:
    public class StoreActivity extends Activity {
        ...
        public static class PlaceholderFragment extends Fragment {
            private Store mStore = new Store();
         ...
            public PlaceholderFragment() {
            }
    
            @Override
            public View onCreateView(LayoutInflater inflater,
                                     ViewGroup container,
                               ...

Debugging native Android applications

Before diving deeper into JNI, there is one last important tool that any Android developer needs to know how to use: the Debugger. The official NDK one is the GNU Debugger also known as GDB.

Note

The resulting project is provided with this book under the name Store_Part3.

Building NDK sample applications


The simplest way to get started with your new Android development environment is to compile and deploy some of the samples provided with the Android NDK. A possible (and polygonful!) choice is the San Angeles demo, created in 2004 by Jetro Lauha and later ported to OpenGL ES (more information at http://jet.ro/visuals/4k-intros/san-angeles-observation/).

Time for action – compiling and deploying San Angeles sample


Let's use Android SDK and NDK tools to build a working APK:

  1. Open a command-line prompt and go to the San Angeles sample directory inside the Android NDK. All further steps have to be performed from this directory.

    Generate San Angeles project files with the android command:

    cd $ANDROID_NDK/samples/san-angeles
    android update project -p ./

    Tip

    You may get the following error upon executing this command:

    Error: The project either has no target set or the target is invalid.
    Please provide a --target to the 'android update' command.
    

    This means that you have not installed all the Android SDK platforms as specified in Chapter 1, Setting Up Your Environment. In which case, either install them using the Android manager tool or specify your own project target, for example, android update project --target 18 -p ./.

  2. Compile San Angeles native library with ndk-build:

  3. Build and package San Angeles application in Debug mode:

    ant debug
    
  4. Make sure your...

Creating your first native Android project


In the first part of the chapter, we saw how to use Android command-line tools. However, developing with Notepad or VI is not really attractive. Coding should be fun! And to make it so, we need our preferred IDE to perform boring or unpractical tasks. So now we will see how to create a native Android project using Eclipse.

Note

The resulting project is provided with this book under the name Store_Part1.

Time for action – creating a native Android project


Eclipse provides a wizard to help us set up our project:

  1. Launch Eclipse. In the main menu, go to File | New | Project….

  2. Then, in the opened New project wizard, go to Android | Android Application Project and click on Next.

  3. In the next screen, enter project properties as follows and click on Next again:

  4. Click on Next twice, leaving default options, to go to the Create activity wizard screen. Select Blank activity with Fragment and click on Next.

  5. Finally, in the Blank Activity screen, enter activity properties as follows:

  6. Click on Finish to validate. After a few seconds, the wizard disappears and the project Store is displayed in Eclipse.

  7. Add native C/C++ support to the project. Select the project Store in the Package Explorer view and from its right-click context menu, go to Android Tools | Add Native Support....

  8. In the opened Add Android Native Support popup, set the library name to com_packtpub_store_Store and click on Finish.

  9. The jni and obj directories...

Interfacing Java with C/C++


Native C/C++ code has the ability to unleash the power of your application. To do so, Java code needs to invoke and run its native counterpart. In this part, we are going to interface Java and native C/C++ code together.

Note

The resulting project is provided with this book under the name Store_Part2.

Time for action – calling C code from Java


Let's create our first native method and call it from the Java side:

  1. Open src/com/packtpub/store/Store.java and declare one native method to query the Store. This method returns int with the number of entries in it. There is no need to define a method body:

    package com.packtpub.store;
    
    public class Store {
        static {
            System.loadLibrary("com_packtpub_store_Store");
        }
    
        public native int getCount();
    }
  2. Open src/com/packtpub/store/StoreActivity.java and initialize the store. Use its getCount() method value to initialize the application title:

    public class StoreActivity extends Activity {
        ...
        public static class PlaceholderFragment extends Fragment {
            private Store mStore = new Store();
         ...
            public PlaceholderFragment() {
            }
    
            @Override
            public View onCreateView(LayoutInflater inflater,
                                     ViewGroup container,
                                     Bundle savedInstanceState...

Debugging native Android applications


Before diving deeper into JNI, there is one last important tool that any Android developer needs to know how to use: the Debugger. The official NDK one is the GNU Debugger also known as GDB.

Note

The resulting project is provided with this book under the name Store_Part3.

Left arrow icon Right arrow icon

Description

Are you an Android Java programmer who needs more performance? Are you a C/C++ developer who doesn’t want to bother with the complexity of Java and its out-of-control garbage collector? Do you want to create fast intensive multimedia applications or games? If you’ve answered yes to any of these questions then this book is for you. With some general knowledge of C/C++ development, you will be able to dive headfirst into native Android development.

What you will learn

  • Build your first Android native project from scratch
  • Communicate with Java through Java Native Interfaces
  • Learn the key design intricacies of creating a native OpenGL ES 2.0 graphics application
  • Initialize, play, and record sound and music with OpenSL ES
  • Handle input events and sensors to create different interaction types
  • Port an existing library on Android by compiling most common C++ frameworks on Android
  • Interface and optimize the existing code with RenderScript
  • Combine graphics, sound, input, sensors, and physics in your application
Estimated delivery fee Deliver to Singapore

Standard delivery 10 - 13 business days

S$11.95

Premium delivery 5 - 8 business days

S$54.95
(Includes tracking information)

Product Details

Country selected
Publication date, Length, Edition, Language, ISBN-13
Publication date : Apr 28, 2015
Length: 494 pages
Edition : 1st
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781783989645
Vendor :
Google
Category :
Languages :

What do you get with Print?

Product feature icon Instant access to your digital copy whilst your Print order is Shipped
Product feature icon Paperback book shipped to your preferred address
Product feature icon Redeem a companion digital copy on all Print orders
Product feature icon Access this title in our online reader with advanced features
Product feature icon DRM FREE - Read whenever, wherever and however you want
OR
Modal Close icon
Payment Processing...
tick Completed

Shipping Address

Billing Address

Shipping Methods
Estimated delivery fee Deliver to Singapore

Standard delivery 10 - 13 business days

S$11.95

Premium delivery 5 - 8 business days

S$54.95
(Includes tracking information)

Product Details

Publication date : Apr 28, 2015
Length: 494 pages
Edition : 1st
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781783989645
Vendor :
Google
Category :
Languages :

Packt Subscriptions

See our plans and pricing
Modal Close icon
$19.99 billed monthly
Feature tick icon Unlimited access to Packt's library of 7,000+ practical books and videos
Feature tick icon Constantly refreshed with 50+ new titles a month
Feature tick icon Exclusive Early access to books as they're written
Feature tick icon Solve problems while you work with advanced search and reference features
Feature tick icon Offline reading on the mobile app
Feature tick icon Simple pricing, no contract
$199.99 billed annually
Feature tick icon Unlimited access to Packt's library of 7,000+ practical books and videos
Feature tick icon Constantly refreshed with 50+ new titles a month
Feature tick icon Exclusive Early access to books as they're written
Feature tick icon Solve problems while you work with advanced search and reference features
Feature tick icon Offline reading on the mobile app
Feature tick icon Choose a DRM-free eBook or Video every month to keep
Feature tick icon PLUS own as many other DRM-free eBooks or Videos as you like for just S$6 each
Feature tick icon Exclusive print discounts
$279.99 billed in 18 months
Feature tick icon Unlimited access to Packt's library of 7,000+ practical books and videos
Feature tick icon Constantly refreshed with 50+ new titles a month
Feature tick icon Exclusive Early access to books as they're written
Feature tick icon Solve problems while you work with advanced search and reference features
Feature tick icon Offline reading on the mobile app
Feature tick icon Choose a DRM-free eBook or Video every month to keep
Feature tick icon PLUS own as many other DRM-free eBooks or Videos as you like for just S$6 each
Feature tick icon Exclusive print discounts

Frequently bought together


Stars icon
Total S$ 208.97
Android Game Programming By Example
S$66.99
Learning Java by Building Android Games
S$66.99
Android NDK Beginner`s Guide - Second Edition
S$74.99
Total S$ 208.97 Stars icon

Table of Contents

12 Chapters
1. Setting Up Your Environment Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
2. Starting a Native Android Project Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
3. Interfacing Java and C/C++ with JNI Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
4. Calling Java Back from Native Code Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
5. Writing a Fully Native Application Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
6. Rendering Graphics with OpenGL ES Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
7. Playing Sound with OpenSL ES Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
8. Handling Input Devices and Sensors Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
9. Porting Existing Libraries to Android Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
10. Intensive Computing with RenderScript Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
11. Afterword Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Index Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Customer reviews

Top Reviews
Rating distribution
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Half star icon Empty star icon 3.6
(8 Ratings)
5 star 25%
4 star 50%
3 star 0%
2 star 12.5%
1 star 12.5%
Filter icon Filter
Top Reviews

Filter reviews by




iPaul Aug 20, 2015
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
Good intro to the NDK usage with Android Studio.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Fabio Radin Jul 29, 2015
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
I love this book! This is a great book to start with the Android NDK, even it it is targeted to someone that has some experience developing on Android and has some programming experience in C/C++. I really appreciated the chapters on setting it up for Linux, Mac and Windows and, over the top, inside Android Studio!I liked a lot that it provides information about integrating existing C++ code in Android, as OpenGL from C++, and integrating both Box2D, and the Irrlicht open source 3d game engine.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
jdc Oct 02, 2016
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Empty star icon 4
This book is a tricky one to review. I'm giving 4 stars because I think it's coverage of the NDK is fairly good but I'm personally not too interested in writing app completely in C++. I would have preferred the book to focus more on the interaction between Java and C++ since to get the most out of Android you really have to use Java
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Krunal Jhaveri Jul 13, 2015
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Empty star icon 4
This book is really useful. It is right from the scratch and covers a wide range of topics. Examples are lucid and easy to implement.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Robin T. Wernick May 25, 2016
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Empty star icon 4
This book on the Android NDK is the most comprehensive source of NDK examples in both C and C++ that I have seen in five years of searching. Had it included program development on the Android Studio instead of the obsolete and often unconfigurable Eclipse, I would have given it five stars.I'm very glad to have this book because it's clarity and organization helped to clarify some lingering issues concerning the details of using C(++) libraries and controlling sensors that were overlooked in most of the previous sources. Now, I have a source that tells me in detail how to control the UI and respond to attitude and touch events in the NDK. Reading sensors and files are also included.I highly recommend buying this book if you want to work with the NDK and potentially build C(++) libraries that can support both Android and iPhone mobile applications.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Get free access to Packt library with over 7500+ books and video courses for 7 days!
Start Free Trial

FAQs

What is the digital copy I get with my Print order? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

When you buy any Print edition of our Books, you can redeem (for free) the eBook edition of the Print Book you’ve purchased. This gives you instant access to your book when you make an order via PDF, EPUB or our online Reader experience.

What is the delivery time and cost of print book? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Shipping Details

USA:

'

Economy: Delivery to most addresses in the US within 10-15 business days

Premium: Trackable Delivery to most addresses in the US within 3-8 business days

UK:

Economy: Delivery to most addresses in the U.K. within 7-9 business days.
Shipments are not trackable

Premium: Trackable delivery to most addresses in the U.K. within 3-4 business days!
Add one extra business day for deliveries to Northern Ireland and Scottish Highlands and islands

EU:

Premium: Trackable delivery to most EU destinations within 4-9 business days.

Australia:

Economy: Can deliver to P. O. Boxes and private residences.
Trackable service with delivery to addresses in Australia only.
Delivery time ranges from 7-9 business days for VIC and 8-10 business days for Interstate metro
Delivery time is up to 15 business days for remote areas of WA, NT & QLD.

Premium: Delivery to addresses in Australia only
Trackable delivery to most P. O. Boxes and private residences in Australia within 4-5 days based on the distance to a destination following dispatch.

India:

Premium: Delivery to most Indian addresses within 5-6 business days

Rest of the World:

Premium: Countries in the American continent: Trackable delivery to most countries within 4-7 business days

Asia:

Premium: Delivery to most Asian addresses within 5-9 business days

Disclaimer:
All orders received before 5 PM U.K time would start printing from the next business day. So the estimated delivery times start from the next day as well. Orders received after 5 PM U.K time (in our internal systems) on a business day or anytime on the weekend will begin printing the second to next business day. For example, an order placed at 11 AM today will begin printing tomorrow, whereas an order placed at 9 PM tonight will begin printing the day after tomorrow.


Unfortunately, due to several restrictions, we are unable to ship to the following countries:

  1. Afghanistan
  2. American Samoa
  3. Belarus
  4. Brunei Darussalam
  5. Central African Republic
  6. The Democratic Republic of Congo
  7. Eritrea
  8. Guinea-bissau
  9. Iran
  10. Lebanon
  11. Libiya Arab Jamahriya
  12. Somalia
  13. Sudan
  14. Russian Federation
  15. Syrian Arab Republic
  16. Ukraine
  17. Venezuela
What is custom duty/charge? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Customs duty are charges levied on goods when they cross international borders. It is a tax that is imposed on imported goods. These duties are charged by special authorities and bodies created by local governments and are meant to protect local industries, economies, and businesses.

Do I have to pay customs charges for the print book order? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

The orders shipped to the countries that are listed under EU27 will not bear custom charges. They are paid by Packt as part of the order.

List of EU27 countries: www.gov.uk/eu-eea:

A custom duty or localized taxes may be applicable on the shipment and would be charged by the recipient country outside of the EU27 which should be paid by the customer and these duties are not included in the shipping charges been charged on the order.

How do I know my custom duty charges? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

The amount of duty payable varies greatly depending on the imported goods, the country of origin and several other factors like the total invoice amount or dimensions like weight, and other such criteria applicable in your country.

For example:

  • If you live in Mexico, and the declared value of your ordered items is over $ 50, for you to receive a package, you will have to pay additional import tax of 19% which will be $ 9.50 to the courier service.
  • Whereas if you live in Turkey, and the declared value of your ordered items is over € 22, for you to receive a package, you will have to pay additional import tax of 18% which will be € 3.96 to the courier service.
How can I cancel my order? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Cancellation Policy for Published Printed Books:

You can cancel any order within 1 hour of placing the order. Simply contact customercare@packt.com with your order details or payment transaction id. If your order has already started the shipment process, we will do our best to stop it. However, if it is already on the way to you then when you receive it, you can contact us at customercare@packt.com using the returns and refund process.

Please understand that Packt Publishing cannot provide refunds or cancel any order except for the cases described in our Return Policy (i.e. Packt Publishing agrees to replace your printed book because it arrives damaged or material defect in book), Packt Publishing will not accept returns.

What is your returns and refunds policy? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Return Policy:

We want you to be happy with your purchase from Packtpub.com. We will not hassle you with returning print books to us. If the print book you receive from us is incorrect, damaged, doesn't work or is unacceptably late, please contact Customer Relations Team on customercare@packt.com with the order number and issue details as explained below:

  1. If you ordered (eBook, Video or Print Book) incorrectly or accidentally, please contact Customer Relations Team on customercare@packt.com within one hour of placing the order and we will replace/refund you the item cost.
  2. Sadly, if your eBook or Video file is faulty or a fault occurs during the eBook or Video being made available to you, i.e. during download then you should contact Customer Relations Team within 14 days of purchase on customercare@packt.com who will be able to resolve this issue for you.
  3. You will have a choice of replacement or refund of the problem items.(damaged, defective or incorrect)
  4. Once Customer Care Team confirms that you will be refunded, you should receive the refund within 10 to 12 working days.
  5. If you are only requesting a refund of one book from a multiple order, then we will refund you the appropriate single item.
  6. Where the items were shipped under a free shipping offer, there will be no shipping costs to refund.

On the off chance your printed book arrives damaged, with book material defect, contact our Customer Relation Team on customercare@packt.com within 14 days of receipt of the book with appropriate evidence of damage and we will work with you to secure a replacement copy, if necessary. Please note that each printed book you order from us is individually made by Packt's professional book-printing partner which is on a print-on-demand basis.

What tax is charged? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Currently, no tax is charged on the purchase of any print book (subject to change based on the laws and regulations). A localized VAT fee is charged only to our European and UK customers on eBooks, Video and subscriptions that they buy. GST is charged to Indian customers for eBooks and video purchases.

What payment methods can I use? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

You can pay with the following card types:

  1. Visa Debit
  2. Visa Credit
  3. MasterCard
  4. PayPal
What is the delivery time and cost of print books? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Shipping Details

USA:

'

Economy: Delivery to most addresses in the US within 10-15 business days

Premium: Trackable Delivery to most addresses in the US within 3-8 business days

UK:

Economy: Delivery to most addresses in the U.K. within 7-9 business days.
Shipments are not trackable

Premium: Trackable delivery to most addresses in the U.K. within 3-4 business days!
Add one extra business day for deliveries to Northern Ireland and Scottish Highlands and islands

EU:

Premium: Trackable delivery to most EU destinations within 4-9 business days.

Australia:

Economy: Can deliver to P. O. Boxes and private residences.
Trackable service with delivery to addresses in Australia only.
Delivery time ranges from 7-9 business days for VIC and 8-10 business days for Interstate metro
Delivery time is up to 15 business days for remote areas of WA, NT & QLD.

Premium: Delivery to addresses in Australia only
Trackable delivery to most P. O. Boxes and private residences in Australia within 4-5 days based on the distance to a destination following dispatch.

India:

Premium: Delivery to most Indian addresses within 5-6 business days

Rest of the World:

Premium: Countries in the American continent: Trackable delivery to most countries within 4-7 business days

Asia:

Premium: Delivery to most Asian addresses within 5-9 business days

Disclaimer:
All orders received before 5 PM U.K time would start printing from the next business day. So the estimated delivery times start from the next day as well. Orders received after 5 PM U.K time (in our internal systems) on a business day or anytime on the weekend will begin printing the second to next business day. For example, an order placed at 11 AM today will begin printing tomorrow, whereas an order placed at 9 PM tonight will begin printing the day after tomorrow.


Unfortunately, due to several restrictions, we are unable to ship to the following countries:

  1. Afghanistan
  2. American Samoa
  3. Belarus
  4. Brunei Darussalam
  5. Central African Republic
  6. The Democratic Republic of Congo
  7. Eritrea
  8. Guinea-bissau
  9. Iran
  10. Lebanon
  11. Libiya Arab Jamahriya
  12. Somalia
  13. Sudan
  14. Russian Federation
  15. Syrian Arab Republic
  16. Ukraine
  17. Venezuela