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scikit-learn Cookbook , Second Edition
scikit-learn Cookbook , Second Edition

scikit-learn Cookbook , Second Edition: Over 80 recipes for machine learning in Python with scikit-learn , Second Edition

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scikit-learn Cookbook , Second Edition

Pre-Model Workflow and Pre-Processing

In this chapter we will see the following recipes:

  • Creating sample data for toy analysis
  • Scaling data to the standard normal distribution
  • Creating binary features through thresholding
  • Working with categorical variables
  • Imputing missing values through various strategies
  • A linear model in the presence of outliers
  • Putting it all together with pipelines
  • Using Gaussian processes for regression
  • Using SGD for regression

Introduction

What is data, and what are we doing with it?

A simple answer is that we attempt to place our data as points on paper, graph them, think, and look for simple explanations that approximate the data well. The simple geometric line of F=ma (force being proportional to acceleration) explained a lot of noisy data for hundreds of years. I tend to think of data science as data compression at times.

Sometimes, when a machine is given only win-lose outcomes (of winning games of checkers, for example) and trained, I think of artificial intelligence. It is never taught explicit directions on how to play to win in such a case.

This chapter deals with the pre-processing of data in scikit-learn. Some questions you can ask about your dataset are as follows:

  • Are there missing values in your dataset?
  • Are there outliers (points far away from the others) in your set?
  • What are the variables...

Creating sample data for toy analysis

If possible, use some of your own data for this book, but in the event you cannot, we'll learn how we can use scikit-learn to create toy data. scikit-learn's pseudo, theoretically constructed data is very interesting in its own right.

Getting ready

Very similar to getting built-in datasets, fetching new datasets, and creating sample datasets, the functions that are used follow the naming convention make_*. Just to be clear, this data is purely artificial:

from sklearn import datasets
datasets.make_*?

datasets.make_biclusters
datasets.make_blobs
datasets.make_checkerboard
datasets.make_circles
datasets.make_classification
...

To save typing, import the datasets module as d, and numpy...

Scaling data to the standard normal distribution

A pre-processing step that is recommended is to scale columns to the standard normal. The standard normal is probably the most important distribution in statistics. If you've ever been introduced to statistics, you must have almost certainly seen z-scores. In truth, that's all this recipe is about—transforming our features from their endowed distribution into z-scores.

Getting ready

The act of scaling data is extremely useful. There are a lot of machine learning algorithms, which perform differently (and incorrectly) in the event the features exist at different scales. For example, SVMs perform poorly if the data isn't scaled because they use a distance...

Creating binary features through thresholding

In the last recipe, we looked at transforming our data into the standard normal distribution. Now, we'll talk about another transformation, one that is quite different. Instead of working with the distribution to standardize it, we'll purposely throw away data; if we have good reason, this can be a very smart move. Often, in what is ostensibly continuous data, there are discontinuities that can be determined via binary features.

Additionally, note that in the previous chapter, we turned a classification problem into a regression problem. With thresholding, we can turn a regression problem into a classification problem. This happens in some data science contexts.

Getting ready

...

Working with categorical variables

Categorical variables are a problem. On one hand they provide valuable information; on the other hand, it's probably text—either the actual text or integers corresponding to the text—such as an index in a lookup table.

So, we clearly need to represent our text as integers for the model's sake, but we can't just use the id field or naively represent them. This is because we need to avoid a similar problem to the Creating binary features through thresholding recipe. If we treat data that is continuous, it must be interpreted as continuous.

Getting ready

The Boston dataset won't be useful for this section. While it's useful for feature binarization, it...

Imputing missing values through various strategies

Data imputation is critical in practice, and thankfully there are many ways to deal with it. In this recipe, we'll look at a few of the strategies. However, be aware that there might be other approaches that fit your situation better.

This means scikit-learn comes with the ability to perform fairly common imputations; it will simply apply some transformations to the existing data and fill the NAs. However, if the dataset is missing data, and there's a known reason for this missing data—for example, response times for a server that times out after 100 ms—it might be better to take a statistical approach through other packages, such as the Bayesian treatment via PyMC, hazards models via Lifelines, or something home-grown.

...

A linear model in the presence of outliers

In this recipe, instead of traditional linear regression we will try using the Theil-Sen estimator to deal with some outliers.

Getting ready

First, create the data corresponding to a line with a slope of 2:

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
%matplotlib inline

num_points = 100
x_vals = np.arange(num_points)
y_truth = 2 * x_vals
plt.plot(x_vals, y_truth)

Add noise to that data and label it as y_noisy:

y_noisy = y_truth.copy()
#Change y-values of some points in the line
y_noisy[20:40] = y_noisy[20:40] * (-4 * x_vals[20:40]) - 100

plt.title("Noise in y-direction")
plt.xlim([0,100])
plt.scatter(x_vals, y_noisy,marker='x')
...

Putting it all together with pipelines

Now that we've used pipelines and data transformation techniques, we'll walk through a more complicated example that combines several of the previous recipes into a pipeline.

Getting ready

In this section, we'll show off some more of pipeline's power. When we used it earlier to impute missing values, it was only a quick taste; here, we'll chain together multiple pre-processing steps to show how pipelines can remove extra work.

Let's briefly load the iris dataset and seed it with some missing values:

from sklearn.datasets import load_iris
from sklearn.datasets import load_iris
import numpy as np
iris = load_iris()
iris_data = iris.data
mask = np.random.binomial...

Using Gaussian processes for regression

In this recipe, we'll use a Gaussian process for regression. In the linear models section, we will see how representing prior information on the coefficients was possible using Bayesian ridge regression.

With a Gaussian process, it's about the variance and not the mean. However, with a Gaussian process, we assume the mean is 0, so it's the covariance function we'll need to specify.

The basic setup is similar to how a prior can be put on the coefficients in a typical regression problem. With a Gaussian process, a prior can be put on the functional form of the data, and it's the covariance between the data points that is used to model the data, and therefore, must fit the data.

A big advantage of Gaussian processes is that they can predict probabilistically: you can obtain confidence bounds on your predictions. Additionally...

Using SGD for regression

In this recipe, we'll get our first taste of stochastic gradient descent. We'll use it for regression here.

Getting ready

SGD is often an unsung hero in machine learning. Underneath many algorithms, there is SGD doing the work. It's popular due to its simplicity and speed—these are both very good things to have when dealing with a lot of data. The other nice thing about SGD is that while it's at the core of many machine learning algorithms computationally, it does so because it easily describes the process. At the end of the day, we apply some transformation on the data, and then we fit our data to the model with a loss function.

...
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Key benefits

  • Handle a variety of machine learning tasks effortlessly by leveraging the power of scikit-learn
  • Perform supervised and unsupervised learning with ease, and evaluate the performance of your model
  • Practical, easy to understand recipes aimed at helping you choose the right machine learning algorithm

Description

Python is quickly becoming the go-to language for analysts and data scientists due to its simplicity and flexibility, and within the Python data space, scikit-learn is the unequivocal choice for machine learning. This book includes walk throughs and solutions to the common as well as the not-so-common problems in machine learning, and how scikit-learn can be leveraged to perform various machine learning tasks effectively. The second edition begins with taking you through recipes on evaluating the statistical properties of data and generates synthetic data for machine learning modelling. As you progress through the chapters, you will comes across recipes that will teach you to implement techniques like data pre-processing, linear regression, logistic regression, K-NN, Naïve Bayes, classification, decision trees, Ensembles and much more. Furthermore, you’ll learn to optimize your models with multi-class classification, cross validation, model evaluation and dive deeper in to implementing deep learning with scikit-learn. Along with covering the enhanced features on model section, API and new features like classifiers, regressors and estimators the book also contains recipes on evaluating and fine-tuning the performance of your model. By the end of this book, you will have explored plethora of features offered by scikit-learn for Python to solve any machine learning problem you come across.

Who is this book for?

Data Analysts already familiar with Python but not so much with scikit-learn, who want quick solutions to the common machine learning problems will find this book to be very useful. If you are a Python programmer who wants to take a dive into the world of machine learning in a practical manner, this book will help you too.

What you will learn

  • Build predictive models in minutes by using scikit-learn
  • Understand the differences and relationships between Classification and Regression, two types of Supervised Learning.
  • Use distance metrics to predict in Clustering, a type of Unsupervised Learning
  • Find points with similar characteristics with Nearest Neighbors.
  • Use automation and cross-validation to find a best model and focus on it for a data product
  • Choose among the best algorithm of many or use them together in an ensemble.
  • Create your own estimator with the simple syntax of sklearn
  • Explore the feed-forward neural networks available in scikit-learn
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Table of Contents

12 Chapters
High-Performance Machine Learning – NumPy Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Pre-Model Workflow and Pre-Processing Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Dimensionality Reduction Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Linear Models with scikit-learn Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Linear Models – Logistic Regression Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Building Models with Distance Metrics Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Cross-Validation and Post-Model Workflow Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Support Vector Machines Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Tree Algorithms and Ensembles Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Text and Multiclass Classification with scikit-learn Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Neural Networks Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Create a Simple Estimator Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Customer reviews

Rating distribution
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Half star icon Empty star icon 3.7
(3 Ratings)
5 star 66.7%
4 star 0%
3 star 0%
2 star 0%
1 star 33.3%
Jose Luis Ramirez Nov 28, 2017
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
I've been working with python in my AI projects and I came up upon this great book of recipes that I can use quickly and practically in every stage of my developments. It is ease to use right away and it has reference to the enough amount of theory so you don't have to go to search around for extra info. The book introduces neural networks in a simple way and it has robust OOP for more complex AI projects.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Rex Jones May 03, 2018
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
Excellent reference for basic modeling in Python using scikit. Julian Avila has created a great reference that I use it in my class. It's easy to incorporate reading assignments from this book.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Miss S Betts Apr 22, 2020
Full star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon 1
Purchase book.Open in cloud reader and start flicking through - and the reader starts displaying the word in a single column down the centre of the screen. Can't find settings to stop it.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
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