In this chapter, we will see how we can secure access to the APIs and web pages exposed by the edge server introduced in the previous chapter. We will learn how to use HTTPS to protect against eavesdropping on external access to our APIs, and how to use OAuth 2.0 and OpenID Connect to authenticate and authorize users and client applications to access our APIs. Finally, we will use HTTP Basic authentication to secure access to the discovery server, Netflix Eureka.
The following topics will be covered in this chapter:
An introduction to the OAuth 2.0 and OpenID Connect standards
A general discussion on how to secure the system landscape
Protecting external communication with HTTPS
Securing access to the discovery server, Netflix Eureka
Adding a local authorization server to our system landscape
Authenticating and authorizing API access using OAuth 2.0 and OpenID Connect
Testing with the local authorization server
Testing with an external OpenID Connect provider, Auth0
Technical requirements
For instructions on how to install the tools used in this book and how to access the source code for this book, see:
Chapter 21 for macOSChapter 22 for Windows
The code examples in this chapter all come from the source code in $BOOK_HOME/Chapter11.
If you want to view the changes applied to the source code in this chapter, that is, see what it took to secure access to the APIs in the microservice landscape, you can compare it with the source code for Chapter 10 , Using Spring Cloud Gateway to Hide Microservices behind an Edge Server . You can use your favorite diff tool and compare the two folders, $BOOK_HOME/Chapter10 and $BOOK_HOME/Chapter11.
Introduction to OAuth 2.0 and OpenID Connect
Before introducing OAuth 2.0 and OpenID Connect, let's clarify what we mean by authentication Authentication means identifying a user by validating Authorization is about giving access to various parts of, in our
OAuth 2.0 is an open authorization delegation , and OpenID Connect is an add-on to OAuth 2.0 that enables client applications to verify the identity of users based on the authentication performed by the authorization server. Let's look briefly at OAuth 2.0 and OpenID Connect separately to get an initial understanding of their purposes!
Introducing OAuth 2.0
OAuth 2.0 is a widely accepted open standard for authorization that enables a user to give consent for a third-party client application to access protected resources in the name of the user. Giving a third-party client application the right to act in the name of a user, for example, calling an API, is known as authorization delegation .
So, what does this mean?
Let's start
Resource owner : The end user.Client : The third-party client application, for example, a web app or a native mobile app, that wants to call some protected APIs in the name of the end user.Resource server : The server that exposes the APIs that we want to protect.Authorization server : The authorization server issues tokens to the client after the resource owner, that is, the end user, has been authenticated. The management Identity Provider (IdP ).
A client is registered in the authorization server and is given a client ID and a client secret . The client secret must be protected by the client, like a password. A client also gets registered with a set of allowed redirect URIs that the authorization server will use after a user has been authenticated to send authorization codes and tokens that have been issued back to the client application.
The following is an example by way of illustration. Let's say that a user accesses a third-party client application and the client application wants to call a protected API to serve the user. To be allowed to access these APIs, the client application needs a way to tell the APIs that it is acting in the name of the user. To avoid solutions where the user must share their credentials with the client application for authentication, an access token is issued by an authorization server that gives the client application limited access to a selected set of APIs in the name of the user.
This means that scopes in OAuth 2.0 terms. A refresh token can also be issued to a client application by the authorization server. A refresh token can be used by the client application to obtain new access tokens without having to involve the user.
The OAuth 2.0 specification defines four authorization grant flows for issuing access tokens, explained as follows:
Implicit grant flow : This flow is also web browser-based but intended for client applications Resource owner password credentials grant flow : If a client application can't interact Client credentials grant flow : In the case where a client application needs to call an API
The full specification can be found here: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6749 https://www.oauth.com/oauth2-servers/map-oauth-2-0-specs/ RFC 7636 – Proof Key for Code Exchange by OAuth Public Clients (PKCE), https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7636
The OAuth 2.0 specification was published in 2012, and over the years a lot of lessons have been learned about what works and what does not. In 2019, work began to establish OAuth 2.1, consolidating all the best practices and experiences from using OAuth 2.0. A draft version can be found here: https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-oauth-v2-1-01
In my opinion, the most important improvements in OAuth 2.1 are:
PKCE is integrated in the authorization code grant flow. Use of PKCE will be required by public clients to improve their security, as described above. For confidential clients, where the authorization server can verify their credentials, the use of PKCE is not required, only recommended.
The implicit grant flow is deprecated and omitted from the specification, due to its less secure nature.
The resource owner password credentials grant flow is also deprecated and omitted from the specification, for the same reasons.
Given the
When it comes to automating tests against APIs that are protected by OAuth 2.0, the client credentials grant flow is very handy since it doesn't require manual interaction using a web browser. We will use this grant flow later on in this chapter with our test script; see the Changes in the test script section.
Introducing OpenID Connect
OpenID Connect (abbreviated to OIDC ) is, as has already been mentioned, an add-on to OAuth 2.0 that
The ID token JSON Web Token (JWT ) and contains a number of claims, such as the ID and email address of the user. The ID token is digitally signed using JSON web signatures. This makes it possible for a client application to trust the information in the ID token by validating its digital signature using public keys from the authorization server.
Optionally, access tokens can also be encoded and signed in the same way as ID tokens, but it is not mandatory according to the specification. Also important, OIDC defines a discovery endpoint , which is a user-info endpoint , which can be used to get extra information about an
For an overview of the available specifications, see https://openid.net/developers/specs/
In this book, we will only use authorization servers that comply with the OpenID Connect specification. This will simplify the configuration of resource servers by the use of their discovery endpoints. We will also use the optional support for digitally signed JWT access tokens to simplify how resource servers can verify the authenticity of the access tokens. See the Changes in both the edge server and the product-composite service section below.
This concludes our introduction to the OAuth 2.0 and OpenID Connect standards. Later on in this chapter, we will learn more about how to use these standards. In the next section, we will get a high-level view of how the system landscape will be secured.
Securing the system landscape
To secure the
Encrypt external requests and responses to and from our external API using HTTPS to protect against eavesdropping
Authenticate and authorize users and client applications that access our APIs using OAuth 2.0 and OpenID Connect
Secure access to the discovery server, Netflix Eureka, using HTTP basic authentication
We will only apply HTTPS for external communication to our edge server, using plain HTTP for communication inside our system landscape.
In the chapter on service meshes (Chapter 18 , Using a Service Mesh to Improve Observability and Management ) that will appear later in this book, we will see how we can get help from a service mesh product to automatically provision HTTPS to secure communication inside a system landscape.
For test purposes, we will add a local OAuth 2.0 authorization server to our system landscape. All external communication with the authorization server will be routed through the edge server. The edge server and the product-composite service will act as OAuth 2.0 resource servers; that is, they will require a valid OAuth 2.0 access token to allow access.
To minimize the JSON Web Key Set or jwk-set for short, required to validate the signing.
The system landscape will look like the following:
Figure 11.2: Adding an authorization server to the system landscape
From the preceding diagram, we can note that:
HTTPS is used for external communication, while plain text HTTP is used inside the system landscape
The local OAuth 2.0 authorization server will be accessed externally through the edge server
Both the edge server and the product-composite microservice will validate access tokens as signed JWTs
The edge server and the product-composite microservice will get the authorization server's public keys from its jwk-set endpoint and use them to validate the signature of the JWT-based access tokens
Note that we will focus on securing access to APIs over HTTP, not on covering general best practices for securing web applications, for example, managing web OWASP Top Ten Project . Refer to https://owasp.org/www-project-top-ten/
With this
Protecting external communication with HTTPS
In this section, we will learn how to prevent eavesdropping on external communication, for example, from
Create a certificate : We will Configure the edge server : It has
The self-signed certificate is created with the following command:
keytool -genkeypair -alias localhost -keyalg RSA -keysize 2048 -storetype PKCS12 -keystore edge.p12 -validity 3650
The source code comes with a sample certificate file, so you don't need to run this command to run the following examples.
The command will ask for a number of parameters. When asked for a password, I entered password. For the rest of the parameters, I simply entered an empty value to accept the default value. The certificate file created, edge.p12, is placed in the gateway projects folder, src/main/resources/keystore. This means that the certificate file will be placed in the .jar file when it is built and will be available on the classpath at runtime at keystore/edge.p12.
Providing certificates using the classpath is sufficient during development, but not applicable to other environments, for example, a production environment. See the Replacing a self-signed certificate at runtime section below for how we can replace this certificate with an external certificate at runtime!
To configure application.yml in the gateway project:
server.port: 8443
server.ssl:
key-store-type: PKCS12
key-store: classpath:keystore/edge.p12
key-store-password: password
key-alias: localhost
Some
The path to the certificate is specified in the server.ssl.key-store parameter, and is set to classpath:keystore/edge.p12. This means that the certificate will be picked up on the classpath from the location keystore/edge.p12.
The password for the certificate is specified in the server.ssl.key-store-password parameter.
To indicate that the edge server talks HTTPS and not HTTP, we also change the port from 8080 to 8443 in the server.port parameter.
In addition to these changes in the edge server, changes are also required in the following files to reflect the changes to the port and HTTP protocol, replacing HTTP with HTTPS and 8080 with 8443:
The three Docker Compose files, docker-compose*.yml
The test script, test-em-all.bash
Providing certificates using the classpath is, as already mentioned previously, only sufficient during development. Let's see how we can replace this certificate with an external certificate at runtime.
Replacing a self-signed certificate at runtime
Placing a self-signed certificate in the .jar file is only useful for development. For a working CAs (short for Certificate Authorities ).
It must also .jar files and, when using Docker, the Docker image that contains the .jar file. When using Docker Compose to manage the Docker container, we can map a volume in the Docker container to a certificate that resides on the Docker host. We can also set up environment variables for the Docker container that points to the external certificate in the Docker volume.
In Chapter 15 , Introduction to Kubernetes , we will learn about Kubernetes, where we will see more powerful solutions for how to handle secrets, such as certificates, that are suitable for running Docker containers in a cluster; that is, where containers are scheduled on a group of Docker hosts and not on a single Docker host.
The changes described in this topic have not been applied to the source code in the book's GitHub repository; you need to make them yourself to see them in action!
To replace the certificate packaged in the .jar file, perform the following steps:
Create a second certificate and set the password to testtest, when asked for it:
cd $BOOK_HOME/Chapter11
mkdir keystore
keytool -genkeypair -alias localhost -keyalg RSA -keysize 2048 -storetype PKCS12 -keystore keystore/edge-test.p12 -validity 3650
Update the Docker Compose file, docker-compose.yml, with environment variables for the location, the password for the new certificate, and a volume that maps to the folder where the new certificate is placed. The configuration of the edge server will look like the following after the change:
gateway:
environment:
- SPRING_PROFILES_ACTIVE=docker
- SERVER_SSL_KEY_STORE=file:/keystore/edge-test.p12
- SERVER_SSL_KEY_STORE_PASSWORD=testtest
volumes:
- $PWD/keystore:/keystore
build: spring-cloud/gateway
mem_limit: 512m
ports:
- "8443:8443"
If the docker-compose up -d --scale gateway=0
docker-compose up -d --scale gateway=1
The command docker-compose restart gateway might look like a good candidate for restarting the gateway service, but it actually does not take changes in docker-compose.yml into consideration. Hence, it is not a useful command in this case.
The new certificate is now in use!
This concludes the section on how to protect external communication with HTTPS. In the next section, we will learn how to secure access to the discovery server, Netflix Eureka, using HTTP Basic authentication.
Securing access to the discovery server
Previously, we learned how to protect external communication with HTTPS. Now we will use HTTP Basic
Changes in the Eureka server
To protect
In build.gradle, a dependency has been added for Spring Security:
implementation 'org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-security'
Security SecurityConfig class:
The user is defined as follows:
public void configure (AuthenticationManagerBuilder auth) throws Exception {
auth.inMemoryAuthentication()
.passwordEncoder(NoOpPasswordEncoder.getInstance())
.withUser(username).password(password)
.authorities("USER" );
}
The username and password are injected into the constructor from the configuration file:
@Autowired
public SecurityConfig (
@Value("${app.eureka-username}") String username,
@Value("${app.eureka-password}") String password
) {
this .username = username;
this .password = password;
}
All APIs and web pages are protected using HTTP Basic authentication by means of the following definition:
protected void configure (HttpSecurity http) throws Exception {
http
.authorizeRequests()
.anyRequest().authenticated()
.and()
.httpBasic();
}
Credentials for the user are set up in the configuration file, application.yml:
app:
eureka-username: u
eureka-password: p
Finally, the test class, EurekaServerApplicationTests, uses the credentials from the configuration file when testing the APIs of the Eureka server:
@Value("${app.eureka-username}")
private String username;
@Value("${app.eureka-password}")
private String password;
@Autowired
public void setTestRestTemplate (TestRestTemplate testRestTemplate) {
this .testRestTemplate = testRestTemplate.withBasicAuth(username, password);
}
The above are
Changes in Eureka clients
For Eureka application.yml, as follows:
app:
eureka-username: u
eureka-password: p
eureka:
client:
serviceUrl:
defaultZone: "http://${app.eureka-username}:${app.eureka-
password}@${app.eureka-server}:8761/eureka/"
This concludes the section on how to restrict access to the Netflix Eureka server. In the section Testing the protected discovery server , we will run tests to verify that the access is protected. In the
Adding a local authorization server
To be able to run tests locally and fully automated with APIs that are secured using OAuth 2.0 and OpenID Connect, we will add an authorization server that is compliant with these Spring Authorization Server , led by the Spring Security team, was https://spring.io/blog/2020/04/15/announcing-the-spring-authorization-server
The Spring Authorization Server supports both the use of the OpenID Connect discovery endpoint and digital signing of access tokens. It also provides an endpoint that can be accessed using the discovery information to get keys for verifying the digital signature of a token. With support for these features, it can be used as the authorization server in local and automated tests that verify that the system landscape works as expected.
The authorization server in this book is based on the sample authorization server provided by the Spring Authorization Server project; see https://github.com/spring-projects-experimental/spring-authorization-server/tree/master/samples/boot/oauth2-integration/authorizationserver
The following changes have been applied to the sample project:
The build file has been updated to follow the structure of the other projects' build files in this book.
The port is set to 9999.
A Dockerfile has been added with the same structure as for the other projects in this book.
The authorization server has been integrated with Eureka for service discovery in the same way as the other projects in this book.
Public access has been added to the actuator's endpoints.
WARNING : As already warned about in Chapter 7 , Developing Reactive Microservices , allowing public access to the actuator's endpoints is very helpful during development, but it can be a security issue to reveal too much information in actuator endpoints in production systems. Therefore, plan for minimizing the information exposed by the actuator endpoints in production!
Unit tests have been added that verify access to the most critical endpoints according to the OpenID Connect specification.
The username and password for the single registered user are set to "u" and "p" respectively.
Two OAuth clients are registered, reader and writer, where the reader client is granted a product:read scope and the writer client is granted both a product:read and product:write scope. Both clients are configured to have the client secret set to secret.
Allowed redirect URIs for the clients are set to https://my.redirect.uri and https://localhost:8443/webjars/swagger-ui/oauth2-redirect.html. The first URL will be used in the tests described below and the second URL is used by the Swagger UI component.
The source $BOOK_HOME/Chapter11/spring-cloud/authorization-server.
To incorporate the authorization server in the system landscape, changes to the following files have been applied:
The server has been added to the common build file, settings.gradle
The server has been added to the three Docker Compose files, docker-compose*.yml
The edge server, spring-cloud/gateway:
A health check has been added for the authorization server in HealthCheckConfiguration.
Routes to the authorization server for the URIs starting with /oauth, /login, and /error have been added in the configuration file application.yml. These URIs are used to issue tokens for clients, authenticate users, and show error messages.
Since these three URIs need to be unprotected by the edge server, they are configured in the new class SecurityConfig to permit all requests.
Due to a regression in Spring Security 5.5, which is used by Spring Boot 2.5, the Spring Authorization Server can't be used with Spring Boot 2.5 at the time of writing this chapter. Instead, Spring Boot 2.4.4 and Spring Cloud 2020.0.2 are used. For details, see:
With an
Protecting APIs using OAuth 2.0 and OpenID Connect
With the authorization server in place, we can enhance the edge server and the product-composite service to become OAuth 2.0 resource servers, so that they will require a product-composite service will also require the access token to contain valid OAuth 2.0 scopes:
The product:read scope will be required for accessing the read-only APIs
The product:write scope will be required for accessing the create and delete APIs
The product-composite service will also be enhanced with configuration that allows its Swagger UI component to interact with the authorization server to issue an access token. This will allow users of the Swagger UI web page to test the protected API.
We also need to enhance the test script, test-em-all.bash, so that it acquires access tokens and uses them when it performs the tests.
Changes in both the edge server and the product-composite service
The following product-composite service:
Spring Security dependencies have been added to build.gradle to support OAuth 2.0 resource servers:
implementation 'org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-security'
implementation 'org.springframework.security:spring-security-oauth2-resource-server'
implementation 'org.springframework.security:spring-security-oauth2-jose'
Security configurations have been added to new SecurityConfig classes in both projects:
@EnableWebFluxSecurity
public class SecurityConfig {
@Bean
SecurityWebFilterChain springSecurityFilterChain (
ServerHttpSecurity http) {
http
.authorizeExchange()
.pathMatchers("/actuator/**" ).permitAll()
.anyExchange().authenticated()
.and()
.oauth2ResourceServer()
.jwt();
return http.build();
}
}
Explanations for the preceding source code are as follows:
The annotation @EnableWebFluxSecurity enables Spring Security support for APIs based on Spring WebFlux.
.pathMatchers("/actuator/**").permitAll() is used to allow unrestricted access to URLs that should be unprotected, for example, the actuator endpoints in this case. Refer to the source code for URLs that are treated as unprotected. Be careful about which URLs are exposed unprotected. For example, the actuator endpoints should be protected before going to production..anyExchange().authenticated() ensures that the user is authenticated before being allowed access to all other URLs..oauth2ResourceServer().jwt() specifies that authorization will be based on OAuth 2.0 access tokens encoded as JWTs.
The application.yml:
app.auth-server: localhost
spring.security.oauth2.resourceserver.jwt.issuer-uri: http://${app.auth-server}:9999
---
spring.config.activate.on-profile: docker
app.auth-server: auth-server
Later on in this chapter, when the system landscape is started up, you can test the discovery endpoint. You can, for example, find the endpoint that returns the keys required for verifying the digital signature of a token using the command:
docker-compose exec auth-server curl localhost:9999/.well-known/openid-configuration -s | jq -r .jwks_uri
We also need to make some changes that only apply to the product-composite service.
Changes in the product-composite service only
In addition product-composite service:
The security configuration in the SecurityConfig class has been refined by requiring OAuth 2.0 scopes in the access token in order to allow access:
.pathMatchers(POST, "/product-composite/**" )
.hasAuthority("SCOPE_product:write" )
.pathMatchers(DELETE, "/product-composite/**" )
.hasAuthority("SCOPE_product:write" )
.pathMatchers(GET, "/product-composite/**" )
.hasAuthority("SCOPE_product:read" )
By convention, OAuth 2.0 scopes need to be prefixed with SCOPE_ when checked for authority using Spring Security.
A method, logAuthorizationInfo(), has been added to log relevant parts from the JWT-encoded access token upon each call to the API. The access token can be acquired SecurityContext, which, in a reactive environment, can be acquired using the static helper method, ReactiveSecurityContextHolder.getContext(). Refer to the ProductCompositeServiceImpl class for details.
The use of OAuth has been disabled when running Spring-based integration tests. To prevent the OAuth machinery from kicking in when we are running integration tests, we disable it as follows:
Changes to allow Swagger UI to acquire access tokens
To allow product-composite service:
The web pages exposed by the Swagger UI component have been configured to be publicly available. The following line has been added to the SecurityConfig class:
.pathMatchers("/openapi/**" ).permitAll()
.pathMatchers("/webjars/**" ).permitAll()
The OpenAPI Specification of the API has been enhanced to require that the security schema security_auth is applied.The following line has been added to the definition of the interface ProductCompositeService in the API project:
@SecurityRequirement(name = "security_auth")
To define the semantics of the security schema security_auth, the class OpenApiConfig has been added to the product-composite project. It looks like this:
@SecurityScheme(
name = "security_auth", type = SecuritySchemeType.OAUTH2,
flows = @OAuthFlows(
authorizationCode = @OAuthFlow(
authorizationUrl = "${springdoc.oAuthFlow.
authorizationUrl}",
tokenUrl = "${springdoc.oAuthFlow.tokenUrl}",
scopes = {
@OAuthScope(name = "product:read", description =
"read scope"),
@OAuthScope(name = "product:write", description =
"write scope")
}
)))
public class OpenApiConfig {}
From the preceding class definition, we can see:
The security schema will be based on OAuth 2.0
The authorization code grant flow will be used
The required URLs for acquiring an authorization code and access tokens will be supplied by the configuration using the parameters springdoc.oAuthFlow.authorizationUrl and springdoc.oAuthFlow.tokenUrl
A list of scopes (product:read and product:write) that Swagger UI will require to be able to call the APIs
Finally, some configuration is added to application.yml:
swagger-ui:
oauth2-redirect-url: https://localhost:8443/ webjars/swagger-ui/oauth2-redirect.html
oauth:
clientId: writer
clientSecret: secret
useBasicAuthenticationWithAccessCodeGrant: true
oAuthFlow:
authorizationUrl: https://localhost:8443/oauth2/authorize
tokenUrl: https://localhost:8443/oauth2/token
From
The redirect URL that Swagger UI will use to acquire the authorization code.
Its client ID and client secret.
It will use HTTP Basic Authentication when identifying itself for the authorization server.
The values of the authorizationUrl and tokenUrl parameters, used by the OpenApiConfig class described above. Note that these URLs are used by the web browser and not by the product-composite service itself. So they must be resolvable from the web browser.
To allow unprotected access to the Swagger UI web pages, the edge server has also been configured to allow unrestricted access to URLs that are routed to the Swagger UI component. The following is added to the edge server's SecurityConfig class:
.pathMatchers("/openapi/**" ).permitAll()
.pathMatchers("/webjars/**" ).permitAll()
With these changes in place, both the edge server and the product-composite service can act
Changes in the test script
To start with, we need to acquire an access token before we can call any of the APIs, except the writer client, as follows:
ACCESS_TOKEN=$(curl -k https://writer:secret@$HOST :$PORT /oauth2/token -d grant_type=client_credentials -s | jq .access_token -r)
From the preceding command, we can see that it uses HTTP Basic authentication, passing its client ID and client secret as writer:secret@ before the hostname.
To verify that the scope-based authorization works, two tests have been added to the test script:
assertCurl 401 "curl -k https:// $HOST : $PORT /product-composite/ $PROD_ID_REVS_RECS -s"
READER_ACCESS_TOKEN=$(curl -k https://reader:secret@$HOST :$PORT /oauth2/token -d grant_type=client_credentials -s | jq .access_token -r)
READER_AUTH="-H \"Authorization: Bearer $READER_ACCESS_TOKEN \""
assertCurl 200 "curl -k https:// $HOST : $PORT /product-composite/ $PROD_ID_REVS_RECS $READER_AUTH -s"
assertCurl 403 "curl -k https:// $HOST : $PORT /product-composite/ $PROD_ID_REVS_RECS $READER_AUTH -X DELETE -s"
The test script uses the reader client's credentials to acquire an access token:
The first test calls an API without supplying an access token. The API is expected to return the 401 Unauthorized HTTP status.
The second test verifies that the reader client can call a read-only API.
The last test calls an updating API using the reader client, which is only granted a read scope. A request sent to the delete API is expected to return the 403 Forbidden HTTP status.
For the test-em-all.bash.
With the test script updated to acquire and use OAuth 2.0 access tokens, we are ready to try it out in the next section!
Testing with the local authorization server
In this section we will try out the secured system landscape; that is, we will test all the security
First, we build from source and run the test script to ensure that everything fits together.
Next, we will test the protected discovery server's API and web page.
After that, we will learn how to acquire access tokens using OAuth 2.0 client credentials and authorization code grant flows.
With the issued access tokens, we will test the protected APIs. We will also verify that an access token issued for a reader client can't be used to call an updating API.
Finally, we will also verify that Swagger UI can issue access tokens and call the APIs.
Building and running the automated tests
To build
First, build cd $BOOK_HOME/Chapter11
./gradlew build && docker-compose build
Next, start the system landscape in Docker and run the usual tests with the following command:
./test-em-all.bash start
Note the new negative tests at the end that verify that we get a 401 Unauthorized code back when not authenticated, and 403 Forbidden when not authorized.
Testing the protected discovery server
With the protected discovery server, Eureka, up and running, we have to supply valid credentials
For example, asking curl command, where we supply the username and password directly in the URL:
curl -H "accept:application/json" https://u:p@localhost:8443/eureka/api/apps -ks | jq -r .applications.application[].instance[].instanceId
A sample response is as follows:
Figure 11.3: Services registered in Eureka using an API call
When accessing the web page on https://localhost:8443/eureka/web, we first have to accept an unsecure connection, since our certificate is self-signed, and next we have to supply valid credentials, as specified in the configuration file (u as username and p as password):
Figure 11.4: Eureka requires authentication
Following
Figure 11.5: Services registered in Eureka using the web page
After ensuring
Acquiring access tokens
Now we are ready to acquire access tokens using grant flows defined by OAuth 2.0. We will first
Acquiring access tokens using the client credentials grant flow
To get writer client, that is, with both the product:read and product:write scopes, issue the following command:
curl -k https://writer:secret@localhost:8443/oauth2/token -d grant_type=client_credentials -s | jq .
The client identifies itself using HTTP Basic authentication, passing its client ID, writer, and its client secret, secret.
A sample response is as follows:
Figure 11.6: Sample token response
From the screenshot we can see that we got the following information in the response:
The access token itself.
The scopes granted to the token. The writer client is granted both the product:write and product:read scope. It is also granted the openid scope, allowing access to information regarding the user's ID, such as an email address.
The type of token we got; Bearer means that the bearer of this token should be given access according to the scopes granted to the token.
The number of seconds that the access token is valid for, 299 seconds in this case.
To get an reader client, that is, with only the product:read scope, simply replace writer with reader in the preceding command, resulting in:
curl -k https://reader:secret@localhost:8443/oauth2/token -d grant_type=client_credentials -s | jq .
Acquiring access tokens using the authorization code grant flow
To acquire
In the first unsecure step, we will use the web browser to acquire an authorization code that can be used only once, to be exchanged for an access token. The authorization code will be passed from the web browser to a secure layer, for example, server-side code, which can make a new request to the authorization server to exchange the authorization code for an access token. In this secure exchange, the server has to supply a client secret to verify its identity.
Perform
To get an authorization code for the reader client, use the following URL in a web browser that accepts the use of self-signed certificates, for example, Chrome: https://localhost:8443/oauth2/authorize?response_type=code&client_id=reader&redirect_uri=https://my.redirect.uri&scope=product:read&state=35725.
When asked to log in by the web browser, use the credentials specified in the configuration of the authorization server, u and p:Figure 11.7: Trying out the authorization code grant flow
Next, we will be asked to give the reader client consent to call the APIs in our name:Figure 11.8: Authorization code grant flow consent page
After Submit Consent button, we will get the following response:Figure 11.9: Authorization code grant flow redirect page
This might, at a first glance, look a bit disappointing. The URL that the authorization server sent back to the web browser is based on the redirect URI specified https://my.redirect.uri/?code=Yyr...X0Q&state=35725
Great! We can find the authorization code in the redirect URL in the code request parameter. Extract the authorization code from the code parameter and define an environment variable, CODE, with its value:
CODE=Yyr...X0Q
Next, pretend you are the backend server that exchanges the authorization code with an access token using the following curl command:
curl -k https://reader:secret@localhost:8443/oauth2/token \
-d grant_type=authorization_code \
-d client_id=reader \
-d redirect_uri=https://my.redirect.uri \
-d code=$CODE -s | jq .
A sample response is as follows:
Figure 11.10: Authorization code grant flow access token
From
Since we used a more secure grant flow, we also got a refresh token issued
Since we asked for an access token for the reader client, we only got a product:read scope, no product:write scope
To get an authorization code for the writer client, use the following URL: https://localhost:8443/oauth2/authorize?response_type=code&client_id=writer&redirect_uri=https://my.redirect.uri&scope=product:read+product:write&state=72489.
To exchange the code for an access token for the writer client, run the following command:
curl -k https://writer:secret@localhost:8443/oauth2/token \
-d grant_type=authorization_code \
-d client_id=writer \
-d redirect_uri=https://my.redirect.uri \
-d code=$CODE -s | jq .
Verify that the response now also contains the product:write scope!
Calling protected APIs using access tokens
Now, let's use the access tokens we have acquired to call the protected APIs.
An authorization header, where Bearer.
Run
First, call an API to retrieve a composite product without a valid access token:
ACCESS_TOKEN=an-invalid-token
curl https://localhost:8443/product-composite/1 -k -H "Authorization: Bearer $ACCESS_TOKEN" -i
It should return the following response:
Figure 11.11: Invalid token results in a 401 Unauthorized response
The error message clearly states that the access token is invalid!
Next, try using the API to retrieve a composite product using one of the access tokens acquired for the reader client from the previous section:
ACCESS_TOKEN={a-reader-access-token}
curl https://localhost:8443/product-composite/1 -k -H "Authorization: Bearer $ACCESS_TOKEN" -i
Now we will get the 200 OK status code and the expected response body will be returned:
Figure 11.12: Valid access token results in a 200 OK response
If we try to access an updating API, for example, the delete API, with an access token acquired for the reader client, the call will fail:
ACCESS_TOKEN={a-reader-access-token}
curl https://localhost:8443/product-composite/999 -k -H "Authorization: Bearer $ACCESS_TOKEN" -X DELETE -i
It will
Figure 11.13: Insufficient scope results in a 403 Forbidden result
From the
If we repeat the call to the delete API, but with an access token acquired for the writer client, the call will succeed with 200 OK in the response.
The delete operation should return 200 even if the product with the specified product ID does not exist in the underlying database, since the delete operation is idempotent, as described in Chapter 6 , Adding Persistence . Refer to the Adding new APIs section.
If you look into the log output using the docker-compose logs -f product-composite command, you should be able to find authorization information such as the following:
Figure 11.14: Authorization info in the log output
This information was extracted in the product-composite service from the JWT-encoded access token; the product-composite service did not need to communicate with the authorization server to get this information!
With
Testing Swagger UI with OAuth 2.0
In this section, we will learn how to use the Swagger UI component to access the protected Changes in the product-composite service only section above allows us to issue an access token for Swagger UI
To try it out, perform the following steps:
Open the Swagger UI start page by going to the following URL in a web browser: https://localhost:8443/openapi/swagger-ui.html.
On the start page we can now see a new button, next to the Servers drop-down list, with the text Authorize .
Click on the Authorize button to initiate an authorization code grant flow.
Swagger select all and then clicking on the Authorize button:Figure 11.15: Swagger UI asking for OAuth scopes
You will then be redirected to the authorization server. If you are not already logged in from the web browser used, the authorization server will ask for your credentials as in the Acquiring access tokens using the authorization code grant flow section.
Log in with username u and password p.
Next, the authorization server will ask for your consent. Select both scopes and click on the Submit Consent button.
Swagger Close button to get back to the start page:Figure 11.16: Swagger UI summarizing the OAuth grant flow
Now you can try out the APIs in the same way as described in Chapter 5 , Adding an API Description Using OpenAPI . Swagger UI will add the access token to the requests. If you look closely in the curl command reported below the Responses header, you can find the access token.
This
Testing with an external OpenID Connect provider
So, the OAuth dance works fine with an authorization server we control ourselves. But what
For a list of certified implementations of OpenID Connect, refer to https://openid.net/developers/certified/ https://auth0.com/
Setting up an account with a reader and writer client and a user in Auth0
Applying the changes required to use Auth0 as an OpenID provider
Running the test script to verify that it is working
Acquiring access tokens using the following grant flows:
Client credentials grant flow
Authorization code grant flow
Calling protected APIs using the access tokens acquired from the grant flows
Using the user info endpoint to get more information about a user
Let us go through each of them in the following sections.
Setting up and configuring an account in Auth0
Most
Perform the following manual steps to sign up for a free account in Auth0 and create a client that we can use to access the management API:
Open the URL https://auth0.com
Click on the Sign up button:
Sign up with an email of your choice.
After a successful sign-up, you will be asked to create a tenant domain. Enter the name of the tenant of your choice, in my case: dev-ml.eu.auth0.com.
Fill in information about your account as requested.
Also, look in your mailbox for an email with the subject Please Verify Your Auth0 Account and use the instructions in the email to verify your account.
Following sign-up, you will be directed to your dashboard with a Getting Started page.
In Applications to get it expanded, then click on APIs to find the management API, Auth0 Management API . This API was created for you during the creation of your tenant. We will use this API to create the required definitions in the tenant.
Click on Auth0 Management API and select the Test tab.
A big button with the text CREATE & AUTHORIZE TEST APPLICATION will appear. Click on it to get a client created that can be used to access the management API.
Once created, a page is displayed with the header Asking Auth0 for tokens from my application . As a final step, we need to give the created client permission to use the management APIs.
Click on the tab Machine to Machine Applications , next to the Test tab.
Here we will find the test client, Auth0 Management API (Test Application) , and we can see that it is authorized to use the management API. If we click on the down arrow next to the Authorized toggle button, a large number of available privileges are revealed.
Click on the All choice and then on the UPDATE button. The screen should look similar to the following screenshot:Figure 11.17: Auth0 management API client permissions
Press CONTINUE button after understanding that you now have a very powerful client
Now, we just need to collect the client ID and client secret of the created client. The easiest way to do that is to select Applications in the menu to the left (under the main menu choice Applications ) and then select the application named Auth0 Management API (Test Application) . A screen similar to the following should be displayed:Figure 11.18: Auth0 management API client application information
Open $BOOK_HOME/Chapter11/auth0/env.bash and copy the following values from the screen above:
Domain into the value of the variable TENANTClient ID into the value of the variable MGM_CLIENT_IDClient Secret into the value of the variable MGM_CLIENT_SECRET
Complete env.bash file by specifying an email address and password, in the variables USER_EMAIL and USER_PASSWORD, of a test user that the script will create for us.
Specifying a password for a user like this is not considered best practice from a security perspective. Auth0 supports enrolling users who will be able to set the password themselves, but it is more involved to set up. For more information, see https://auth0.com/docs/connections/database/password-change
We can now run the script that will create the following definitions for us:
Two applications, reader and writer, clients in OAuth terminology
The product-composite API, a resource server in OAuth terminology, with the OAuth scopes product:read and product:write
A user, a resource owner in OAuth terminology, that we will use to test the authorization code grant flow
Finally, we will grant the reader application the scope product:read, and the writer application the scopes product:read and product:write
Run
cd $BOOK_HOME/Chapter11/auth0
./setup-tenant.bash
Expect
Figure 11.19: Output from setup-tenant.bash the first time it is executed
Save a copy of the export commands printed at the end of the output; we will use them multiple times later on in this chapter.
Also, look in your mailbox for the email specified for the test user. You will receive a mail with the subject Verify your email. Use the instructions in the email to verify the test user's email address.
Note that the script is idempotent, meaning it can be run multiple times without corrupting the configuration. If running the script again, it should respond with:
Figure 11.20: Output from setup-tenant.bash the next time it is executed
It can
If you need to remove the objects created by setup-tenant.bash, you can run the script reset-tenant.bash.
With an Auth0 account created and configured, we can move on and apply the necessary configuration changes in the system landscape.
Applying the required changes to use Auth0 as an OpenID provider
In this product-composite and gateway services. We also need to change our test script a bit, so that it acquires the access tokens product-composite and gateway services.
The changes described in this topic have not been applied to the source code in the book's Git repository; you need to make them yourself to see them in action!
Changing the configuration in the OAuth resource servers
As already described, when using an OpenID Connect provider, we only have to configure
In the product-composite and gateway projects, update the OIDC discovery endpoint to point to Auth0 instead of to our local authorization server. Make the following change to the application.yml file in both projects:
Locate the property spring.security.oauth2.resourceserver.jwt.issuer-uri.
Replace its value with https://${TENANT}/, where ${TENANT} should be replaced with your tenant domain name; in my case, it is dev-ml.eu.auth0.com. Do not forget the trailing /!
In my case, the configuration of the OIDC discovery endpoint will look like this:
spring.security.oauth2.resourceserver.jwt.issuer-uri: https://dev-ml.eu.auth0.com/
If you are curious, you can see what's in the discovery document by running the following command:
curl https://${TENANT}/.well-known/openid-configuration -s | jq
Rebuild the product-composite and gateway services as follows:
cd $BOOK_HOME/Chapter11
./gradlew build && docker-compose up -d --build product-composite gateway
With the product-composite and gateway services updated, we can move on and also update the test script.
Changing the test script so it acquires access tokens from Auth0
We test-em-all.bash:
Find the following command:
ACCESS_TOKEN=$(curl -k https://writer:secret@$HOST :$PORT /oauth2/token -d grant_type=client_credentials -s | jq .access_token -r)
Replace it with these commands:
export TENANT=...
export WRITER_CLIENT_ID=...
export WRITER_CLIENT_SECRET=...
ACCESS_TOKEN=$(curl -X POST https://$TENANT /oauth/token \
-d grant_type=client_credentials \
-d audience=https://localhost:8443/product-composite \
-d scope=product:read +product:write \
-d client_id=$WRITER_CLIENT_ID \
-d client_secret=$WRITER_CLIENT_SECRET -s | jq -r .access_token)
Note from the preceding command that Auth0 requires us to specify the intended audience of the requested access token, as an extra layer of security. The audience is the API we plan to call using the access token. Given that an API implementation verifies the audience field, this would prevent the situation where someone tries to use an access token issued for another purpose to get access to an API.
Set the values for the environment variables TENANT, WRITER_CLIENT_ID, and WRITER_CLIENT_SECRET in the preceding commands with the values returned by the setup-tenant.bash script.
As mentioned above, you can run the script again to acquire these values without risking any negative side effects!
Next, find the following command:
READER_ACCESS_TOKEN=$(curl -k https://reader:secret@$HOST :$PORT /oauth2/token -d grant_type=client_credentials -s | jq .access_token -r)
Replace it with this command:
export READER_CLIENT_ID=...
export READER_CLIENT_SECRET=...
READER_ACCESS_TOKEN=$(curl -X POST https://$TENANT /oauth/token \
-d grant_type=client_credentials \
-d audience=https://localhost:8443/product-composite \
-d scope=product:read \
-d client_id=$READER_CLIENT_ID \
-d client_secret=$READER_CLIENT_SECRET -s | jq -r .access_token)
Note that we only request the product:read scope and not the product:write scope here.
Set READER_CLIENT_ID and READER_CLIENT_SECRET in the preceding commands with the values returned by the setup-tenant.bash script.
Now the access tokens are issued by Auth0 instead of our local authorization server, and our API implementations can verify the access tokens using information from Auth0's discovery service configured in the application.yml files. The API implementations can, as before, use the scopes in the access tokens to authorize the client to perform the call to the API, or not.
With this, we have all the required changes in place. Let's run some tests to verify that we can acquire access tokens from Auth0.
Running the test script with Auth0 as the OpenID Connect provider
Now, we are ready to give Auth0 a try!
Run the
./test-em-all.bash
In the logs, you will be able to find authorization information from the access tokens issued by Auth0. Run the command:
docker-compose logs product-composite | grep "Authorization info"
Expect the following outputs from the command:
From calls using an access token with both the product:read and product:write scopes, we will see both scopes listed as follows:Figure 11.21: Authorization information for the writer client from Auth0 in the log output
From calls using an access token with only the product:read scope, we will see that only that scope is listed as follows:Figure 11.22: Authorization information for the reader client from Auth0 in the log output
As we can see from the log output, we now also get information regarding the intended audience for this access token. To strengthen security, we could add a test to our service that verifies that its URL, https://localhost:8443/product-composite in this case, is part of the audience list. This would, as mentioned earlier, prevent the situation where someone tries to use an access token issued for another purpose than to get access to our API.
With the
Acquiring access tokens using the client credentials grant flow
If you
export TENANT=...
export WRITER_CLIENT_ID=...
export WRITER_CLIENT_SECRET=...
curl -X POST https://$TENANT/oauth/token \
-d grant_type=client_credentials \
-d audience=https://localhost:8443/product-composite \
-d scope=product:read+product:write \
-d client_id=$WRITER_CLIENT_ID \
-d client_secret=$WRITER_CLIENT_SECRET
Set the values for the environment variables TENANT, WRITER_CLIENT_ID, and WRITER_CLIENT_SECRET in the preceding commands with the values returned by the setup-tenant.bash script.
Following Calling protected APIs using access tokens section, you should be able to call the APIs using the acquired access token.
Acquiring access tokens using the authorization code grant flow
In this
Perform the following steps to execute the authorization code grant flow with Auth0:
To get an authorization code for the default app client, use the following URL in the web browser: https://${TENANT}/authorize?audience=https://localhost:8443/product-composite&scope=openid email product:read product:write&response_type=code&client_id=${WRITER_CLIENT_ID}&redirect_uri=https://my.redirect.uri&state=845361.
Replace ${TENANT} and ${WRITER_CLIENT_ID} in the preceding URL with the tenant domain name and writer client ID returned by the setup-tenant.bash script.
Auth0 should present the following login screen:
Figure 11.23: Authorization code grant flow with Auth0, login screen
Following Figure 11.24: Authorization code grant flow with Auth0, consent screen
The
Figure 11.25: Authorization code grant flow with Auth0, access token
Extract CODE=...
export TENANT=...
export WRITER_CLIENT_ID=...
export WRITER_CLIENT_SECRET=...
curl -X POST https://$TENANT/oauth/token \
-d grant_type=authorization_code \
-d client_id=$WRITER_CLIENT_ID \
-d client_secret=$WRITER_CLIENT_SECRET \
-d code=$CODE \
-d redirect_uri=https://my.redirect.uri -s | jq .
Set the values for the environment variables TENANT, WRITER_CLIENT_ID, and WRITER_CLIENT_SECRET in the preceding commands to the values returned by the setup-tenant.bash script.
Now that we have learned how to acquire access tokens using both grant flows, we are ready to try calling the external API using an access token acquired from Auth0 in the next section.
Calling protected APIs using the Auth0 access tokens
We can use access tokens issued by Auth0 to call our APIs, just like when we used access tokens
For a read-only API, execute the following command:
ACCESS_TOKEN=...
curl https://localhost:8443/product-composite/1 -k -H "Authorization: Bearer $ACCESS_TOKEN" -i
For an updating API, execute the following command:
ACCESS_TOKEN=...
curl https://localhost:8443/product-composite/999 -k -H "Authorization: Bearer $ACCESS_TOKEN" -X DELETE -i
Since we have requested both scopes, product:read and product:write, both the preceding API calls are expected to return 200 OK.
Getting extra information about the user
From the log output in Figures 11.21 and 11.22 in the section Running the test script with Auth0 as the OpenID Connect provider , we could not see any information about the user that userinfo_endpoint. The URL of the user-info endpoint can be found in the response of a request to the OIDC discovery endpoint as described in the section Changing the configuration in the OAuth resource servers . To get user info related to an access token, make the following request:
Export TENANT=...
curl -H "Authorization: Bearer $ACCESS_TOKEN" https://$TENANT/userinfo -s | jq
Set the values for the TENANT environment variable in the preceding commands to the values returned by the setup-tenant.bash script.
Note that this command only applies to access tokens issued using the authorization code grant flow. Access tokens issued using the client credentials grant flow don't contain any user information and will result in an error response if tried.
A sample response is as follows:
Figure 11.26: Requesting extra user information from Auth0
This endpoint can also be used to verify that the user hasn't revoked the access token in Auth0.
Wrap
docker-compose down
This concludes the section where we have learned how to replace the local OAuth 2.0 authorization server with an external alternative. We have also seen how to reconfigure the microservice landscape to validate access tokens using an external OIDC provider.
Summary
In this chapter, we have learned how to use Spring Security to protect our APIs.
We have seen how easy it is to enable HTTPS to prevent eavesdropping by third parties using Spring Security. With Spring Security, we have also learned that it is straightforward to restrict access to the discovery server, Netflix Eureka, using HTTP Basic authentication. Finally, we have seen how we can use Spring Security to simplify the use of OAuth 2.0 and OpenID Connect to allow third-party client applications to access our APIs in the name of a user, but without requiring that the user share credentials with the client applications. We have learned both how to set up a local OAuth 2.0 authorization server based on Spring Security and also how to change the configuration so that an external OpenID Connect provider, Auth0, can be used instead.
One concern, however, is how to manage the configuration required. Each microservice instance must be provided with its own configuration, making it hard to get a good overview of the current configuration. Updating configuration that concerns multiple microservices will also be challenging. Added to the scattered configuration is the fact that some of the configuration we have seen so far contains sensitive information, such as credentials or certificates. It seems like we need a better way to handle the configuration for a number of cooperating microservices and also a solution for how to handle sensitive parts of the configuration.
In the next chapter, we will explore the Spring Cloud Config Server and see how it can be used to handle these types of problems.
Questions
What are the benefits and shortcomings of using self-signed certificates?
What is the purpose of OAuth 2.0 authorization codes?
What is the purpose of OAuth 2.0 scopes?
What does it mean when a token is a JWT?
How can we trust the information that is stored in a JWT?
Is it suitable to use the OAuth 2.0 authorization code grant flow with a native mobile app?
What does OpenID Connect add to OAuth 2.0?
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