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Machine Learning with Scala Quick Start Guide
Machine Learning with Scala Quick Start Guide

Machine Learning with Scala Quick Start Guide: Leverage popular machine learning algorithms and techniques and implement them in Scala

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Paperback Apr 2019 220 pages 1st Edition
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Paperback Apr 2019 220 pages 1st Edition
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Machine Learning with Scala Quick Start Guide

Scala for Regression Analysis

In this chapter, we will learn regression analysis in detail. We will start learning from the regression analysis workflow followed by the linear regression (LR) and generalized linear regression (GLR) algorithms. Then we will develop a regression model for predicting slowness in traffic using LR and GLR algorithms and their Spark ML-based implementation in Scala. Finally, we will learn the hyperparameter tuning with cross-validation and the grid searching techniques. Concisely, we will learn the following topics throughout this end-to-end project:

  • An overview of regression analysis
  • Regression analysis algorithms
  • Learning regression analysis through examples
  • Linear regression
  • Generalized linear regression
  • Hyperparameter tuning and cross-validation

Technical requirements

An overview of regression analysis

In the previous chapter, we already gained some basic understanding of the machine learning (ML) process, as we have seen the basic distinction between regression and classification. Regression analysis is a set of statistical processes for estimating the relationships between a set of variables called a dependent variable and one or multiple independent variables. The values of dependent variables depend on the values of independent variables.

A regression analysis technique helps us to understand this dependency, that is, how the value of the dependent variable changes when any one of the independent variables is changed, while the other independent variables are held fixed. For example, let's assume that there will be more savings in someone's bank when they grow older. Here, the amount of Savings (say in million $) depends on age...

Regression analysis algorithms

There are numerous algorithms proposed and available, which can be used for the regression analysis. For example, LR tries to find relationships and dependencies between variables. It models the relationship between a continuous dependent variable y (that is, a label or target) and one or more independent variables, x, using a linear function. Examples of regression algorithms include the following:

  • Linear regression (LR)
  • Generalized linear regression (GLR)
  • Survival regression (SR)
  • Isotonic regression (IR)
  • Decision tree regressor (DTR)
  • Random forest regression (RFR)
  • Gradient boosted trees regression (GBTR)

We start by explaining regression with the simplest LR algorithm, which models the relationship between a dependent variable, y, which involves a linear combination of interdependent variables, x:

In the preceding equation letters, β0...

Learning regression analysis through examples

In the previous section, we discussed a simple real-life problem (that is, Age versus Savings). However, in practice, there are several real-life problems where more factors and parameters (that is, data properties) are involved, where regression can be applied too. Let's first introduce a real-life problem. Imagine that you live in Sao Paulo, a city in Brazil, where every day several hours of your valuable time are wasted because of unavoidable reasons such as an immobilized bus, broken truck, vehicle excess, accident victim, overtaking, fire vehicles, incident involving dangerous freight, lack of electricity, fire, and flooding.

Now, to measure how many man hours get wasted, we can we develop an automated technique, which will predict the slowness of traffic such that you can avoid certain routes or at least get some rough estimation...

Linear regression

In this section, we will develop a predictive analytics model for predicting slowness in traffic for each row of the data using an LR algorithm. First, we create an LR estimator as follows:

val lr = new LinearRegression()
.setFeaturesCol("features")
.setLabelCol("label")

Then we invoke the fit() method to perform the training on the training set as follows:

println("Building ML regression model")
val lrModel = lr.fit(trainingData)

Now we have the fitted model, which means it is now capable of making predictions. So, let's start evaluating the model on the training and validation sets and calculating the RMSE, MSE, MAE, R squared, and so on:

println("Evaluating the model on the test set and calculating the regression metrics")
// **********************************************************************
val trainPredictionsAndLabels...

Generalized linear regression (GLR)

In an LR, the output is assumed to follow a Gaussian distribution. In contrast, in generalized linear models (GLMs), the response variable Yi follows some random distribution from a parametric set of probability distributions of a certain form. As we have seen in the previous example, following and creating a GLR estimator will not be difficult:

val glr = new GeneralizedLinearRegression()
.setFamily("gaussian")//continuous value prediction (or gamma)
.setLink("identity")//continuous value prediction (or inverse)
.setFeaturesCol("features")
.setLabelCol("label")

For the GLR-based prediction, the following response and identity link functions are supported based on data types (source: https://spark.apache.org/docs/latest/ml-classification-regression.html#generalized-linear-regression...

Hyperparameter tuning and cross-validation

In machine learning, the term hyperparameter refers to those parameters that cannot be learned from the regular training process directly. These are the various knobs that you can tweak on your machine learning algorithms. Hyperparameters are usually decided by training the model with different combinations of the parameters and deciding which ones work best by testing them. Ultimately, the combination that provides the best model would be our final hyperparameters. Setting hyperparameters can have a significant influence on the performance of the trained models.

On the other hand, cross-validation is often used in conjunction with hyperparameter tuning. Cross-validation (also know as rotation estimation) is a model validation technique for assessing the quality of the statistical analysis and results. Cross-validation helps to describe...

Summary

In this chapter, we have seen how to develop a regression model for analyzing insurance severity claims using LR and GLR algorithms. We have also seen how to boost the performance of the GLR model using cross-validation and grid search techniques, which give the best combination of hyperparameters. Finally, we have seen some frequently asked questions so that the similar regression techniques can be applied for solving other real-life problems.

In the next chapter, we will see another supervised learning technique called classification through a real-life problem called analyzing outgoing customers through churn prediction. Several classification algorithms will be used for making the prediction in Scala. Churn prediction is essential for businesses as it helps you detect customers who are likely to cancel a subscription, product, or service, which also minimizes customer...

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Key benefits

  • Construct and deploy machine learning systems that learn from your data and give accurate predictions
  • Unleash the power of Spark ML along with popular machine learning algorithms to solve complex tasks in Scala.
  • Solve hands-on problems by combining popular neural network architectures such as LSTM and CNN using Scala with DeepLearning4j library

Description

Scala is a highly scalable integration of object-oriented nature and functional programming concepts that make it easy to build scalable and complex big data applications. This book is a handy guide for machine learning developers and data scientists who want to develop and train effective machine learning models in Scala. The book starts with an introduction to machine learning, while covering deep learning and machine learning basics. It then explains how to use Scala-based ML libraries to solve classification and regression problems using linear regression, generalized linear regression, logistic regression, support vector machine, and Naïve Bayes algorithms. It also covers tree-based ensemble techniques for solving both classification and regression problems. Moving ahead, it covers unsupervised learning techniques, such as dimensionality reduction, clustering, and recommender systems. Finally, it provides a brief overview of deep learning using a real-life example in Scala.

Who is this book for?

This book is for machine learning developers looking to train machine learning models in Scala without spending too much time and effort. Some fundamental knowledge of Scala programming and some basics of statistics and linear algebra is all you need to get started with this book.

What you will learn

  • Get acquainted with JVM-based machine learning libraries for Scala such as Spark ML and Deeplearning4j
  • Learn RDDs, DataFrame, and Spark SQL for analyzing structured and unstructured data
  • Understand supervised and unsupervised learning techniques with best practices and pitfalls
  • Learn classification and regression analysis with linear regression, logistic regression, Naïve Bayes, support vector machine, and tree-based ensemble techniques
  • Learn effective ways of clustering analysis with dimensionality reduction techniques
  • Learn recommender systems with collaborative filtering approach
  • Delve into deep learning and neural network architectures
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Table of Contents

8 Chapters
Introduction to Machine Learning with Scala Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Scala for Regression Analysis Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Scala for Learning Classification Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Scala for Tree-Based Ensemble Techniques Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Scala for Dimensionality Reduction and Clustering Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Scala for Recommender System Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Introduction to Deep Learning with Scala Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Other Books You May Enjoy Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
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