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Home > Programming > Functional Programming > Swift 3 Object-Oriented Programming
Swift 3 Object-Oriented Programming
Swift 3 Object-Oriented Programming

Swift 3 Object-Oriented Programming: Implement object-oriented programming paradigms with Swift 3.0 and mix them with modern functional programming techniques to build powerful real-world applications , Second Edition

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Swift 3 Object-Oriented Programming

Understanding deinitialization and its customization

At some specific times, our app won't need to work with an instance anymore. For example, once you calculate the perimeter of a regular hexagon and display the results to the user, you don't need the specific RegularHexagon instance anymore. Some programming languages require you to be careful about leaving live instances alive, and you have to explicitly destroy them and deallocate the memory that it consumed.

Swift uses an automatic reference counting, also known as ARC, to automatically deallocate the memory used by instances that aren't being referenced anymore. When Swift detects that you aren't referencing an instance anymore, Swift executes the code specified within the instance's deinitializer before the instance is deallocated from memory. Thus, the deinitializer can still access all of the instance's resources.

Note

You can think of deinitializers as equivalents of destructors in other programming languages such as C# and Java....

Understanding automatic reference counting

Automatic reference counting is very easy to understand. Imagine that we have to distribute the items that we store in a box. After we distribute all the items, we must throw the box in a recycle bin. We cannot throw the box in the recycle bin when we still have one or more items in it. Seriously, we don't want to lose the items we have to distribute because they are very expensive.

The problem has a very easy solution; we just need to count the number of items that remain in the box. When the number of items in the box reaches zero, we can get rid of the box.

Note

One or more variables can hold a reference to a single instance of a class. Thus, it is necessary to count the number of references to an instance before Swift can get rid of an instance. When the number of references to a specific instance reaches zero, Swift can automatically and safely remove the instance from memory because nobody needs this specific instance anymore.

For example, you...

Declaring classes

The following lines declare a new minimal Circle class in Swift. The code file for the sample is included in the swift_3_oop_chapter_02_01 folder:

    class Circle { 
    }

The class keyword, followed by the class name (Circle), composes the header of the class definition. In this case, the class doesn't have a parent class or superclass; therefore, there are neither superclasses listed after the class name nor a colon (:). A pair of curly braces ({}) encloses the class body after the class header. In the forthcoming chapters, we will declare classes that inherit from another class, and therefore, they will have a superclass. In this case, the class body is empty. The Circle class is the simplest possible class we can declare in Swift.

Note

Any new class you create that doesn't specify a superclass is considered a base class. Whenever you declare a class without a subclass, the class doesn't inherit from a universal base class, as happens in other programming languages such...

Customizing initialization

We want to initialize instances of the Circle class with the radius value. In order to do so, we can take advantage of customized initializers. Initializers aren't methods, but we will write them with syntax that is very similar to the instance methods. They will use the init keyword to differentiate from instance methods, and Swift will execute them automatically when we create an instance of a given type. Swift runs the code within the initializer before any other code within a class.

We can define an initializer that receives the radius value as an argument and use it to initialize a property with the same name. We can define as many initializers as we want to, and therefore, we can provide many different ways of initializing a class. In this case, we just need one initializer.

The following lines create a Circle class and define an initializer within the class body. The code file for the sample is included in the swift_3_oop_chapter_02_02 folder:

    class Circle...

Customizing deinitialization

We want to know when the instances of the Circle class will be removed from memory; that is, when the objects aren't referenced by any variable and automatic reference count mechanism decides that they have to be removed from memory. Deinitializers are special parameterless class methods that are automatically executed just before the runtime destroys an instance of a given type. Thus, we can use them to add any code we want to run before the instance is destroyed. We cannot call a deinitializer; they are only available for the runtime.

The deinitializer is a special method that uses the deinit keyword in its declaration. The declaration must be parameterless, and it cannot return a value.

The following lines declare a deinitializer within the body of the Circle class:

    deinit { 
      print("I'm destroying the Circle instance with a 
      radius value of \(radius).") 
    }

The following lines show the new complete code for the Circle class. The code file...

Creating the instances of classes

The following lines create an instance of the Circle class named circle within the scope of a generatedCircleRadius function. The code within the function uses the created instance to access and return the value of its radius property. In this case, the code uses the let keyword to declare an immutable reference to the Circle instance named circle. An immutable reference is also known as a constant reference because we cannot replace the reference held by the circle constant to another instance of Circle. When we use the var keyword, we declare a reference that we can change later.

After we define the new function, we will call it. Note that the screenshot displays the results of the execution of the initializer and then the deinitializer. Swift destroys the instance after the circle constant goes out of scope because its reference count goes down from one to zero; therefore, there is no reason to keep the instance alive. Enter the following lines in the...

Exercises

Now that you understand an instance's life cycle, it is time to spend some time in the Playground, the Swift REPL, or the Swift Sandbox, creating new classes and instances:

  • Exercise 1: Create a new Employee class with a custom initializer that requires two string arguments: firstName and lastName. Use the arguments to initialize properties with the same names as the arguments. Display a message with the values for firstName and lastName when an instance of the class is created. Display a message with the values for firstName and lastName when an instance of the class is destroyed.

    • Create an instance of the Employee class and assign it to a variable. Check the messages printed in the Playground's Debug area. Assign a new instance of the Employee class to the previously defined variable. Check the messages printed in the Playground's Debug area.

  • Exercise 2: Create a function that receives two string arguments: firstName and lastName. Create an instance of the previously defined...

Test your knowledge

  1. Swift uses one of the following mechanisms to automatically deallocate the memory used by instances that aren't referenced anymore:

    1. Automatic Random Garbage Collector.

    2. Automatic Reference Counting.

    3. Automatic Instance Map Reduce.

  2. Swift executes an instance's deinitializer:

    1. Before the instance is deallocated from memory.

    2. After the instance is deallocated from memory.

    3. After the instance memory is allocated.

  3. A deinitializer:

    1. Can still access all of the instance's resources.

    2. Can only access the instance's methods but no properties.

    3. Cannot access any of the instance's resources.

  4. Swift allows us to define:

    1. Only one initializer per class.

    2. A main initializer and two optional secondary initializers.

    3. Many initializers with different arguments.

  5. Each time we create an instance:

    1. We must use argument labels.

    2. We can optionally use argument labels.

    3. We don't need to use argument labels.

  6. Which of the following lines retrieves the runtime type as a value for an instance called circle1 in Swift 3:...

Summary

In this chapter, you learned about an object's life cycle. You also learned how object initializers and deinitializers work. We declared our first class to generate a blueprint for objects. We customized object initializers and deinitializers and tested their personalized behavior in action with live examples in Swift's Playground. We understood how they work in combination with automatic reference counting. You also learned how we can run the samples in the Swift REPL and the web-based Swift Sandbox.

Now that you have learned to start creating classes and instances, you are ready to share, protect, use, and hide data with the data encapsulation features included in Swift, which is the topic of the next chapter.

Exercises

Now that you understand an instance's life cycle, it is time to spend some time in the Playground, the Swift REPL, or the Swift Sandbox, creating new classes and instances:

  • Exercise 1: Create a new Employee class with a custom initializer that requires two string arguments: firstName and lastName. Use the arguments to initialize properties with the same names as the arguments. Display a message with the values for firstName and lastName when an instance of the class is created. Display a message with the values for firstName and lastName when an instance of the class is destroyed.
    • Create an instance of the Employee class and assign it to a variable. Check the messages printed in the Playground's Debug area. Assign a new instance of the Employee class to the previously defined variable. Check the messages printed in the Playground's Debug area.

  • Exercise 2: Create a function that receives two string arguments: firstName and lastName. Create an instance of the previously...

Test your knowledge

  1. Swift uses one of the following mechanisms to automatically deallocate the memory used by instances that aren't referenced anymore:
    1. Automatic Random Garbage Collector.
    2. Automatic Reference Counting.
    3. Automatic Instance Map Reduce.

  2. Swift executes an instance's deinitializer:
    1. Before the instance is deallocated from memory.
    2. After the instance is deallocated from memory.
    3. After the instance memory is allocated.

  3. A deinitializer:
    1. Can still access all of the instance's resources.
    2. Can only access the instance's methods but no properties.
    3. Cannot access any of the instance's resources.

  4. Swift allows us to define:
    1. Only one initializer per class.
    2. A main initializer and two optional secondary initializers.
    3. Many initializers with different arguments.

  5. Each time we create an instance:
    1. We must use argument labels.
    2. We can optionally use argument labels.
    3. We don't need to use argument labels.

  6. Which of the following lines retrieves the runtime type as a value for an instance called...

Summary

In this chapter, you learned about an object's life cycle. You also learned how object initializers and deinitializers work. We declared our first class to generate a blueprint for objects. We customized object initializers and deinitializers and tested their personalized behavior in action with live examples in Swift's Playground. We understood how they work in combination with automatic reference counting. You also learned how we can run the samples in the Swift REPL and the web-based Swift Sandbox.

Now that you have learned to start creating classes and instances, you are ready to share, protect, use, and hide data with the data encapsulation features included in Swift, which is the topic of the next chapter.

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Key benefits

  • Leverage the most efficient object-oriented design patterns in your Swift applications
  • Write robust, safer, and better code using the blueprints that generate objects
  • Build a platform with object-oriented code using real-world elements and represent them in your apps

Description

Swift has quickly become one of the most-liked languages and developers’ de-facto choice when building applications that target iOS and macOS. In the new version, the Swift team wants to take its adoption to the next level by making it available for new platforms and audiences. This book introduces the object-oriented paradigm and its implementation in the Swift 3 programming language to help you understand how real-world objects can become part of fundamental reusable elements in the code. This book is developed with XCode 8.x and covers all the enhancements included in Swift 3.0. In addition, we teach you to run most of the examples with the Swift REPL available on macOS and Linux, and with a Web-based Swift sandbox developed by IBM capable of running on any web browser, including Windows and mobile devices. You will organize data in blueprints that generate instances. You’ll work with examples so you understand how to encapsulate and hide data by working with properties and access control. Then, you’ll get to grips with complex scenarios where you use instances that belong to more than one blueprint. You’ll discover the power of contract programming and parametric polymorphism. You’ll combine generic code with inheritance and multiple inheritance. Later, you’ll see how to combine functional programming with object-oriented programming and find out how to refactor your existing code for easy maintenance.

Who is this book for?

This book is for iOS and macOS developers who want to get a detailed practical understanding of object-oriented programming with the latest version of Swift: 3.0.

What you will learn

  • Write high-quality and easy-to-maintain reusable object-oriented code to build applications for iOS, macOS, and Linux
  • Work with encapsulation, abstraction, and polymorphism using Swift 3.0
  • Work with classes, instances, properties, and methods in Swift 3.0
  • Take advantage of inheritance, specialization, and the possibility to overload or override members
  • Implement encapsulation, abstraction, and polymorphism
  • Explore functional programming techniques mixed with object-oriented code in Swift 3.0
  • Understand the differences between Swift 3.0, previous Swift versions, and Objective-C code
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Publication date, Length, Edition, Language, ISBN-13
Publication date : Feb 27, 2017
Length: 370 pages
Edition : 2nd
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781787120396
Vendor :
Apple
Category :
Programming
Languages :
Swift
Concepts :
Functional Programming
Tools :
Xcode

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Publication date : Feb 27, 2017
Length: 370 pages
Edition : 2nd
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781787120396
Vendor :
Apple
Category :
Programming
Languages :
Swift
Concepts :
Functional Programming
Tools :
Xcode

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Table of Contents

9 Chapters
1. Objects from the Real World to the Playground Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
1. Objects from the Real World to the Playground
Installing the required software on Mac OS
Installing the required software on Ubuntu Linux
Working with Swift 3 on the web
Capturing objects from the real world
Generating classes to create objects
Recognizing variables and constants to create properties
Recognizing actions to create methods
Organizing classes with UML diagrams
Working with API objects in the Xcode Playground
Exercises
Test your knowledge
Summary
2. Structures, Classes, and Instances Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
2. Structures, Classes, and Instances
Understanding structures, classes, and instances
Understanding initialization and its customization
Understanding deinitialization and its customization
Understanding automatic reference counting
Declaring classes
Customizing initialization
Customizing deinitialization
Creating the instances of classes
Exercises
Test your knowledge
Summary
3. Encapsulation of Data with Properties Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
3. Encapsulation of Data with Properties
Understanding elements that compose a class
Declaring stored properties
Generating computed properties with setters and getters
Combining setters, getters, and a related property
Understanding property observers
Transforming values with setters and getters
Creating values shared by all the instances of a class with type properties
Creating mutable classes
Building immutable classes
Exercises
Test your knowledge
Summary
4. Inheritance, Abstraction, and Specialization Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
4. Inheritance, Abstraction, and Specialization
Creating class hierarchies to abstract and specialize behavior
Understanding inheritance
Declaring classes that inherit from another class
Overriding and overloading methods
Overriding properties
Controlling whether subclasses can or cannot override members
Working with typecasting and polymorphism
Taking advantage of operator overloading
Declaring compound assignment operator functions
Declaring unary operator functions
Declaring operator functions for specific subclasses
Exercises
Test your knowledge
Summary
5. Contract Programming with Protocols Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
5. Contract Programming with Protocols
Understanding how protocols work in combination with classes
Declaring protocols
Declaring classes that adopt protocols
Taking advantage of the multiple inheritance of protocols
Combining inheritance and protocols
Working with methods that receive protocols as arguments
Downcasting with protocols and classes
Treating instances of a protocol type as a different subclass
Specifying requirements for properties
Specifying requirements for methods
Combining class inheritance with protocol inheritance
Exercises
Test your knowledge
Summary
6. Maximization of Code Reuse with Generic Code Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
6. Maximization of Code Reuse with Generic Code
Understanding parametric polymorphism and generic code
Declaring a protocol to be used as a constraint
Declaring a class that conforms to multiple protocols
Declaring subclasses that inherit the conformance to protocols
Declaring a class that works with a constrained generic type
Using a generic class for multiple types
Combining initializer requirements in protocols with generic types
Declaring associated types in protocols
Creating shortcuts with subscripts
Declaring a class that works with two constrained generic types
Using a generic class with two generic type parameters
Inheriting and adding associated types in protocols
Generalizing existing classes with generics
Extending base types to conform to custom protocols
Test your knowledge
Exercises
Summary
7. Object-Oriented and Functional Programming Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
7. Object-Oriented and Functional Programming
Refactoring code to take advantage of object-oriented programming
Understanding functions as first-class citizens
Working with function types within classes
Creating a functional version of array filtering
Writing equivalent closures with simplified code
Creating a data repository with generics and protocols
Filtering arrays with complex conditions
Using map to transform values
Combining map with reduce
Chaining filter, map, and reduce
Solving algorithms with reduce
Exercises
Test your knowledge
Summary
8. Extending and Building Object-Oriented Code Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
8. Extending and Building Object-Oriented Code
Putting together all the pieces of the object-oriented puzzle
Adding methods with extensions
Adding computed properties to a base type with extensions
Declaring new convenience initializers with extensions
Defining subscripts with extensions
Working with object-oriented code in iOS apps
Adding an object-oriented data repository to a project
Interacting with an object-oriented data repository through Picker View
Exercises
Test your knowledge
Summary
9. Exercise Answers Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Chapter 1, Objects from the Real World to Playground
Chapter 2, Structures, Classes, and Instances
Chapter 3, Encapsulation of Data with Properties
Chapter 4, Inheritance, Abstraction, and Specialization
Chapter 5, Contract Programming with Protocols
Chapter 6, Maximization of Code Reuse with Generic Code
Chapter 7, Object-Oriented Programming and Functional Programming
Chapter 8, Protection and Organization of Code

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About the author

Profile icon Gaston C. Hillar
Gaston C. Hillar
Gaston C. Hillar is Italian and has been working with computers since he was 8 years old. Gaston has a Bachelor's degree in computer science (graduated with honors) and an MBA. Currently, Gaston is an independent IT consultant and a freelance author who is always looking for new adventures anywhere in the world. He was a senior contributing editor at Dr. Dobb's, and has written more than a hundred articles on software development topics. He has received the prestigious Intel Black Belt Software Developer award eight times. He has written many articles about Java for Oracle Java Magazine. Gaston was also a former Microsoft MVP in technical computing. He lives with his wife, Vanesa, and his two sons, Kevin and Brandon.
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FAQs

What is the digital copy I get with my Print order? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

When you buy any Print edition of our Books, you can redeem (for free) the eBook edition of the Print Book you’ve purchased. This gives you instant access to your book when you make an order via PDF, EPUB or our online Reader experience.

What is the delivery time and cost of print book? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Shipping Details

USA:

'

Economy: Delivery to most addresses in the US within 10-15 business days

Premium: Trackable Delivery to most addresses in the US within 3-8 business days

UK:

Economy: Delivery to most addresses in the U.K. within 7-9 business days.
Shipments are not trackable

Premium: Trackable delivery to most addresses in the U.K. within 3-4 business days!
Add one extra business day for deliveries to Northern Ireland and Scottish Highlands and islands

EU:

Premium: Trackable delivery to most EU destinations within 4-9 business days.

Australia:

Economy: Can deliver to P. O. Boxes and private residences.
Trackable service with delivery to addresses in Australia only.
Delivery time ranges from 7-9 business days for VIC and 8-10 business days for Interstate metro
Delivery time is up to 15 business days for remote areas of WA, NT & QLD.

Premium: Delivery to addresses in Australia only
Trackable delivery to most P. O. Boxes and private residences in Australia within 4-5 days based on the distance to a destination following dispatch.

India:

Premium: Delivery to most Indian addresses within 5-6 business days

Rest of the World:

Premium: Countries in the American continent: Trackable delivery to most countries within 4-7 business days

Asia:

Premium: Delivery to most Asian addresses within 5-9 business days

Disclaimer:
All orders received before 5 PM U.K time would start printing from the next business day. So the estimated delivery times start from the next day as well. Orders received after 5 PM U.K time (in our internal systems) on a business day or anytime on the weekend will begin printing the second to next business day. For example, an order placed at 11 AM today will begin printing tomorrow, whereas an order placed at 9 PM tonight will begin printing the day after tomorrow.


Unfortunately, due to several restrictions, we are unable to ship to the following countries:

  1. Afghanistan
  2. American Samoa
  3. Belarus
  4. Brunei Darussalam
  5. Central African Republic
  6. The Democratic Republic of Congo
  7. Eritrea
  8. Guinea-bissau
  9. Iran
  10. Lebanon
  11. Libiya Arab Jamahriya
  12. Somalia
  13. Sudan
  14. Russian Federation
  15. Syrian Arab Republic
  16. Ukraine
  17. Venezuela
What is custom duty/charge? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Customs duty are charges levied on goods when they cross international borders. It is a tax that is imposed on imported goods. These duties are charged by special authorities and bodies created by local governments and are meant to protect local industries, economies, and businesses.

Do I have to pay customs charges for the print book order? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

The orders shipped to the countries that are listed under EU27 will not bear custom charges. They are paid by Packt as part of the order.

List of EU27 countries: www.gov.uk/eu-eea:

A custom duty or localized taxes may be applicable on the shipment and would be charged by the recipient country outside of the EU27 which should be paid by the customer and these duties are not included in the shipping charges been charged on the order.

How do I know my custom duty charges? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

The amount of duty payable varies greatly depending on the imported goods, the country of origin and several other factors like the total invoice amount or dimensions like weight, and other such criteria applicable in your country.

For example:

  • If you live in Mexico, and the declared value of your ordered items is over $ 50, for you to receive a package, you will have to pay additional import tax of 19% which will be $ 9.50 to the courier service.
  • Whereas if you live in Turkey, and the declared value of your ordered items is over € 22, for you to receive a package, you will have to pay additional import tax of 18% which will be € 3.96 to the courier service.
How can I cancel my order? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Cancellation Policy for Published Printed Books:

You can cancel any order within 1 hour of placing the order. Simply contact customercare@packt.com with your order details or payment transaction id. If your order has already started the shipment process, we will do our best to stop it. However, if it is already on the way to you then when you receive it, you can contact us at customercare@packt.com using the returns and refund process.

Please understand that Packt Publishing cannot provide refunds or cancel any order except for the cases described in our Return Policy (i.e. Packt Publishing agrees to replace your printed book because it arrives damaged or material defect in book), Packt Publishing will not accept returns.

What is your returns and refunds policy? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Return Policy:

We want you to be happy with your purchase from Packtpub.com. We will not hassle you with returning print books to us. If the print book you receive from us is incorrect, damaged, doesn't work or is unacceptably late, please contact Customer Relations Team on customercare@packt.com with the order number and issue details as explained below:

  1. If you ordered (eBook, Video or Print Book) incorrectly or accidentally, please contact Customer Relations Team on customercare@packt.com within one hour of placing the order and we will replace/refund you the item cost.
  2. Sadly, if your eBook or Video file is faulty or a fault occurs during the eBook or Video being made available to you, i.e. during download then you should contact Customer Relations Team within 14 days of purchase on customercare@packt.com who will be able to resolve this issue for you.
  3. You will have a choice of replacement or refund of the problem items.(damaged, defective or incorrect)
  4. Once Customer Care Team confirms that you will be refunded, you should receive the refund within 10 to 12 working days.
  5. If you are only requesting a refund of one book from a multiple order, then we will refund you the appropriate single item.
  6. Where the items were shipped under a free shipping offer, there will be no shipping costs to refund.

On the off chance your printed book arrives damaged, with book material defect, contact our Customer Relation Team on customercare@packt.com within 14 days of receipt of the book with appropriate evidence of damage and we will work with you to secure a replacement copy, if necessary. Please note that each printed book you order from us is individually made by Packt's professional book-printing partner which is on a print-on-demand basis.

What tax is charged? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Currently, no tax is charged on the purchase of any print book (subject to change based on the laws and regulations). A localized VAT fee is charged only to our European and UK customers on eBooks, Video and subscriptions that they buy. GST is charged to Indian customers for eBooks and video purchases.

What payment methods can I use? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

You can pay with the following card types:

  1. Visa Debit
  2. Visa Credit
  3. MasterCard
  4. PayPal
What is the delivery time and cost of print books? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Shipping Details

USA:

'

Economy: Delivery to most addresses in the US within 10-15 business days

Premium: Trackable Delivery to most addresses in the US within 3-8 business days

UK:

Economy: Delivery to most addresses in the U.K. within 7-9 business days.
Shipments are not trackable

Premium: Trackable delivery to most addresses in the U.K. within 3-4 business days!
Add one extra business day for deliveries to Northern Ireland and Scottish Highlands and islands

EU:

Premium: Trackable delivery to most EU destinations within 4-9 business days.

Australia:

Economy: Can deliver to P. O. Boxes and private residences.
Trackable service with delivery to addresses in Australia only.
Delivery time ranges from 7-9 business days for VIC and 8-10 business days for Interstate metro
Delivery time is up to 15 business days for remote areas of WA, NT & QLD.

Premium: Delivery to addresses in Australia only
Trackable delivery to most P. O. Boxes and private residences in Australia within 4-5 days based on the distance to a destination following dispatch.

India:

Premium: Delivery to most Indian addresses within 5-6 business days

Rest of the World:

Premium: Countries in the American continent: Trackable delivery to most countries within 4-7 business days

Asia:

Premium: Delivery to most Asian addresses within 5-9 business days

Disclaimer:
All orders received before 5 PM U.K time would start printing from the next business day. So the estimated delivery times start from the next day as well. Orders received after 5 PM U.K time (in our internal systems) on a business day or anytime on the weekend will begin printing the second to next business day. For example, an order placed at 11 AM today will begin printing tomorrow, whereas an order placed at 9 PM tonight will begin printing the day after tomorrow.


Unfortunately, due to several restrictions, we are unable to ship to the following countries:

  1. Afghanistan
  2. American Samoa
  3. Belarus
  4. Brunei Darussalam
  5. Central African Republic
  6. The Democratic Republic of Congo
  7. Eritrea
  8. Guinea-bissau
  9. Iran
  10. Lebanon
  11. Libiya Arab Jamahriya
  12. Somalia
  13. Sudan
  14. Russian Federation
  15. Syrian Arab Republic
  16. Ukraine
  17. Venezuela