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Learning Network Forensics
Learning Network Forensics

Learning Network Forensics: Identify and safeguard your network against both internal and external threats, hackers, and malware attacks

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Learning Network Forensics

Chapter 2. Laying Hands on the Evidence

 

"Unless you know where you are going, you won't know how to get there!"

 
 --Neil Strauss, The Rules of the Game

In this chapter, you will learn how to identify the different sources of evidence and get your hands on the evidence. You will learn how to acquire, manage, and handle the evidence to understand how a crime was committed.

The chapter will cover the following topics:

  • Identifying sources of evidence
  • Learning to handle the evidence
  • Collecting network traffic using tcpdump
  • Collecting network traffic using Wireshark
  • Collecting network logs
  • Acquiring memory using FTK Imager

Identifying sources of evidence

For any successful investigation, it is extremely important to successfully collect, collate, preserve, and analyze the evidence.

To begin with, we need to identify the sources of evidence for any investigation.

The sources of evidence can be easily divided into the following two categories:

Evidence obtainable from within the network

Consider the following image:

Evidence obtainable from within the network

This can include the following:

  • Evidence from network & device logs:

    A log is a record of all the activities and outcomes performed by a device or by outside agents on a device. Thus, all the incoming or outgoing events are logged on a system. Logs are a crucial part of the investigation ecosystem.

    Devices such as firewalls, intrusion prevention and detection systems, anti-virus servers, and so on generate logs. Other logs include operating system event logs, application logs, and so on.

  • Network traffic:

    As discussed in the previous chapter, network traffic is transmitted in packets. The data is split...

Learning to handle the evidence

Once the sources of evidence are identified, the next critical aspect is to learn how to handle the evidence. In the previous chapter, we saw that forensics involves investigative processes used in a manner that is acceptable to a court of law.

Therefore, we need to ensure that all processes followed by us do not compromise the evidentiary value of the collected information.

Rules for the collection of digital evidence

Digital evidence, by its very nature, is fragile. It is extremely easy to tamper with and equally easy to destroy it.

In fact, in the early days, one of the key features that made computers so popular was the fact that a document that was made in a word processor could be very easily modified and mass produced.

In an evidentiary world, this means that whenever we handle the evidence or transport digital evidence, we may cause it to change. In fact, we may cause the digital evidence to change even when viewing it. Digital evidence may also degrade...

Collecting network traffic using tcpdump

Tcpdump is a command-line tool that runs on various flavors of Linux. It can be used for network traffic packet capture and analysis. It is a free tool that is distributed under the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) license.

Tcpdump requires the libpcap library to capture packets. Tcpdump has also been ported to Windows. In this avatar, it requires the WinPcap library, which is a port of libpcap for Windows.

Tcpdump is a great tool to learn about the traffic on your network in a more hands-on way. Though tcpdump requires more inputs from the user vis-à-vis higher analysis tools such as Wireshark, it really increases your fundamental understanding of the TCP/IP suite. Any security professional getting in the network forensics domain must understand the data in its raw form.

Tcpdump also provides the option to save the captured network traffic (packets) to a .pcap format file for future analysis.

From a learning perspective, we will use tcpdump...

Collecting network traffic using Wireshark

While tcpdump is a cool tool to capture network traffic, Wireshark is widely used when it comes to network forensic investigations. In this section, we will focus on installing and using Wireshark to capture network traffic.

Wireshark is available for most of the OS, including Windows, Mac OS, and most flavors of Linux.

It is available for free download at https://www.wireshark.org/download.html.

Using Wireshark

Install Wireshark using the Ubuntu Software Center, as shown in the following screenshot:

Using Wireshark

Run Wireshark with network privileges either directly or using the terminal to start capturing packets, as shown in the following screenshot:

Using Wireshark

Configure according to network topology and other specific details using the Capture Options, as shown in the following screenshot:

Using Wireshark

To get started, all we need to do is select an interface to start capturing packets from. Let's select eth0, as follows:

Using Wireshark

When we select an interface to start capturing packets (eth0...

Collecting network logs

All machines on your network are not likely to be Linux; therefore, to keep a balance of things, we will use Windows as an example for this exercise.

To start Event Viewer, click on the start button and write Event Viewer, as shown in the following screenshot:

Collecting network logs

The Event Viewer will open up as shown in the following screenshot:

Collecting network logs

Event Viewer stores consists of the following components:

  • Custom Views
  • Windows Logs
  • Applications and Services Logs

The different views stores are as follows:

  • Custom Views:
    • Administrative Events: This contains the Critical, Error, and Warning events from all administrative logs, as shown in the following screenshot:
      Collecting network logs
    • Location Activity: As the name suggests, this contains the location activity, as shown in the following screenshot:
    Collecting network logs
  • Windows Logs: Windows log stores events from legacy applications and events that apply to the entire system:
    • Application: The Application log stores events logged by the applications or programs. For example, a database progmemory...

Identifying sources of evidence


For any successful investigation, it is extremely important to successfully collect, collate, preserve, and analyze the evidence.

To begin with, we need to identify the sources of evidence for any investigation.

The sources of evidence can be easily divided into the following two categories:

Evidence obtainable from within the network

Consider the following image:

This can include the following:

  • Evidence from network & device logs:

    A log is a record of all the activities and outcomes performed by a device or by outside agents on a device. Thus, all the incoming or outgoing events are logged on a system. Logs are a crucial part of the investigation ecosystem.

    Devices such as firewalls, intrusion prevention and detection systems, anti-virus servers, and so on generate logs. Other logs include operating system event logs, application logs, and so on.

  • Network traffic:

    As discussed in the previous chapter, network traffic is transmitted in packets. The data is split...

Learning to handle the evidence


Once the sources of evidence are identified, the next critical aspect is to learn how to handle the evidence. In the previous chapter, we saw that forensics involves investigative processes used in a manner that is acceptable to a court of law.

Therefore, we need to ensure that all processes followed by us do not compromise the evidentiary value of the collected information.

Rules for the collection of digital evidence

Digital evidence, by its very nature, is fragile. It is extremely easy to tamper with and equally easy to destroy it.

In fact, in the early days, one of the key features that made computers so popular was the fact that a document that was made in a word processor could be very easily modified and mass produced.

In an evidentiary world, this means that whenever we handle the evidence or transport digital evidence, we may cause it to change. In fact, we may cause the digital evidence to change even when viewing it. Digital evidence may also degrade...

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Key benefits

  • Lay your hands on physical and virtual evidence to understand the sort of crime committed by capturing and analyzing network traffic
  • Connect the dots by understanding web proxies, firewalls, and routers to close in on your suspect
  • A hands-on guide to help you solve your case with malware forensic methods and network behaviors

Description

We live in a highly networked world. Every digital device—phone, tablet, or computer is connected to each other, in one way or another. In this new age of connected networks, there is network crime. Network forensics is the brave new frontier of digital investigation and information security professionals to extend their abilities to catch miscreants on the network. The book starts with an introduction to the world of network forensics and investigations. You will begin by getting an understanding of how to gather both physical and virtual evidence, intercepting and analyzing network data, wireless data packets, investigating intrusions, and so on. You will further explore the technology, tools, and investigating methods using malware forensics, network tunneling, and behaviors. By the end of the book, you will gain a complete understanding of how to successfully close a case.

Who is this book for?

If you are a network administrator, system administrator, information security, or forensics professional and wish to learn network forensic to track the intrusions through network-based evidence, then this book is for you. Basic knowledge of Linux and networking concepts is expected.

What you will learn

  • Understand Internetworking, sources of network-based evidence and other basic technical fundamentals, including the tools that will be used throughout the book
  • Acquire evidence using traffic acquisition software and know how to manage and handle the evidence
  • Perform packet analysis by capturing and collecting data, along with content analysis
  • Locate wireless devices, as well as capturing and analyzing wireless traffic data packets
  • Implement protocol analysis and content matching; acquire evidence from NIDS/NIPS
  • Act upon the data and evidence gathered by being able to connect the dots and draw links between various events
  • Apply logging and interfaces, along with analyzing web proxies and understanding encrypted web traffic
  • Use IOCs (Indicators of Compromise) and build real-world forensic solutions, dealing with malware

Product Details

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Publication date : Feb 29, 2016
Length: 274 pages
Edition : 1st
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781785282126
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Product Details

Publication date : Feb 29, 2016
Length: 274 pages
Edition : 1st
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781785282126
Category :
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Tools :

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Table of Contents

11 Chapters
1. Becoming Network 007s Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
2. Laying Hands on the Evidence Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
3. Capturing & Analyzing Data Packets Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
4. Going Wireless Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
5. Tracking an Intruder on the Network Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
6. Connecting the Dots – Event Logs Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
7. Proxies, Firewalls, and Routers Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
8. Smuggling Forbidden Protocols – Network Tunneling Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
9. Investigating Malware – Cyber Weapons of the Internet Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
10. Closing the Deal – Solving the Case Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Index Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Customer reviews

Rating distribution
Full star icon Half star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon 1.5
(2 Ratings)
5 star 0%
4 star 0%
3 star 0%
2 star 50%
1 star 50%
Alejandro Castillo Apr 03, 2016
Full star icon Full star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon 2
The book is extremely high level to be practical or useful. Take the tunneling chapter for example, in the tunneling chapter, tunneling is only explained. No methods or ideas are ever brought up as to how to detect it or investigate it.The some sections do have tools , but even these sections aren't useful. The author painfully does a step by step process that literally just acts as filler for the book as it fills it with screenshots. I mean who hasn't gone through a click click next next installer?If you are a manager who has just transitioned to the incident response side and want to get your hands wet to understand what your employees are doing this book is for you! For everyone else trying to actually solve this problem on a network with more than one PC and needs a deeper understanding of the subject ... This book may not be for you.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Mr. Kevin J. Ross Mar 09, 2016
Full star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon 1
I have only read some of this so far in bits and I am not impressed. I got the impression from this book that this book would have good information on the latest methods of analysing complex network data to find bad guys and if you look at the "what you will learn in this book" blurb you will be led to believe this too. However:- The actual content of the book is minimal. Some pages literally have 4 or 5 sentences on it, a picture and then 1/3 to 1/2 the page blank where the content continues on the next page.- Everything I have read feels like a summary that leads no where. It may be common to provide a short description in order to provide the groundwork for coming content but the book feels largely structured like this. For instance in the chapter on tunnelling there is some description on very basic "what is a VPN", what is an SSH tunnel etc and there is nothing really else. It could have gone onto discuss for instance finding DNS tunnelling through abnormal message sizes, frequencies, responses and protocol violations but there is nothing. The IDS chapter is a similar how to install snort on windows (which most networks you will use a *nix OS) and how to run it.- There was very little I saw on actually detecting real attacker techniques. Dissecting exploits on the network, malware command and control, lateral movement etc would have provided excellent content.As such save your money and avoid this even if you are just starting out and looking for an easy introduction (even though the description on the book suggests more would be covered) as you will learn very little applicable knowledge and I have managed to quite a bit of different parts of the book very quickly finding nothing of interest for application to real network defence against modern criminals.Better books would be:Network: Applied Network Security Analysis (proper design, IDS including Suricata, Snort and BRO and analysis, IOC consumption etc), Network Security Through Data Analysis, The Practice of Network Security Monitoring (more if using Security Onion), Network forensics: tracking hackers through cyberspace, Crafting the InfoSec playbook (more queries and concepts. basically where this book should have gone when they started talking about Splunk install of how to install and adding data though a read up on ELK stack and setting that up and you can ingest your IDS and network logs like firewall logs and bro logs into that).Malware & Exploit: Malware Analysts Cookbook, Practical Malware Analysis, Gray Hat hacking 4th edition, Android Malware and analysis etc.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
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