Over 80% of 328 million active Twitter users are mobile. Twitter knew they needed their mobile experience to be faster, more reliable, and engaging. They chose to launch their default mobile experience as a Progressive Web Application (PWA) in April 2017, called Twitter Lite.
Their goals were simple, faster load times, more engagement, and lower data consumption. They were able to achieve all three when comparing general activities to the non progressive web app version:
- 65% increase in pages per session
- 75% increase in Tweets sent
- 20% decrease in bounce rate
— Nicolas Gallagher, the Engineering Lead for Twitter Lite
This is just one example of online companies reaping the rewards that PWA offers. This book should serve as a starting point to arm you with the basic knowledge and confidence to create your first PWA.
In this book, you are going to learn how to build a PWA which will be ready for production use. In case you haven't created a PWA yet, you will learn how to make a simple PWA in the first part of this chapter.
This chapter will cover PWA fundamentals and the advantages they offer over classic websites and native applications. You will also see how to upgrade an existing 2048 game web application to a PWA. You will learn how to add a web manifest and service worker to the application, enabling PWA features using a localhost web server.
The purpose of this chapter is to get a general idea of how PWAs work, why you want to deliver PWAs, and to give you the skills to easily create PWAs with basic functionalities.
This chapter will cover the following points:
- The purpose of PWA
- PWA advantages
- The basic technical requirements of a PWA
- The three primary user experience PWA goals
- How to upgrade an existing website and run it locally
The web as we know it is entering its third decade of existence. Over this time, the web has gone through many changes and enhancements. While the web possesses some great superpowers, it also had its limitations that inhibited it from delivering an experience in parity with native counterparts.
PWAs are a way to apply native browser technology to create web solutions that consumers want to add to their homescreen. Meanwhile, new web APIs are progressing to fill additional gaps in functionality between web and native apps.
The great thing about a PWA is existing websites can easily be upgraded to claim the PWA status. This can unlock new features in browsers and platforms to level up any website.
About a decade ago, not only was the web disrupted, but so was desktop computing when Apple released the iPhone. This ushered in a new era of mobile first computing. That era's web technology was not prepared for this rapid shift from desktops to handheld devices.
Changing to a mobile first world requires more than just responsive design techniques; it requires a new set of native APIs, capabilities, and coding techniques. The HTML, CSS, and JavaScript specifications and browsers have evolved over the past decade, catching up to the consumer expectations of client applications.
Today, we have a very rich set of native APIs and browsers, enabling everything from geo-location to voice input and camera manipulation. There are client platforms designed to provide a rich, mobile first canvas for developers to paint engaging user experiences.
In addition to great native APIs, browsers have added new features in service workers, web manifestations, and have begun requiring HTTPS to enable modern APIs. These three technical features are the core requirements to become a PWA. However, there is much more to the art of making a good PWA. This art requires a different approach to web development.
In this book, we are going to explore the requirements of a good PWA, and how to create new and upgrade existing websites as PWAs. Along the way, we will learn how to leverage new features such as IndexedDB, multi-media, and the Fetch API to add value to our applications.
As this book progresses, you will learn how to use service workers for caching, push notifications, and background synchronization. The next chapter delves into the web manifest file. Chapter 3, Making Your Website Secure, covers the subtleties of upgrading to HTTPS.
This book breaks down technical and experiential requirements so that you can create a good, PWA and demonstrates this with three sample applications:
- The first application is a simple game, 2048. 2048 was very popular about three years ago and I still find it very addictive. Even though it's a simple game, it will demonstrate how the web can compete on an even level with common native applications.
- Next, we will create a photo gallery website and see how to use service worker caching to create an application that loads instantly and runs with or without a network. The application will be comparable to many popular podcast players like iTunes and Stitcher.
- The final application is a consumer event ticket application. This application will demonstrate advanced service worker techniques like cache invalidation. I will also cover tools you can use to validate your applications and help you scaffold them for quality and consistency.
All source code is available on GitHub, with links provided in this book. You're welcome to clone and fork these repositories. Make local copies and modify them as you wish. I would love to see how you enhance the demo applications.
