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Hands-On Neural Networks with TensorFlow 2.0
Hands-On Neural Networks with TensorFlow 2.0

Hands-On Neural Networks with TensorFlow 2.0: Understand TensorFlow, from static graph to eager execution, and design neural networks

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Hands-On Neural Networks with TensorFlow 2.0

What is Machine Learning?

Machine learning (ML) is an artificial intelligence branch where we define algorithms, with the aim of learning about a model that describes and extracts meaningful information from data.

Exciting applications of ML can be found in fields such as predictive maintenance in industrial environments, image analysis for medical applications, time series forecasting for finance and many other sectors, face detection and identification for security purposes, autonomous driving, text comprehension, speech recognition, recommendation systems, and many other applications of ML are countless, and we probably use them daily without even knowing it!

Just think about the camera application on your smartphone— when you open the app and you point the camera toward a person, you see a square around the person's face. How is this possible? For a computer, an...

The importance of the dataset

Since the concept of the dataset is essential in ML, let's look at it in detail, with a focus on how to create the required splits for building a complete and correct ML pipeline.

A dataset is nothing more than a collection of data. Formally, we can describe a dataset as a set of pairs, , where is the i-th example and is its label, with a finite cardinality, :

A dataset has a finite number of elements, and our ML algorithm will loop over this dataset several times, trying to understand the data structure, until it solves the task it is asked to address. As shown in Chapter 2, Neural Networks and Deep Learning, some algorithms will consider all the data at once, while other algorithms will iteratively look at a small subset of the data at each training iteration.

A typical supervised learning task is the classification of the dataset. We train...

Supervised learning

Supervised learning algorithms work by extracting knowledge from a knowledge base (KB), that is, the dataset that contains labeled instances of the concept we need to learn about.

Supervised learning algorithms are two-phase algorithms. Given a supervised learning problem—let's say, a classification problem—the algorithm tries to solve it during the first phase, called the training phase, and its performance is measured in the second phase, called the testing phase.

The three dataset splits (train, validation, and test), as defined in the previous section, and the two-phase algorithm should sound an alarm: why do we have a two-phase algorithm and three dataset splits?

Because the first phase (should—in a well-made pipeline) uses two datasets. In fact, we can define the stages:

  • Training and validation: The algorithm analyzes the dataset...

Unsupervised learning

In comparison to supervised learning, unsupervised learning does not need a dataset of labeled examples during the training phaselabels are only needed during the testing phase when we want to evaluate the performance of the model.

The purpose of unsupervised learning is to discover natural partitions in the training set. What does this mean? Think about the MNIST dataset—it has 10 classes, and we know this because every example has a different label in the [1,10] range. An unsupervised learning algorithm has to discover that there are 10 different objects inside the dataset and does this by looking at the examples without prior knowledge of the label.

It is clear that unsupervised learning algorithms are challenging compared to supervised learning ones since they cannot rely on the label's information, but they have to discover features...

Semi-supervised learning

Semi-supervised learning algorithms fall between supervised and unsupervised learning algorithms.

They rely upon the assumption that we can exploit the information of the labeled data to improve the result of unsupervised learning algorithms and vice versa.

Being able to use semi-supervised learning algorithms depends on the available data: if we have only labeled data, we can use supervised learning; if we don't have any labeled data, we must go with unsupervised learning methods. However, let's say we have the following:

  • Labeled and unlabeled examples
  • Examples that are all labeled with the same class

If we have these, then we can use a semi-supervised approach to solve the problem.

The scenario in which we have all the examples labeled with the same class could look like a supervised learning problem, but it isn't.

If the aim of the...

Summary

In this chapter, we went through the ML algorithm families from a general and theoretical point of view. It is essential to have good knowledge of what machine learning is, how algorithms are categorized, what kind of algorithms are used given a certain task, and how to become familiar with all the concepts and the terminology that's used among machine learning practitioners.

In the next chapter, Chapter 2, Neural Networks and Deep Learning, we will focus on neural networks. We will understand the strengths of machine learning models, how is it possible to make a network learn, and how, in practice, a model parameter update is performed.

Exercises

Answering the following questions is of extreme importance: you are building your ML foundations—do not skip this step!

  1. Given a dataset of 1,000 labeled examples, what do you have to do if you want to measure the performance of a supervised learning algorithm during the training, validation, and test phases, while using accuracy as the unique metric?
  2. What is the difference between supervised and unsupervised learning?
  3. What is the difference between precision and recall?
  4. A model in a high-recall regime produces more or less false positives than a model in a low recall regime?
  5. Can the confusion matrix only be used in a binary classification problem? If not, how can we use it in a multiclass classification problem?
  6. Is one-class classification a supervised learning problem? If yes, why? If no, why?
  7. If a binary classifier has an AUC of 0.5, what can you conclude from...
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Key benefits

  • Understand the basics of machine learning and discover the power of neural networks and deep learning
  • Explore the structure of the TensorFlow framework and understand how to transition to TF 2.0
  • Solve any deep learning problem by developing neural network-based solutions using TF 2.0

Description

TensorFlow, the most popular and widely used machine learning framework, has made it possible for almost anyone to develop machine learning solutions with ease. With TensorFlow (TF) 2.0, you'll explore a revamped framework structure, offering a wide variety of new features aimed at improving productivity and ease of use for developers. This book covers machine learning with a focus on developing neural network-based solutions. You'll start by getting familiar with the concepts and techniques required to build solutions to deep learning problems. As you advance, you’ll learn how to create classifiers, build object detection and semantic segmentation networks, train generative models, and speed up the development process using TF 2.0 tools such as TensorFlow Datasets and TensorFlow Hub. By the end of this TensorFlow book, you'll be ready to solve any machine learning problem by developing solutions using TF 2.0 and putting them into production.

Who is this book for?

If you're a developer who wants to get started with machine learning and TensorFlow, or a data scientist interested in developing neural network solutions in TF 2.0, this book is for you. Experienced machine learning engineers who want to master the new features of the TensorFlow framework will also find this book useful. Basic knowledge of calculus and a strong understanding of Python programming will help you grasp the topics covered in this book.

What you will learn

  • Grasp machine learning and neural network techniques to solve challenging tasks
  • Apply the new features of TF 2.0 to speed up development
  • Use TensorFlow Datasets (tfds) and the tf.data API to build high-efficiency data input pipelines
  • Perform transfer learning and fine-tuning with TensorFlow Hub
  • Define and train networks to solve object detection and semantic segmentation problems
  • Train Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) to generate images and data distributions
  • Use the SavedModel file format to put a model, or a generic computational graph, into production
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Publication date, Length, Edition, Language, ISBN-13
Publication date : Sep 18, 2019
Length: 358 pages
Edition : 1st
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781789615555
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Product Details

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Length: 358 pages
Edition : 1st
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781789615555
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Table of Contents

14 Chapters
Section 1: Neural Network Fundamentals Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
What is Machine Learning? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Neural Networks and Deep Learning Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Section 2: TensorFlow Fundamentals Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
TensorFlow Graph Architecture Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
TensorFlow 2.0 Architecture Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Efficient Data Input Pipelines and Estimator API Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Section 3: The Application of Neural Networks Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Image Classification Using TensorFlow Hub Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Introduction to Object Detection Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Semantic Segmentation and Custom Dataset Builder Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Generative Adversarial Networks Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Bringing a Model to Production Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Other Books You May Enjoy Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Customer reviews

Top Reviews
Rating distribution
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Half star icon Empty star icon 3.7
(7 Ratings)
5 star 57.1%
4 star 14.3%
3 star 0%
2 star 0%
1 star 28.6%
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Aundrea Mar 12, 2021
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
The book is very pragmatic and that is why I recommend it. It has many eye opening examples on how to use TensorFlow 2.0. It is a great resource if you really want to understand neural networks and deep learning. I have other books on machine learning and TensorFlow but none of them explain things as clearly as this book.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
fasttouch Nov 17, 2019
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
This is a great book on TensorFlow 2.0. All the book is well written and explain the concepts really well. It is extremely precise and goes really deep in technical details. Especially Chapter 3 and 4 are fantastic. If you want to know how TensorFlow works this book is for you.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
joe hoeller Jan 19, 2020
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
Excellent in-depth resource for beginners that have never been exposed to Deep Learning in TensorFlow 2.0, with some of the material extending upon that and taking the beginner to an intermediate level.I recommend coding examples from hand while creating notes above the code line for line that summarize in 1-2 sentences what each line of code does.This will reinforce what you learn while developing familiarity and experience with the Tensorflow version 2.0 API.Well written and executed for this level and within the context of deep learning and neural networks.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Grigory Sapunov Jan 08, 2020
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
This is a good introductory book to start with TF 1.0 and 2.0. The book is not too general as I thought from some reviews, it contains a lot of relevant topics required to meaningfully start doing ML/DL projects. Just look at the contents. For example, it has an intro into ML itself, enough deep learning basics, all the relevant TensorFlow stuff, highlighting the differences between 1.0 and 2.0, explains new stuff like TF Hub, describes all relevant metrics for different tasks and so on. Examples range from basic image classification to more advanced object detection and even semantic segmentation, not forgetting a basic intro into GANs. So, I like it. It's definitely not a typical book about nothing, it's a good introductory book to quickly start learning this field. It will save you a lot of time comparing to reading different pages and posts in the internet.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Placeholder Jan 02, 2020
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Empty star icon 4
This books explains end to end new features added in TF2. Using Gradient Tape, writing custom training loop. I
Amazon Verified review Amazon
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