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Home > Cloud & Networking > Cloud Computing > Getting Started with Terraform
Getting Started with Terraform
Getting Started with Terraform

Getting Started with Terraform: Infrastructure automation made easy

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Getting Started with Terraform

Chapter 2. Deploying First Server

Now that we know which problem Terraform solves, we can proceed to learning how exactly it works and how to use it. In this chapter, you will learn a bit about Terraform's history, install it on our workstation, prepare working environment, and run the tool for the first time. After getting everything ready for our work, we will figure out what is a Terraform provider is, and then we will take a quick tour of what AWS and EC2 are.

With this knowledge in place, we will first create an EC2 instance by hand (just to understand the pain that Terraform will eliminate) and then we will do exactly the same with the help of Terraform template. That will allow us to study the nature of Terraform state file. Once we know that, we will update our server using the same template, and finally, destroy it. By the end of the chapter, you will already have a solid knowledge of Terraform basics, and you will be ready to create a template for your existing...

History of Terraform

Terraform was first released in July 2014 by a company named HashiCorp. It is the same company that brought some tools, such as Vagrant, Packer, and Vault. Being the fifth tool in the HashiCorp stack, it focused on providing a way to describe the complete Infrastructure as Code:

... From physical servers to containers to SaaS products, Terraform is able to create and compose all the components necessary to run any service or application. With Terraform, you describe your complete infrastructure as code, even as it spans multiple service providers. Your servers may come from AWS, your DNS may come from CloudFlare, and your database may come from Heroku. Terraform will build all these resources across all these providers in parallel. Terraform codifies knowledge about your infrastructure unlike any other tool before, and provides the workflow and tooling for safely changing and updating infrastructure. -  https://www.hashicorp.com/blog/terraform.html

Terraform...

Preparing work environment

In this book, we will focus on using Terraform in a Linux environment. The general usage of the tool should be the same on all platforms though some advanced topics and practices discussed in later chapters might apply only to Linux systems.

As mentioned in the previous section, Terraform is distributed as a single binary, packaged inside Zip archive. Unfortunately, HashiCorp does not provide native packages for operating systems. That means the first step is too install unzip. Depending on your package manager, this could be done by running sudo yum install unzip or sudo apt-get install unzip or might be even already be installed. In any case, after making sure that you can unarchive the Zip files, proceed to downloading Terraform from the official website,  https://www.terraform.io/downloads.html.

Unzip it to any convenient folder. Make sure that this folder is available in your PATH environment variable. A full installation command sequence could look as...

The many Terraform providers

Providers are something you use to configure access to the service you create resources for. For example, if you want to create AWS resources, you need to configure the AWS provider. This would specify credentials to access the APIs of many AWS services.

At the time of writing, Terraform has more than 40 providers. This impressive list includes not only major cloud providers such as AWS and Google Cloud, but also a smaller services, such as Fastly, a Content Delivery Network (CDN) provider.

Not every provider requires explicit configuration. Some of them do not even deal with external services. Instead, they provide resources for local entities. For example, you could use TLS provider to generate keys and certificates.

Nevertheless, most providers are dealing with one or another external API and require configuration. In this book, we will be using the AWS provider. Before we configure it, let's have a short introduction to AWS. If you...

Short introduction to AWS

Amazon Web Services is a cloud offering from Amazon, an online retail giant. Back in early 2000s, Amazon invested money in an automated platform, which would provide services for things such as network, storage, and computation to Amazon developers. Developers then don't need to manage underlying infrastructure. Instead, they would use provided services via APIs to provision virtual machines, storage buckets, and so on.

The platform, initially built to power Amazon itself, was open for public usage in 2006. The first released service was Simple Queue Service (SQS), followed by the two most commonly used AWS services—Simple Storage Service (S3) and Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) that were released and anyone could pay to use them.

Fast forward 10 years. AWS now has over 70 different services, covering practically everything modern infrastructure would need. It has services for virtual networking, queue processing, transactional e-mails, storage, DNS, relational...

History of Terraform

Terraform was first released in July 2014 by a company named HashiCorp. It is the same company that brought some tools, such as Vagrant, Packer, and Vault. Being the fifth tool in the HashiCorp stack, it focused on providing a way to describe the complete Infrastructure as Code:

... From physical servers to containers to SaaS products, Terraform is able to create and compose all the components necessary to run any service or application. With Terraform, you describe your complete infrastructure as code, even as it spans multiple service providers. Your servers may come from AWS, your DNS may come from CloudFlare, and your database may come from Heroku. Terraform will build all these resources across all these providers in parallel. Terraform codifies knowledge about your infrastructure unlike any other tool before, and provides the workflow and tooling for safely changing and updating infrastructure. -  https://www.hashicorp.com/blog/terraform.html

Terraform is an open...

Preparing work environment

In this book, we will focus on using Terraform in a Linux environment. The general usage of the tool should be the same on all platforms though some advanced topics and practices discussed in later chapters might apply only to Linux systems.

As mentioned in the previous section, Terraform is distributed as a single binary, packaged inside Zip archive. Unfortunately, HashiCorp does not provide native packages for operating systems. That means the first step is too install unzip. Depending on your package manager, this could be done by running sudo yum install unzip or sudo apt-get install unzip or might be even already be installed. In any case, after making sure that you can unarchive the Zip files, proceed to downloading Terraform from the official website,  https://www.terraform.io/downloads.html.

Unzip it to any convenient folder. Make sure that this folder is available in your PATH environment variable. A full installation command sequence could look as follows...

The many Terraform providers

Providers are something you use to configure access to the service you create resources for. For example, if you want to create AWS resources, you need to configure the AWS provider. This would specify credentials to access the APIs of many AWS services.

At the time of writing, Terraform has more than 40 providers. This impressive list includes not only major cloud providers such as AWS and Google Cloud, but also a smaller services, such as Fastly, a Content Delivery Network (CDN) provider.

Not every provider requires explicit configuration. Some of them do not even deal with external services. Instead, they provide resources for local entities. For example, you could use TLS provider to generate keys and certificates.

Nevertheless, most providers are dealing with one or another external API and require configuration. In this book, we will be using the AWS provider. Before we configure it, let's have a short introduction to AWS. If you are already familiar with...

Short introduction to AWS

Amazon Web Services is a cloud offering from Amazon, an online retail giant. Back in early 2000s, Amazon invested money in an automated platform, which would provide services for things such as network, storage, and computation to Amazon developers. Developers then don't need to manage underlying infrastructure. Instead, they would use provided services via APIs to provision virtual machines, storage buckets, and so on.

The platform, initially built to power Amazon itself, was open for public usage in 2006. The first released service was Simple Queue Service (SQS), followed by the two most commonly used AWS services—Simple Storage Service (S3) and Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) that were released and anyone could pay to use them.

Fast forward 10 years. AWS now has over 70 different services, covering practically everything modern infrastructure would need. It has services for virtual networking, queue processing, transactional e-mails, storage, DNS, relational databases...

Using Elastic Compute Cloud

We will look at three ways of creating an EC2 instance: manually via the Management Console, with the AWS Command Line Interface (CLI), and with Terraform.

Creating an instance through Management Console

Just to get a feel of AWS Management Console and to fully understand how much Terraform simplifies working with AWS, let's create a single EC2 instance manually:

  1. Login to the console and choose EC2 from the list of services:

  2. Click on Launch Instance:

  3. Choose AWS Marketplace from the left sidebar, type Centos in the search box, and click on the Select button for the first search result:

  4. On each of the next pages, just click on Next till you reach the end of the process and you get a notification as follows:

As you see, it's not really a quick process to create a single virtual server on EC2. You have to choose AMI, instance type, configure network details, and permissions; select or generate an SSH-key; properly tag it; pick the right security groups, and add storage....

Configuring AWS provider

Before using Terraform to create an instance, we need to configure AWS provider. This is the first piece of code we will write in our template. Templates are written in a special language named HashiCorp Configuration Language (HCL). More details about HCL can be found at  https://github.com/hashicorp/hcl. You can also write your templates in JSON, but this is recommended only if template itself is generated or read by a machine.

We can configure credentials in the following ways.

Static credentials

With this method, you just hardcode your access keys right inside your template. It looks as follows:

    provider "aws" {
        access_key = "xxxxxxxxxxxxx"
        secret_key = "xxxxxxxxxxxxx"
        region = "us-east-1"
    }

Though the simplest one, it is also the least flexible and secured one. You don't want to give your credentials just like this to everyone in the team. Rather, each team member should use his or her own keys. Consider this method...

Creating EC2 instance with Terraform

Resources are components of your infrastructure. It can be something as complex as a complete virtual server, or something as simple as a DNS record. Each resource belongs to a provider, and the type of the resource is suffixed with the provider name. The configuration of a resource takes the following form:

resource "provider-name_resource-type" "resource-name" { 
  parameter_name = parameter_value 
}

The combination of resource type and resource name must be unique in your template; otherwise Terraform will complain.

There are three types of things you can configure inside resource block: resource-specific parameters, meta-parameters, and provisioners. For now, let's focus on resource-specific parameters. They are unique to each resource type.

We will create an EC2 instance. The aws_instance resource is responsible for this job. To create an instance, we need to set at least two parameters: ami and instance_type. Some parameters are required...

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Key benefits

  • • An up-to-date and comprehensive resource on Terraform that lets you quickly and efficiently launch your infrastructure
  • • Learn how to implement your infrastructure as code and make secure, effective changes to your infrastructure
  • • Learn to build multi-cloud fault-tolerant systems and simplify the management and orchestration of even the largest scale and most complex cloud infrastructures

Description

Terraform is a tool used to efficiently build, configure, and improve production infrastructure. It can manage existing infrastructure as well as create custom in-house solutions. This book shows you when and how to implement infrastructure as a code practices with Terraform. It covers everything necessary to set up complete management of infrastructure with Terraform, starting with the basics of using providers and resources. This book is a comprehensive guide that begins with very small infrastructure templates and takes you all the way to managing complex systems, all using concrete examples that evolve over the course of the book. It finishes with the complete workflow of managing a production infrastructure as code – this is achieved with the help of version control and continuous integration. At the end of this book, you will be familiar with advanced techniques such as multi-provider support and multiple remote modules.

Who is this book for?

This book is for developers and operators who already have some exposure to working with infrastructure but want to improve their workflow and introduce infrastructure as a code practice. Knowledge of essential Amazon Web Services components (EC2, VPC, IAM) would help contextualize the examples provided. Basic understanding of Jenkins and Shell scripts will be helpful for the chapters on the production usage of Terraform.

What you will learn

  • • Understand what Infrastructure as Code (IaC) means and why it matters
  • • Install, configure, and deploy Terraform
  • • Take full control of your infrastructure in the form of code
  • • Manage complete complete infrastructure, starting with a single server and scaling beyond any limits
  • • Discover a great set of production-ready practices to manage infrastructure
  • • Set up CI/CD pipelines to test and deliver Terraform stacks
  • • Construct templates to simplify more complex provisioning tasks
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Publication date : Jan 31, 2017
Length: 206 pages
Edition : 1st
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781786465108
Category :
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Concepts :
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Tools :
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Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781786465108
Category :
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Languages :
Go
Concepts :
Cloud Computing
Tools :
Terraform

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Table of Contents

8 Chapters
1. Infrastructure Automation Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
1. Infrastructure Automation
What is Infrastructure as Code and why is it needed?
Declarative vs Procedural tools for Infrastructure as Code
Infrastructure as Code in the Cloud
Requirements for infrastructure provisioner
Which tools exist for infrastructure provisioning?
A short overview of Terraform
Journey ahead and how to read this book
Summary
2. Deploying First Server Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
2. Deploying First Server
History of Terraform
Preparing work environment
The many Terraform providers
Short introduction to AWS
Using Elastic Compute Cloud
Configuring AWS provider
Creating EC2 instance with Terraform
Working with state
Handling resource updates
Destroying everything we've built
Summary
3. Resource Dependencies and Modules Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
3. Resource Dependencies and Modules
Creating AWS Virtual Private Cloud
Understanding dependency graph
Playing with Terraform graph
Controlling dependencies with depends_on and ignore_changes
Making sense of our template
Removing duplication with modules
Configuring modules
Retrieving module data with outputs
Using root module outputs
Summary
4. Storing and Supplying Configuration Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
4. Storing and Supplying Configuration
Understanding variables
Configuring data sources
Exploring Terraform configuration resources
Taking a quick look at Consul
Summary
5. Connecting with Other Tools Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
5. Connecting with Other Tools
Returning data with outputs
Testing servers with Inspec
Provisioners
Reprovisioning machines with null_resource
Using third-party plugins
Summary
6. Scaling and Updating Infrastructure Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
6. Scaling and Updating Infrastructure
Counting servers
Bringing in high availability
Load balancing and simulating conditionals
Immutable Infrastructure
Baking images with Packer
Rolling out AMI upgrades with Terraform
Performing blue-green deployments
Refreshing infrastructure
Importing resources
Summary
7. Collaborative Infrastructure Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
7. Collaborative Infrastructure
Version control with Git 101
Moving templates to Git
Protecting secrets in a Git repository
Storing state files remotely
Connecting remote states together
Storing modules remotely
Locking state files with Terragrunt
Moving infrastructure updates to the CI pipeline
Integration testing of Terraform modules
Summary
8. Future of Terraform Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
8. Future of Terraform
Infrastructure as Code and Terraform replacements
Learning AWS and compiling Terraform
Learning Consul
Provisioning and configuration management
Immutable Infrastructure
Collaboration and CI/CD
The many tools around Terraform
The rapid development of Terraform
Closing thoughts on the future of Terraform
Summary

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One of those technical books which although possibly technically competent, is so jarring in it's use of English, that it is difficult to read. I suspect that English is not the author's first language, which would account for the eccentric use of articles. This may sound picky, but I find it hard to read "Create EC2 instance" rather than "Creating an EC2 instance". The writing isn't even consistent; there'll be an article one time and not another. Very frustrating as it distracts from the sense of the book.
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About the author

Profile icon Kirill Shirinkin
Kirill Shirinkin
Kirill Shirinkin is an IT consultant who focuses on Cloud technologies and DevOps practices. He has worked in companies of different sizes and areas, from an online language learning leader to a major IT provider for the global travel industry and one of the largest management consultancies. He is also a cofounder of online mentorship platform mkdev.me, where he leads a team and teaches his students all about DevOps.
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Premium: Delivery to most Asian addresses within 5-9 business days

Disclaimer:
All orders received before 5 PM U.K time would start printing from the next business day. So the estimated delivery times start from the next day as well. Orders received after 5 PM U.K time (in our internal systems) on a business day or anytime on the weekend will begin printing the second to next business day. For example, an order placed at 11 AM today will begin printing tomorrow, whereas an order placed at 9 PM tonight will begin printing the day after tomorrow.


Unfortunately, due to several restrictions, we are unable to ship to the following countries:

  1. Afghanistan
  2. American Samoa
  3. Belarus
  4. Brunei Darussalam
  5. Central African Republic
  6. The Democratic Republic of Congo
  7. Eritrea
  8. Guinea-bissau
  9. Iran
  10. Lebanon
  11. Libiya Arab Jamahriya
  12. Somalia
  13. Sudan
  14. Russian Federation
  15. Syrian Arab Republic
  16. Ukraine
  17. Venezuela
What is custom duty/charge? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Customs duty are charges levied on goods when they cross international borders. It is a tax that is imposed on imported goods. These duties are charged by special authorities and bodies created by local governments and are meant to protect local industries, economies, and businesses.

Do I have to pay customs charges for the print book order? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

The orders shipped to the countries that are listed under EU27 will not bear custom charges. They are paid by Packt as part of the order.

List of EU27 countries: www.gov.uk/eu-eea:

A custom duty or localized taxes may be applicable on the shipment and would be charged by the recipient country outside of the EU27 which should be paid by the customer and these duties are not included in the shipping charges been charged on the order.

How do I know my custom duty charges? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

The amount of duty payable varies greatly depending on the imported goods, the country of origin and several other factors like the total invoice amount or dimensions like weight, and other such criteria applicable in your country.

For example:

  • If you live in Mexico, and the declared value of your ordered items is over $ 50, for you to receive a package, you will have to pay additional import tax of 19% which will be $ 9.50 to the courier service.
  • Whereas if you live in Turkey, and the declared value of your ordered items is over € 22, for you to receive a package, you will have to pay additional import tax of 18% which will be € 3.96 to the courier service.
How can I cancel my order? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Cancellation Policy for Published Printed Books:

You can cancel any order within 1 hour of placing the order. Simply contact customercare@packt.com with your order details or payment transaction id. If your order has already started the shipment process, we will do our best to stop it. However, if it is already on the way to you then when you receive it, you can contact us at customercare@packt.com using the returns and refund process.

Please understand that Packt Publishing cannot provide refunds or cancel any order except for the cases described in our Return Policy (i.e. Packt Publishing agrees to replace your printed book because it arrives damaged or material defect in book), Packt Publishing will not accept returns.

What is your returns and refunds policy? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Return Policy:

We want you to be happy with your purchase from Packtpub.com. We will not hassle you with returning print books to us. If the print book you receive from us is incorrect, damaged, doesn't work or is unacceptably late, please contact Customer Relations Team on customercare@packt.com with the order number and issue details as explained below:

  1. If you ordered (eBook, Video or Print Book) incorrectly or accidentally, please contact Customer Relations Team on customercare@packt.com within one hour of placing the order and we will replace/refund you the item cost.
  2. Sadly, if your eBook or Video file is faulty or a fault occurs during the eBook or Video being made available to you, i.e. during download then you should contact Customer Relations Team within 14 days of purchase on customercare@packt.com who will be able to resolve this issue for you.
  3. You will have a choice of replacement or refund of the problem items.(damaged, defective or incorrect)
  4. Once Customer Care Team confirms that you will be refunded, you should receive the refund within 10 to 12 working days.
  5. If you are only requesting a refund of one book from a multiple order, then we will refund you the appropriate single item.
  6. Where the items were shipped under a free shipping offer, there will be no shipping costs to refund.

On the off chance your printed book arrives damaged, with book material defect, contact our Customer Relation Team on customercare@packt.com within 14 days of receipt of the book with appropriate evidence of damage and we will work with you to secure a replacement copy, if necessary. Please note that each printed book you order from us is individually made by Packt's professional book-printing partner which is on a print-on-demand basis.

What tax is charged? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Currently, no tax is charged on the purchase of any print book (subject to change based on the laws and regulations). A localized VAT fee is charged only to our European and UK customers on eBooks, Video and subscriptions that they buy. GST is charged to Indian customers for eBooks and video purchases.

What payment methods can I use? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

You can pay with the following card types:

  1. Visa Debit
  2. Visa Credit
  3. MasterCard
  4. PayPal
What is the delivery time and cost of print books? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Shipping Details

USA:

'

Economy: Delivery to most addresses in the US within 10-15 business days

Premium: Trackable Delivery to most addresses in the US within 3-8 business days

UK:

Economy: Delivery to most addresses in the U.K. within 7-9 business days.
Shipments are not trackable

Premium: Trackable delivery to most addresses in the U.K. within 3-4 business days!
Add one extra business day for deliveries to Northern Ireland and Scottish Highlands and islands

EU:

Premium: Trackable delivery to most EU destinations within 4-9 business days.

Australia:

Economy: Can deliver to P. O. Boxes and private residences.
Trackable service with delivery to addresses in Australia only.
Delivery time ranges from 7-9 business days for VIC and 8-10 business days for Interstate metro
Delivery time is up to 15 business days for remote areas of WA, NT & QLD.

Premium: Delivery to addresses in Australia only
Trackable delivery to most P. O. Boxes and private residences in Australia within 4-5 days based on the distance to a destination following dispatch.

India:

Premium: Delivery to most Indian addresses within 5-6 business days

Rest of the World:

Premium: Countries in the American continent: Trackable delivery to most countries within 4-7 business days

Asia:

Premium: Delivery to most Asian addresses within 5-9 business days

Disclaimer:
All orders received before 5 PM U.K time would start printing from the next business day. So the estimated delivery times start from the next day as well. Orders received after 5 PM U.K time (in our internal systems) on a business day or anytime on the weekend will begin printing the second to next business day. For example, an order placed at 11 AM today will begin printing tomorrow, whereas an order placed at 9 PM tonight will begin printing the day after tomorrow.


Unfortunately, due to several restrictions, we are unable to ship to the following countries:

  1. Afghanistan
  2. American Samoa
  3. Belarus
  4. Brunei Darussalam
  5. Central African Republic
  6. The Democratic Republic of Congo
  7. Eritrea
  8. Guinea-bissau
  9. Iran
  10. Lebanon
  11. Libiya Arab Jamahriya
  12. Somalia
  13. Sudan
  14. Russian Federation
  15. Syrian Arab Republic
  16. Ukraine
  17. Venezuela