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Django 4 By Example
Django 4 By Example

Django 4 By Example: Build powerful and reliable Python web applications from scratch , Fourth Edition

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Django 4 By Example

Enhancing Your Blog with Advanced Features

In the preceding chapter, we learned the main components of Django by developing a simple blog application. We created a simple blog application using views, templates, and URLs. In this chapter, we will extend the functionalities of the blog application with features that can be found in many blogging platforms nowadays. In this chapter, you will learn the following topics:

  • Using canonical URLs for models
  • Creating SEO-friendly URLs for posts
  • Adding pagination to the post list view
  • Building class-based views
  • Sending emails with Django
  • Using Django forms to share posts via email
  • Adding comments to posts using forms from models

The source code for this chapter can be found at https://github.com/PacktPublishing/Django-4-by-example/tree/main/Chapter02.

All Python packages used in this chapter are included in the requirements.txt file in the source code for the chapter. You can follow...

Using canonical URLs for models

A website might have different pages that display the same content. In our application, the initial part of the content for each post is displayed both on the post list page and the post detail page. A canonical URL is the preferred URL for a resource. You can think of it as the URL of the most representative page for specific content. There might be different pages on your site that display posts, but there is a single URL that you use as the main URL for a post. Canonical URLs allow you to specify the URL for the master copy of a page. Django allows you to implement the get_absolute_url() method in your models to return the canonical URL for the object.

We will use the post_detail URL defined in the URL patterns of the application to build the canonical URL for Post objects. Django provides different URL resolver functions that allow you to build URLs dynamically using their name and any required parameters. We will use the reverse() utility function...

Creating SEO-friendly URLs for posts

The canonical URL for a blog post detail view currently looks like /blog/1/. We will change the URL pattern to create SEO-friendly URLs for posts. We will be using both the publish date and slug values to build the URLs for single posts. By combining dates, we will make a post detail URL to look like /blog/2022/1/1/who-was-django-reinhardt/. We will provide search engines with friendly URLs to index, containing both the title and date of the post.

To retrieve single posts with the combination of publication date and slug, we need to ensure that no post can be stored in the database with the same slug and publish date as an existing post. We will prevent the Post model from storing duplicated posts by defining slugs to be unique for the publication date of the post.

Edit the models.py file and add the following unique_for_date parameter to the slug field of the Post model:

class Post(models.Model):
    # ...
    slug = models.SlugField...

Modifying the URL patterns

Let’s modify the URL patterns to use the publication date and slug for the post detail URL.

Edit the urls.py file of the blog application and replace the line:

path('<int:id>/', views.post_detail, name='post_detail'),

With the lines:

path('<int:year>/<int:month>/<int:day>/<slug:post>/',
         views.post_detail,
         name='post_detail'),

The urls.py file should now look like this:

from django.urls import path
from . import views
app_name = 'blog'
urlpatterns = [
    # Post views
    path('', views.post_list, name='post_list'),
    path('<int:year>/<int:month>/<int:day>/<slug:post>/',
         views.post_detail,
         name='post_detail'),
]

The URL pattern for the post_detail view takes the following arguments:

  • year: Requires an integer
  • month: Requires...

Modifying the views

Now we have to change the parameters of the post_detail view to match the new URL parameters and use them to retrieve the corresponding Post object.

Edit the views.py file and edit the post_detail view like this:

def post_detail(request, year, month, day, post):
    post = get_object_or_404(Post,
                             status=Post.Status.PUBLISHED,
                             slug=post,
                             publish__year=year,
                             publish__month=month,
                             publish__day=day)
    return render(request,
                  'blog/post/detail.html',
                  {'post': post})

We have modified the post_detail view to take the year, month, day, and post arguments and retrieve a published post with the given slug and publication date. By adding unique_for_date='publish' to the slug field of the Post model before, we ensured that there will be only one post with...

Modifying the canonical URL for posts

We also have to modify the parameters of the canonical URL for blog posts to match the new URL parameters.

Edit the models.py file of the blog application and edit the get_absolute_url() method as follows:

class Post(models.Model):
    # ...
    def get_absolute_url(self):
        return reverse('blog:post_detail',
                       args=[self.publish.year,
                             self.publish.month,
                             self.publish.day,
                             self.slug])

Start the development server by typing the following command in the shell prompt:

python manage.py runserver

Next, you can return to your browser and click on one of the post titles to take a look at the detail view of the post. You should see something like this:

Figure 2.1: The page for the post’s detail view

Take a look at the URL—it should look like /blog/2022/1/1/who-was-django-reinhardt...

Adding pagination

When you start adding content to your blog, you can easily store tens or hundreds of posts in your database. Instead of displaying all the posts on a single page, you may want to split the list of posts across several pages and include navigation links to the different pages. This functionality is called pagination, and you can find it in almost every web application that displays long lists of items.

For example, Google uses pagination to divide search results across multiple pages. Figure 2.2 shows Google’s pagination links for search result pages:

Figure 2.2: Google pagination links for search result pages

Django has a built-in pagination class that allows you to manage paginated data easily. You can define the number of objects you want to be returned per page and you can retrieve the posts that correspond to the page requested by the user.

Adding pagination to the post list view

Edit the views.py file of the blog application...

Building class-based views

We have built the blog application using function-based views. Function-based views are simple and powerful, but Django also allows you to build views using classes.

Class-based views are an alternative way to implement views as Python objects instead of functions. Since a view is a function that takes a web request and returns a web response, you can also define your views as class methods. Django provides base view classes that you can use to implement your own views. All of them inherit from the View class, which handles HTTP method dispatching and other common functionalities.

Why use class-based views

Class-based views offer some advantages over function-based views that are useful for specific use cases. Class-based views allow you to:

  • Organize code related to HTTP methods, such as GET, POST, or PUT, in separate methods, instead of using conditional branching
  • Use multiple inheritance to create reusable view classes (also...

Recommending posts by email

Now, we will learn how to create forms and how to send emails with Django. We will allow users to share blog posts with others by sending post recommendations via email.

Take a minute to think about how you could use views, URLs, and templates to create this functionality using what you learned in the preceding chapter.

To allow users to share posts via email, we will need to:

  • Create a form for users to fill in their name, their email address, the recipient email address, and optional comments
  • Create a view in the views.py file that handles the posted data and sends the email
  • Add a URL pattern for the new view in the urls.py file of the blog application
  • Create a template to display the form

Creating forms with Django

Let’s start by building the form to share posts. Django has a built-in forms framework that allows you to create forms easily. The forms framework makes it simple to define the...

Creating a comment system

We will continue extending our blog application with a comment system that will allow users to comment on posts. To build the comment system, we will need the following:

  • A comment model to store user comments on posts
  • A form that allows users to submit comments and manages the data validation
  • A view that processes the form and saves a new comment to the database
  • A list of comments and a form to add a new comment that can be included in the post detail template

Creating a model for comments

Let’s start by building a model to store user comments on posts.

Open the models.py file of your blog application and add the following code:

class Comment(models.Model):
    post = models.ForeignKey(Post,
                             on_delete=models.CASCADE,
                             related_name='comments')
    name = models.CharField(max_length=80)
    email = models.EmailField()
    body = models...

Additional resources

The following resources provide additional information related to the topics covered in this chapter:

Summary

In this chapter, you learned how to define canonical URLs for models. You created SEO-friendly URLs for blog posts, and you implemented object pagination for your post list. You also learned how to work with Django forms and model forms. You created a system to recommend posts by email and created a comment system for your blog.

In the next chapter, you will create a tagging system for the blog. You will learn how to build complex QuerySets to retrieve objects by similarity. You will learn how to create custom template tags and filters. You will also build a custom sitemap and feed for your blog posts and implement a full-text search functionality for your posts.

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Key benefits

  • Implement advanced functionalities, such as full-text search engines, user activity streams, payment gateways, and recommendation engines
  • Integrate JavaScript, PostgreSQL, Redis, Celery, and Memcached into your applications
  • Add real-time features with Django Channels and WebSockets

Description

Django 4 By Example is the 4th edition of the best-selling franchise that helps you build web apps. This book will walk you through the creation of real-world applications, solving common problems, and implementing best practices using a step-by-step approach. You'll cover a wide range of web app development topics as you build four different apps: A blog application: Create data models, views, and URLs and implement an admin site for your blog. Create sitemaps and RSS feeds and implement a full-text search engine with PostgreSQL. A social website: Implement authentication with Facebook, Twitter, and Google. Create user profiles, image thumbnails, a bookmarklet, and an activity stream. Implement a user follower system and add infinite scroll pagination to your website. An e-commerce application: Build a product catalog, a shopping cart, and asynchronous tasks with Celery and RabbitMQ. Process payments with Stripe and manage payment notifications via webhooks. Build a product recommendation engine with Redis. Create PDF invoices and export orders to CSV. An e-learning platform: Create a content management system to manage polymorphic content. Cache content with Memcached and Redis. Build and consume a RESTful API. Implement a real-time chat using WebSockets with ASGI. Create a production environment using NGINX, uWSGI and Daphne with Docker Compose. This is a practical book that will have you creating web apps quickly.

Who is this book for?

This book is for readers with basic Python knowledge and programmers transitioning from other web frameworks who wish to learn Django by doing. If you already use Django or have in the past, and want to learn best practices and integrate other technologies to scale your applications, then this book is for you too. This book will help you master the most relevant areas of the framework by building practical projects from scratch. Some previous knowledge of HTML and JavaScript is assumed.

What you will learn

  • Learn Django essentials, including models, ORM, views, templates, URLs, forms, authentication, signals and middleware
  • Implement different modules of the Django framework to solve specific problems
  • Integrate third-party Django applications into your project
  • Build asynchronous (ASGI) applications with Django
  • Set up a production environment for your projects
  • Easily create complex web applications to solve real use cases

Product Details

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Publication date, Length, Edition, Language, ISBN-13
Publication date : Aug 29, 2022
Length: 766 pages
Edition : 4th
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781801813051
Vendor :
Django
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Tools :

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Product Details

Publication date : Aug 29, 2022
Length: 766 pages
Edition : 4th
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781801813051
Vendor :
Django
Languages :
Tools :

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Table of Contents

19 Chapters
Building a Blog Application Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Enhancing Your Blog with Advanced Features Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Extending Your Blog Application Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Building a Social Website Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Implementing Social Authentication Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Sharing Content on Your Website Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Tracking User Actions Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Building an Online Shop Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Managing Payments and Orders Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Extending Your Shop Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Adding Internationalization to Your Shop Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Building an E-Learning Platform Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Creating a Content Management System Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Rendering and Caching Content Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Building an API Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Building a Chat Server Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Going Live Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Other Books You May Enjoy Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Index Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

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Robert Jan 09, 2024
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This book does a great job of walking the reader step-by-step through through several sizeable Django projects. I did not have any background in Django prior to reading this and found it fairly easy to contextually figure a lot of things out. This is a great resource for anyone who learns by doing or just wants to build some larger scale projects than what most introductory books on Django would deal with.
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Mae Sep 21, 2022
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The media could not be loaded. This book is the most practical resource to learn Django. The book teaches you Django by building 4 complete projects that include integration with other technologies like Redis, Celery, Memcached and multiple Python libraries and third-party Django applications.This book does the best job covering the basics of Django and much more than that. The book is easy to follow but assumes you some basic Python and web development knowledge (HTML, CSS, JavaScript). I love the examples to create a recommendation engine, a Facebook-like user activity feed and real-time async chat application using channels.
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A. J. Salazar Sep 02, 2022
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With a wide range of practical applications and in depth code implementation, this book is a must-have for the aspiring Django pros.
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For people like me, who learn best from reading instructions, this is the perfect all-inclusive, detailed, and clear manual on how to learn and code with Django.Although the technical jargon can be difficult at the beginning it is worth the effort.Definitely something worth spending money on.
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