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Home > Game Development > Artificial Intelligence > Unity Artificial Intelligence Programming
Unity Artificial Intelligence Programming
Unity Artificial Intelligence Programming

Unity Artificial Intelligence Programming: Add powerful, believable, and fun AI entities in your game with the power of Unity 2018! , Fourth Edition

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Unity Artificial Intelligence Programming

Finite State Machines

In this chapter, we'll learn how to implement a Finite State Machine (FSM) in a Unity3D game by studying the simple tank game-mechanic example that comes with this book.

In our game, the player controls a tank. The enemy tanks move around the scene, following four waypoints. Once the player's tank enters the vision range of the enemy tanks, they will start chasing it; then, once they are close enough to attack, they'll start shooting at our player's tank.

To control the AI of our enemy tanks, we use FSM. First, we'll use simple switch statements to implement our tank AI states, then we'll use an FSM framework based on and adapted from the C# FSM framework that can be found at http://wiki.unity3d.com/index.php?title=Finite_State_Machine.

The topics we will be covering in this chapter are the following:

  • The player's tank
    • ...

The player's tank

Before writing the script for our player's tank, let's take a look at how we set up the PlayerTank game object. Our Tank object is a simple Mesh with the Rigidbody and Box Collider components. The Tank object is composed of two separate meshes, Tank and Turret, such that Turret is a child of Tank. This structure allows for the independent rotation of the Turret object using the mouse movement and, at the same time, will follow automatically the Tank body wherever it goes. Then, we create an empty game object for our SpawnPoint transform. We use it as a reference position point when shooting a bullet. Finally, for the player's Tank, we need to assign the Player tag to our Tank object. Now let's take a look at the controller class:

Our tank entity

The player's Tank is controlled by the PlayerTankController class. We are using the...

The Bullet class

Next, we set up our Bullet prefab with two orthogonal planes using a laser-like material and a Particles/Additive property in the Shader field:

Our Bullet prefab

The code in the Bullet.cs file is as follows:

using UnityEngine; 
using System.Collections; 
 
public class Bullet : MonoBehaviour 
{ 
    //Explosion Effect
    [SerializeField]
    private GameObject Explosion; 
    [SerializeField]
    private float Speed = 600.0f;
    [SerializeField]
    private float LifeTime = 3.0f; 
    
    public int damage = 50; 
 
    void Start() 
    { 
      Destroy(gameObject, LifeTime); 
    } 
 
    void Update() 
    { 
      transform.position +=  
      transform.forward * Speed * Time.deltaTime; 
    } 
 
    void OnCollisionEnter(Collision collision) 
    { 
      ContactPoint contact = collision.contacts[0]; 
      Instantiate(Explosion, contact.point,  
      Quaternion...

Setting up waypoints

Next, we will put four Cube game objects at random places. They represent waypoints inside our scene and, therefore, we name them WandarPoints:

WandarPoints

Here is what our WandarPoint object will look like:

WanderPoint properties

Note that we need to tag those points with a tag called WandarPoint. Later, we use this tag when we try to find the waypoints from our tank AI. As you can see in its properties, a waypoint is just a Cube game object with the Mesh Renderer checkbox disabled, and the Box Collider object removed.

We can select the gizmo icon by clicking the small arrow near the object's name in the inspector

We could even use an empty object with a gizmo icon since all we need from a waypoint is its position and the transformation data. However, we're using the Cube objects here so that waypoints are easier to visualize.

...

The abstract FSM class

Next, we implement a generic abstract class to define the methods that our enemy tank AI class has to implement.

The code in the FSM.cs file is as follows:

using UnityEngine; 
using System.Collections; 
 
public class FSM : MonoBehaviour  
{ 
    //Player Transform 
    protected Transform playerTransform; 
 
    //Next destination position of the NPC Tank 
    protected Vector3 destPos; 
 
    //List of points for patrolling 
    protected GameObject[] pointList; 
 
    //Bullet shooting rate 
    protected float shootRate; 
    protected float elapsedTime; 
 
    //Tank Turret 
    public Transform turret { get; set; } 
    public Transform bulletSpawnPoint { get; set; } 
 
    protected virtual void Initialize() { } 
    protected virtual void FSMUpdate() { } 
    protected virtual void FSMFixedUpdate() { } 
 
    // Use this for initialization 
    void...

The enemy tank AI

Let's look at the real code for our AI tanks. Let's create a new class, called SimpleFSM, which inherits from our FSM abstract class.

The code in the SimpleFSM.cs file is as follows:

using UnityEngine; 
using System.Collections; 
 
public class SimpleFSM : FSM  
{ 
 
    public enum FSMState 
    { 
      None, 
      Patrol, 
      Chase, 
      Attack, 
      Dead, 
    } 
 
    //Current state that the NPC is reaching 
    public FSMState curState; 
 
    //Speed of the tank 
    private float curSpeed; 
 
    //Tank Rotation Speed 
    private float curRotSpeed; 
 
    //Bullet 
    [SerializeField]
    private GameObject Bullet; 
 
    //Whether the NPC is destroyed or not 
    private bool bDead; 
    private int health; 

    // We overwrite the deprecated built-in `rigidbody` variable.
    new private Rigidbody rigidbody;

Here, we declare a few...

Using an FSM framework

The FSM framework we're going to use here is adapted from the C# FSM framework, which can be found at https://wiki.unity3d.com/index.php?title=Finite_State_Machine. That framework is again a part of the Deterministic Finite State Machine framework, based on Chapter 3.1 of Game Programming Gems 1, by Eric Dybsend. We'll only be looking at the differences between this FSM and the one we made earlier. The complete FSM can be found with the assets that come with the book. We'll now study how the framework works and how we can use it to implement our tank AI.

AdvanceFSM and FSMState are the two main classes of our framework. Let's take a look at them first.

The AdvanceFSM class

The AdvanceFSM...

Summary

In this chapter, we learned how to implement state machines in Unity3D based on a simple tank game. We first looked at how to implement FSM in the most direct way by using the switch statements. Then we studied how to use a framework to make the AI implementation easier to manage and extend.

In the next chapter, we will take a look at randomness and probability, and see how we can use it to make the outcome of our games more unpredictable.

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Page 1 of 8

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Key benefits

  • Build richer games by learning the essential concepts in AI for games like Behavior Trees and Navigation Meshes
  • Implement character behaviors and simulations using the Unity Machine Learning toolkit
  • Explore the latest Unity 2018 features to make implementation of AI in your game easier

Description

Developing Artificial Intelligence (AI) for game characters in Unity 2018 has never been easier. Unity provides game and app developers with a variety of tools to implement AI, from the basic techniques to cutting-edge machine learning-powered agents. Leveraging these tools via Unity's API or built-in features allows limitless possibilities when it comes to creating your game's worlds and characters. This fourth edition with Unity will help you break down AI into simple concepts to give you a fundamental understanding of the topic to build upon. Using a variety of examples, the book then takes those concepts and walks you through actual implementations designed to highlight key concepts and features related to game AI in Unity. Further on, you'll learn how to distinguish the state machine pattern and implement one of your own. This is followed by learning how to implement a basic sensory system for your AI agent and coupling it with a Finite State Machine (FSM). Next, you'll learn how to use Unity's built-in NavMesh feature and implement your own A* pathfinding system. You'll then learn how to implement simple ?ocks and crowd dynamics, which are key AI concepts in Unity. Moving on, you'll learn how to implement a behavior tree through a game-focused example. Lastly, you'll apply all the concepts in the book to build a popular game.

Who is this book for?

This book is intended for Unity developers with a basic understanding of C# and the Unity editor. Whether you're looking to build your first game or are looking to expand your knowledge as a game programmer, you will find plenty of exciting information and examples of game AI in terms of concepts and implementation.

What you will learn

  • Create smarter game worlds and characters with C# programming
  • Apply automated character movement using pathfinding and steering behaviors
  • Implement non-player character decision-making algorithms using Behavior Trees and FSMs
  • Build believable and highly efficient artificial flocks and crowds
  • Create sensory systems for your AI with the most commonly used techniques
  • Construct decision-making systems to make agents take different actions
  • Explore the application of machine learning in Unity
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Publication date : Nov 30, 2018
Length: 246 pages
Edition : 4th
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781789533910
Vendor :
Unity Technologies
Category :
Game Development
Languages :
C#
Concepts :
Artificial Intelligence
Tools :
Unity

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Length: 246 pages
Edition : 4th
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781789533910
Vendor :
Unity Technologies
Category :
Game Development
Languages :
C#
Concepts :
Artificial Intelligence
Tools :
Unity

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Table of Contents

12 Chapters
Introduction to AI Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Introduction to AI
Artificial Intelligence (AI)
AI in games
AI techniques
Summary
Finite State Machines Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Finite State Machines
The player's tank
The Bullet class
Setting up waypoints
The abstract FSM class
The enemy tank AI
Using an FSM framework
Summary
Randomness and Probability Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Randomness and Probability
Randomness in games
Definitions of probability
Character personalities
FSM with probability
Dynamic AI
Demo slot machine
Summary
Further reading
Implementing Sensors Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Implementing Sensors
Basic sensory systems
Scene setup
The player's tank and the aspect class
AI characters
Testing
Summary
Flocking Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Flocking
Basic flocking behavior
Alternative implementation
Summary
Path-Following and Steering Behaviors Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Path-Following and Steering Behaviors
Following a path
Avoiding obstacles
Summary
A* Pathfinding Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
A* Pathfinding
Revisiting the A* algorithm
Implementing the A* algorithm
Setting up the scene
Testing the pathfinder
Summary
Navigation Mesh Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Navigation Mesh
Setting up the map
Scene with slope
Navigation areas
Off Mesh Links
Summary
Behavior Trees Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Behavior Trees
Introduction to Behavior Trees
Implementing a BT in Unity with Behavior Bricks
Summary
External Resources
Machine Learning in Unity Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Machine Learning in Unity
The Unity Machine Learning Agents Toolkit
How to install the ML-Agents Toolkit
Using the ML-Agents Toolkit – a basic example
Summary
Further reading
Putting It All Together Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Putting It All Together
Basic game structure
Adding automated navigation
Creating decision-making AI with FSM
Summary
Other Books You May Enjoy Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
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Customer reviews

Rating distribution
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Half star icon 4.3
(3 Ratings)
5 star 33.3%
4 star 66.7%
3 star 0%
2 star 0%
1 star 0%
RhoneRanger Jan 31, 2019
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
When I received this book, I read it through once and thought to myself, "Wow, this book is really thorough" and I decided to read it through again, but much closer. Not only are the author an excellent writers, but good coders as as well. They take the reader on a journey and explain each topic thoroughly and delightfully as you learn the concepts of state machines, path finding, behaviors and much much more. This book has everything you need to know for AI game programming, and is a must have for any game programming library.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Rus Kuzmin Nov 12, 2021
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Empty star icon 4
I'm 50/50 about this book as for the price I was expecting more (£30)..Don't get me wrong, examples in the book are good but they are a very basic overview of the topics; good for beginners but no one else. There just isn't much detail and it only address' the most common topics.If you're looking for a beginners guide to AI (In Unity), get this book. If you are looking for detail, theory and more in-depth examples, look else where.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Mike Aug 19, 2020
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Empty star icon 4
A good introduction. Sometimes could use a bigger variety of examples and there are some mistakes. Overall a good read.
Amazon Verified review Amazon

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About the 3 authors

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Profile icon Dr. Davide Aversa
Dr. Davide Aversa
Github icon
Dr. Davide Aversa holds a PhD in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and an MSc in AI and robotics from the University of Rome La Sapienza in Italy. He has a strong interest in AI for the development of interactive virtual agents and procedural content generation. He has served as a program committee member for video game-related conferences such as the IEEE conference on computational intelligence and games, and he also regularly participates in game-jam contests. He also writes a blog on game design and game development.
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Profile icon Peters
Peters
Clifford Peters is a programmer and a computer scientist. He has reviewed the following Packt Publishing books: Unity Game Development Essentials, Unity 3D Game Development by Example Beginner's Guide, Unity 3 Game Development Hotshot, Unity 3.x Game Development by Example Beginner's Guide, Unity iOS Game Development Beginner's Guide, and Unity iOS Essentials.
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Profile icon Aung Sithu Kyaw
Aung Sithu Kyaw
Aung Sithu Kyaw is passionate about graphics programming, creating video games, writing, and sharing knowledge with others. He holds an MSc degree in digital media technology from the Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore. He worked as a research associate, which involved implementing a sensor-based real-time movie system using Unreal Development Kit. In 2011, he founded a tech start-up focusing on interactive media productions and backend server-side technologies.
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The orders shipped to the countries that are listed under EU27 will not bear custom charges. They are paid by Packt as part of the order.

List of EU27 countries: www.gov.uk/eu-eea:

A custom duty or localized taxes may be applicable on the shipment and would be charged by the recipient country outside of the EU27 which should be paid by the customer and these duties are not included in the shipping charges been charged on the order.

How do I know my custom duty charges? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

The amount of duty payable varies greatly depending on the imported goods, the country of origin and several other factors like the total invoice amount or dimensions like weight, and other such criteria applicable in your country.

For example:

  • If you live in Mexico, and the declared value of your ordered items is over $ 50, for you to receive a package, you will have to pay additional import tax of 19% which will be $ 9.50 to the courier service.
  • Whereas if you live in Turkey, and the declared value of your ordered items is over € 22, for you to receive a package, you will have to pay additional import tax of 18% which will be € 3.96 to the courier service.
How can I cancel my order? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Cancellation Policy for Published Printed Books:

You can cancel any order within 1 hour of placing the order. Simply contact customercare@packt.com with your order details or payment transaction id. If your order has already started the shipment process, we will do our best to stop it. However, if it is already on the way to you then when you receive it, you can contact us at customercare@packt.com using the returns and refund process.

Please understand that Packt Publishing cannot provide refunds or cancel any order except for the cases described in our Return Policy (i.e. Packt Publishing agrees to replace your printed book because it arrives damaged or material defect in book), Packt Publishing will not accept returns.

What is your returns and refunds policy? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Return Policy:

We want you to be happy with your purchase from Packtpub.com. We will not hassle you with returning print books to us. If the print book you receive from us is incorrect, damaged, doesn't work or is unacceptably late, please contact Customer Relations Team on customercare@packt.com with the order number and issue details as explained below:

  1. If you ordered (eBook, Video or Print Book) incorrectly or accidentally, please contact Customer Relations Team on customercare@packt.com within one hour of placing the order and we will replace/refund you the item cost.
  2. Sadly, if your eBook or Video file is faulty or a fault occurs during the eBook or Video being made available to you, i.e. during download then you should contact Customer Relations Team within 14 days of purchase on customercare@packt.com who will be able to resolve this issue for you.
  3. You will have a choice of replacement or refund of the problem items.(damaged, defective or incorrect)
  4. Once Customer Care Team confirms that you will be refunded, you should receive the refund within 10 to 12 working days.
  5. If you are only requesting a refund of one book from a multiple order, then we will refund you the appropriate single item.
  6. Where the items were shipped under a free shipping offer, there will be no shipping costs to refund.

On the off chance your printed book arrives damaged, with book material defect, contact our Customer Relation Team on customercare@packt.com within 14 days of receipt of the book with appropriate evidence of damage and we will work with you to secure a replacement copy, if necessary. Please note that each printed book you order from us is individually made by Packt's professional book-printing partner which is on a print-on-demand basis.

What tax is charged? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Currently, no tax is charged on the purchase of any print book (subject to change based on the laws and regulations). A localized VAT fee is charged only to our European and UK customers on eBooks, Video and subscriptions that they buy. GST is charged to Indian customers for eBooks and video purchases.

What payment methods can I use? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

You can pay with the following card types:

  1. Visa Debit
  2. Visa Credit
  3. MasterCard
  4. PayPal
What is the delivery time and cost of print books? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Shipping Details

USA:

'

Economy: Delivery to most addresses in the US within 10-15 business days

Premium: Trackable Delivery to most addresses in the US within 3-8 business days

UK:

Economy: Delivery to most addresses in the U.K. within 7-9 business days.
Shipments are not trackable

Premium: Trackable delivery to most addresses in the U.K. within 3-4 business days!
Add one extra business day for deliveries to Northern Ireland and Scottish Highlands and islands

EU:

Premium: Trackable delivery to most EU destinations within 4-9 business days.

Australia:

Economy: Can deliver to P. O. Boxes and private residences.
Trackable service with delivery to addresses in Australia only.
Delivery time ranges from 7-9 business days for VIC and 8-10 business days for Interstate metro
Delivery time is up to 15 business days for remote areas of WA, NT & QLD.

Premium: Delivery to addresses in Australia only
Trackable delivery to most P. O. Boxes and private residences in Australia within 4-5 days based on the distance to a destination following dispatch.

India:

Premium: Delivery to most Indian addresses within 5-6 business days

Rest of the World:

Premium: Countries in the American continent: Trackable delivery to most countries within 4-7 business days

Asia:

Premium: Delivery to most Asian addresses within 5-9 business days

Disclaimer:
All orders received before 5 PM U.K time would start printing from the next business day. So the estimated delivery times start from the next day as well. Orders received after 5 PM U.K time (in our internal systems) on a business day or anytime on the weekend will begin printing the second to next business day. For example, an order placed at 11 AM today will begin printing tomorrow, whereas an order placed at 9 PM tonight will begin printing the day after tomorrow.


Unfortunately, due to several restrictions, we are unable to ship to the following countries:

  1. Afghanistan
  2. American Samoa
  3. Belarus
  4. Brunei Darussalam
  5. Central African Republic
  6. The Democratic Republic of Congo
  7. Eritrea
  8. Guinea-bissau
  9. Iran
  10. Lebanon
  11. Libiya Arab Jamahriya
  12. Somalia
  13. Sudan
  14. Russian Federation
  15. Syrian Arab Republic
  16. Ukraine
  17. Venezuela