Namespaces

As the name suggests, a namespace provides naming and scoping, therefore, a namespace is another way of encapsulating items. We can call a named scope, a namespace can house related constants, functions, classes, abstract classes, traits, and interfaces in a group with a name, and they can be accessed using the name.

As an analogy, consider the naming of people. People are given unique names in a family in order to identify them and call them by. Beyond family, what if there are two people with the same name? There could be one John Doe in the computer science department and another John Doe in the electrical department. Coincidentally, they end up in the varsity's football team, so they can be called John Doe of computer science and John Doe of the electrical department. Surely, the team doesn't want to pass the football to the wrong John Doe.

The same goes for computer filesystems: there are directories and subdirectories. Inside a directory, there could...