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Swift 4 Protocol-Oriented Programming
Swift 4 Protocol-Oriented Programming

Swift 4 Protocol-Oriented Programming: Bring predictability, performance, and productivity to your Swift applications , Third Edition

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Profile Icon Jon Hoffman
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Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Half star icon 4.1 (29 Ratings)
Paperback Oct 2017 210 pages 3rd Edition
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Profile Icon Jon Hoffman
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Paperback Oct 2017 210 pages 3rd Edition
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Swift 4 Protocol-Oriented Programming

Our Type Choices

In most traditional, object-oriented programming languages, we create classes (which are reference types) as blueprints for our objects. In Swift, unlike other object-oriented languages, structures have much of the same functionality as classes; however, they are value types. Apple has said that we should prefer value types, such as structures, to reference types, but what are the actual advantages? Swift actually has a number of type choices that we can use, and in this chapter we will look at all of these types to see their advantages and disadvantages. Knowing how and when to use each type is important in order to properly implement protocol-oriented programming in our projects.

In this chapter, you will learn the following:

  • What a class is and how to use it
  • What a structure is and how to use it
  • What an enumeration is and how to use it
  • What a tuple is and...

Classes

In object-oriented programming, we cannot create an object without a blueprint that tells the application what properties and methods to expect from the object. In most object- oriented languages, this blueprint comes in the form of a class. A class is a construct that allows us to encapsulate the properties, methods, and initializers of an object into a single type. Classes can also include other items, such as subscripts; however, we are going to focus on the basic items that make up classes not only in Swift, but in other languages as well.

Let's look at how we would use a class in Swift:

class MyClass { 
  var oneProperty: String 
 
  init(oneProperty: String) { 
    self.oneProperty = oneProperty 
  } 
 
  func oneFunction() { 
 
  } 
} 

An instance of a class is typically called an object. However, in Swift, structures and classes have many of the same functionalities...

Structures

Apple has said that Swift developers should prefer value types over reference types, and it seems that they have also taken that philosophy to heart. If we look at the Swift standard library (http://swiftdoc.org), we will see that the majority of types are implemented using structures. The reason Apple is able to implement the majority of Swift's standard library with structures is that, in Swift, structures have many of the same functionalities as classes. There are, however, some fundamental differences between classes and structures, and we will be looking at these differences later in this chapter.

In Swift, a structure is a construct that allows us to encapsulate the properties, methods, and initializers of an instance into a single type. They can also include other items, such as subscripts. However, we are going to focus on the basic items that make up a...

Access controls

Access controls allow us to restrict the access to, and visibility of, parts of our code. This allows us to hide implementation details and only expose the interfaces we want the external code to access. We can assign specific access levels to both classes and structures. We can also assign specific access levels to properties, methods, and initializers that belong to our classes and structures.

In Swift, there are five access levels:

  • Open: This is the most visible access control level. It allows us to use a property, method, class, and so on anywhere we want to import the module. Basically, anything can use an item that has an access control level set to open. Anything that is marked open can be subclassed or overridded by any item within the module they are defined in and any module that imports the module it is defined in. This level is primarily used by frameworks...

Enumerations

In most languages, enumerations are little more than a data type consisting of a set of named values called elements. In Swift, however, enumerations have been supercharged to give them significantly more power. Enumerations in Swift are a lot closer in functionality to classes and structures; however, they can still be used like enumerations in other languages.

Before we see how enumerations are supercharged in Swift, let's see how we can use them as standard enumerations. The following code defines an enumeration called Devices:

enum Devices 
{  
  case IPod  
  case IPhone  
  case IPad 
} 

In the Devices enumeration, we defined three possible values: IPod, IPhone, and IPad. One of the reasons why enumerations are different in Swift as compared to other languages is that they can be prepopulated with values known as raw values. As shown in the following example...

Tuples

In Swift, a tuple is a finite, ordered, comma-separated list of elements. While there are tuples in other languages that I have used, I never really took advantage of them. To be honest, I was only vaguely aware that they actually existed in those other languages. In Swift, tuples are more prominent than they are in other languages, which forced me to take a closer look at them. What I found is that they are extremely useful. In my opinion, tuples are one of the most underutilized types in Swift and, as we go through this book (especially in the case study section), I will point out some cases where the tuple type can be used.

We can create a tuple and access the information within it, as shown in the following example:

let mathGrade1 = ("Jon", 100)  
let (name, score) = mathGrade1  
print("\(name) - \(score)") 

In the previous code, we grouped a String...

Classes


In object-oriented programming, we cannot create an object without a blueprint that tells the application what properties and methods to expect from the object. In most object- oriented languages, this blueprint comes in the form of a class. A class is a construct that allows us to encapsulate the properties, methods, and initializers of an object into a single type. Classes can also include other items, such as subscripts; however, we are going to focus on the basic items that make up classes not only in Swift, but in other languages as well.

Let's look at how we would use a class in Swift:

class MyClass { 
  var oneProperty: String 
 
  init(oneProperty: String) { 
    self.oneProperty = oneProperty 
  } 
 
  func oneFunction() { 
 
  } 
} 

An instance of a class is typically called an object. However, in Swift, structures and classes have many of the same functionalities; therefore, we will use the term instance when referring to instances of either type.

Anyone who has used object...

Structures


Apple has said that Swift developers should prefer value types over reference types, and it seems that they have also taken that philosophy to heart. If we look at the Swift standard library (http://swiftdoc.org), we will see that the majority of types are implemented using structures. The reason Apple is able to implement the majority of Swift's standard library with structures is that, in Swift, structures have many of the same functionalities as classes. There are, however, some fundamental differences between classes and structures, and we will be looking at these differences later in this chapter.

In Swift, a structure is a construct that allows us to encapsulate the properties, methods, and initializers of an instance into a single type. They can also include other items, such as subscripts. However, we are going to focus on the basic items that make up a structure. This description may sound a lot like how we described classes in the last section. This is because classes...

Access controls


Access controls allow us to restrict the access to, and visibility of, parts of our code. This allows us to hide implementation details and only expose the interfaces we want the external code to access. We can assign specific access levels to both classes and structures. We can also assign specific access levels to properties, methods, and initializers that belong to our classes and structures.

In Swift, there are five access levels:

  • Open: This is the most visible access control level. It allows us to use a property, method, class, and so on anywhere we want to import the module. Basically, anything can use an item that has an access control level set to open. Anything that is marked open can be subclassed or overridded by any item within the module they are defined in and any module that imports the module it is defined in. This level is primarily used by frameworks to expose the framework's public API.
  • Public: This access level allows us to use a property, method, class,...

Enumerations


In most languages, enumerations are little more than a data type consisting of a set of named values called elements. In Swift, however, enumerations have been supercharged to give them significantly more power. Enumerations in Swift are a lot closer in functionality to classes and structures; however, they can still be used like enumerations in other languages.

Before we see how enumerations are supercharged in Swift, let's see how we can use them as standard enumerations. The following code defines an enumeration called Devices:

enum Devices 
{  
  case IPod  
  case IPhone  
  case IPad 
} 

In the Devices enumeration, we defined three possible values: IPod, IPhone, and IPad. One of the reasons why enumerations are different in Swift as compared to other languages is that they can be prepopulated with values known as raw values. As shown in the following example, we could redefine our Devices enumeration to be prepopulated with String values:

enum Devices: String {  
  case IPod...

Tuples


In Swift, a tuple is a finite, ordered, comma-separated list of elements. While there are tuples in other languages that I have used, I never really took advantage of them. To be honest, I was only vaguely aware that they actually existed in those other languages. In Swift, tuples are more prominent than they are in other languages, which forced me to take a closer look at them. What I found is that they are extremely useful. In my opinion, tuples are one of the most underutilized types in Swift and, as we go through this book (especially in the case study section), I will point out some cases where the tuple type can be used.

We can create a tuple and access the information within it, as shown in the following example:

let mathGrade1 = ("Jon", 100)  
let (name, score) = mathGrade1  
print("\(name) - \(score)") 

In the previous code, we grouped a String and an Integer into a single tuple type. We then decomposed the tuple using pattern matching, which places the values into the name...

Protocols


To some, it may seem surprising that protocols are considered a type since we cannot actually create an instance of them; however, we can use them as a type. What this statement means is that, when we define the type for a variable, constant, tuple, or collection, we can use a protocol for that type.

We are not going to cover protocols in depth in this section since we have already covered them in Chapter 1,Starting with the Protocol, however, it is important to understand that they are considered a type.

Each type that we have discussed so far is either a value or a reference type; however, a protocol is neither because we are not able to create an instance of them.

It is really important to have a complete understanding of the differences between value and reference types in Swift, so let's compare the two.

Value and reference types


There are some very fundamental differences between value types (structures, enumerations, and tuples) and reference types (classes). The primary difference is how the instances of value and reference types are passed. When we pass an instance of a value type, we are actually passing a copy of the original instance. This means that the changes made to one instance are not reflected back to the others. When we pass an instance of a reference type, we are passing a reference to the original instance. This means that both references point to the same instance; therefore, a change made to one reference will reflect in the others.

The explanation in the previous paragraph is a pretty straightforward explanation; however, it is a very important concept that you must understand. In this section, we are going to examine the differences between value and reference types so that we know the advantages of each, as well as the pitfalls to avoid when using them.

Let's begin by...

Recursive data types for reference types only


A recursive data type is a type that contains other values of the same type as a property for the type. Recursive data types are used when we want to define dynamic data structures, such as lists and trees. The size of these dynamic data structures can grow or shrink depending on our runtime requirements.

Linked lists are perfect examples of a dynamic data structure that we would implement using a recursive data type. A linked list is a group of nodes that are linked together and where, in its simplest form, each node maintains a link to the next node in the list. The following diagram shows how a very basic linked list works:

Each node in the list contains some value or data, and it also contains the link to the next node in the list. If one of the nodes within the list loses the reference to the next node, the remainder of the list will be lost because each node is only aware of the next node. Some linked lists maintain a link to both the previous...

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Key benefits

  • Leverage the power of protocol-oriented programming in your applications and learn from real-world use cases
  • Create a flexible code base with protocols and protocol extensions
  • Leverage the power of generics in Swift 4 to create very flexible frameworks

Description

Swift has become the number one language used in iOS and macOS development. The Swift standard library is developed using protocol-oriented programming techniques, generics, and first-class value semantics; therefore, every Swift developer should understand these powerful concepts and how to take advantage of them in their application design. This book will help you understand the differences between object-oriented programming and protocol-oriented programming. It will demonstrate how to work with protocol-oriented programming using real-world use cases. You will gain a solid knowledge of the various types that can be used in Swift and the differences between value and reference types. You will be taught how protocol-oriented programming techniques can be used to develop very flexible and easy-to-maintain code. By the end of the book, you will have a thorough understanding of protocol-oriented programming and how to utilize it to build powerful and practical applications.

Who is this book for?

This book is for Swift developers who want to learn and implement protocol-oriented programming in their real-world applications..

What you will learn

  • Understand the differences between object-oriented programming and protocol-oriented programming
  • Explore the different types that Swift offers and what pitfalls to avoid
  • Delve into generics and generic programming
  • Learn how to implement Copy-On-Write within your custom types
  • Implement several design patterns in a protocol-oriented way
  • Design applications by prioritizing the protocol first and the implementation types second
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Publication date : Oct 06, 2017
Length: 210 pages
Edition : 3rd
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781788470032
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Table of Contents

8 Chapters
Starting with the Protocol Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Our Type Choices Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Extensions Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Generics Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Object-Oriented Programming Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Protocol-Oriented Programming Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Adopting Design Patterns in Swift Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Case Studies Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

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In general, I’ve found packt books to be hit-or-mostly-miss, with sloppy writing, editing, and spotty content. I was fairly inclined to give this book a pass due to the negative review I saw below, but looking at the preview goaded me into purchase. Thank goodness for the preview, eh?As a background, I’m far from a beginner. Been coding for almost thirty years, and cut my teeth on the first c++ compiler. Jon’s book has been an excellent accelerator for my understanding of the differences between the strict object-oriented design and the protocol-oriented swift model. It does deal mostly with abstractions, true, but the kinds of abstractions that matter most when confronting the design of complex software. Cookbooks and code samples don’t matter that much when you’re trying to break new ground.Jon references the Gang of Four, which is key to understanding the value of his book. While his book certainly isn’t at that level of abstraction, it is in the same frame of mind: how to think about your design, rather than your code.
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