Recall

In this chapter, we've looked at the following topics:

• The ways to encode strings into bytes and decode bytes into strings. While some older character encodings (like ASCII) treat bytes and characters alike, this leads to confusion. Python text can be any Unicode character and Python bytes are numbers in the range 0 to 255.
• String formatting lets us prepare string objects that have template pieces and dynamic pieces. This works for a lot of situations in Python. One is to create readable output for people, but we can use f-strings and the string format() method everywhere we're creating a complex string from pieces.
• We use regular expressions to decompose complex strings. In effect, a regular expression is the opposite of a fancy string formatter. Regular expressions struggle to separate the characters we're matching from "meta-characters" that provide additional matching rules, like repetition or alternative choices.
• We...