Smelly code and its basic characteristics

Smelly code, also known as code smells, refers to the symptoms in a code base that suggest underlying design or implementation issues. These symptoms are not necessarily bugs but are indicators of potential problems that can make the code harder to understand, maintain, and modify. Code smells are often the result of poor coding practices or the accumulation of technical debt over time. Although code smells might not directly affect the functionality of a program, they can significantly impact the overall code quality, leading to an increased risk of bugs and a decrease in developer productivity.

One aspect of addressing smelly code involves identifying and applying appropriate design patterns. Design patterns are reusable solutions to common problems that arise in software design. They provide a proven framework for solving specific problems, allowing developers to build on the collective wisdom and experience of other developers. By applying...