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Home > Cloud & Networking > Configuration Management > Puppet 5 Cookbook
Puppet 5 Cookbook
Puppet 5 Cookbook

Puppet 5 Cookbook: Jump start your Puppet 5.x deployment using engaging and practical recipes , Fourth Edition

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Arrow left icon
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Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Half star icon Empty star icon 3.7 (3 Ratings)
Paperback Jun 2018 394 pages 4th Edition
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Puppet 5 Cookbook

Puppet Infrastructure

We will cover the following recipes in this chapter:

  • Managing your manifests with Git
  • Creating a decentralized Puppet architecture
  • Writing a papply script
  • Running Puppet from cron
  • Bootstrapping Puppet with Bash
  • Creating a centralized Puppet infrastructure
  • Creating certificates with multiple DNS names
  • Setting up the environment
  • Configuring PuppetDB
  • Configuring Hiera
  • Environment-specific Hiera
  • Setting node-specific data with Hiera
  • Writing a Custom Hiera 5 function
  • Storing secret data with hiera-eyaml
  • Automatic syntax-checking with Git hooks 
  • Pushing code around with Git
  • Managing environments with Git

Introduction

In this chapter, we will cover how to deploy Puppet in a centralized and decentralized manner. With each approach, we'll see a combination of best practices, my personal experience, and community solutions. We'll configure and use both PuppetDB and Hiera. PuppetDB is used with exported resources, which we will cover in Chapter 5, Users and Virtual Resources. Hiera is used to separate variable data from Puppet code. Finally, we will learn about Git and see how to use Git to organize our code and our infrastructure. Because Linux distributions, such as Ubuntu, Red Hat, and CentOS, differ in the specific details of package names, configuration file paths, and many other things, for reasons of space and clarity, the best approach for this book is was pick one distribution (CentOS 7) and stick to that. However, Puppet runs on most popular operating systems, so...

Managing your manifests with Git

It's a great idea to put your Puppet manifests in a version-control system, such as Git or Subversion (Git is the de facto standard for Puppet). This gives you several advantages:

  • You can undo changes and revert to any previous version of your manifest
  • You can experiment with new features using a branch
  • If several people need to make changes to the manifests, they can make them independently, in their own working copies, and then merge their changes later
  • You can use the Git log feature to see what was changed and when (and by whom)

Getting ready

In this section, we'll import your existing manifest files into Git. If you have created a Puppet directory in a previous section, use...

Creating a decentralized Puppet architecture

Puppet is a configuration management tool that can be used to configure and prevent configuration drift in a large number of client computers. If all your client computers are easily reached via a central location, you may choose to have a central Puppet server control all the client computers. In the centralized model, the Puppet server is known as the Puppet master. Originally, the Puppet master ran a service named master, it now runs a service named puppetserver, but the name has remained. We will cover how to configure a central Puppet master later.

If your client computers are widely distributed or you cannot guarantee communication between client computers and a central location, then a decentralized architecture may be a good fit for your deployment. In the next few sections, we will see how to configure a decentralized Puppet...

Writing a papply script

We'd like to make it as quick and easy as possible to apply Puppet on a machine; for this, we'll write a short script that wraps the puppet apply command with the parameters it needs. We'll deploy the script where it's needed, with Puppet itself.

How to do it...

Follow these steps to create the papply script.

  1. In your Puppet repo, create the directories needed for a Puppet module:
t@mylaptop ~$ cd puppet/modules
t@mylaptop modules$ mkdir -p puppet/{manifests,files}
  1. Create the modules/puppet/files/papply.sh file with the following contents:
#!/bin/sh 
cd /usr/local/git/cookbook
sudo -u git git pull -q origin master
sudo /opt/puppetlabs/bin/puppet apply /usr/local/git/cookbook/manifests...

Running Puppet from cron

You can do a lot with the setup you already have: work on your Puppet manifests as a team, communicate changes via a central Git repository, and manually apply them on a machine using the papply script.

However, you still have to log in to each machine to update the Git repo and rerun Puppet. It would be helpful to have each machine update itself and apply any changes automatically. Then, all you need to do is push a change to the repo, and it will go out to all your machines within a certain time.

The simplest way to do this is with a cron job that pulls updates from the repo at regular intervals and then runs Puppet if anything has changed. Since our papply script already pulls the latest changes, we can just schedule cron to run the papply script.

Getting...

Bootstrapping Puppet with bash

Previous versions of this book used Rakefiles to bootstrap Puppet. The problem with using Rake to configure a node is that you are running the commands from your laptop; you assume you already have ssh access to the machine. Most bootstrap processes work by issuing an easy-to-remember command from a node once it has been provisioned. In this section, we'll show you how to use bash to bootstrap Puppet with a web server and a bootstrap script.

Getting ready

Install httpd on a centrally accessible server and create a password-protected area to store the bootstrap script. In my example, I'll use the Git server I set up previously, git.example.com. Start by creating a directory in the root...

Creating a centralized Puppet infrastructure

A configuration management tool such as Puppet is best used when you have many machines to manage. If all the machines can reach a central location, using a centralized Puppet infrastructure might be a good solution. Unfortunately, Puppet doesn't scale well with a large number of nodes. If your deployment has less than 4,000 servers, a single Puppet master should be able to handle the load, assuming your catalogs are not complex (take less than 10 seconds to compile each catalog). If you have a larger number of nodes, I suggest a load-balancing configuration, described in Mastering Puppet.

A Puppet master is a Puppet server that acts as an X509 certificate authority for Puppet and distributes catalogs (compiled manifests) to client nodes. The puppet master runs the puppetserver service. Puppetserver is a JRuby application running...

Creating certificates with multiple DNS names

By default, Puppet will create an SSL certificate for your Puppet master that contains the fully-qualified domain name of the server only. Depending on how your network is configured, it can be useful for the server to be known by other names. In this recipe, we'll make a new certificate for our Puppet master that has multiple DNS names.

Getting ready

Install the Puppet master package if you haven't already done so. You will then need to start the Puppet master service at least once to create a certificate authority (CA).

How to do it...

...

Introduction

In this chapter, we will cover how to deploy Puppet in a centralized and decentralized manner. With each approach, we'll see a combination of best practices, my personal experience, and community solutions. We'll configure and use both PuppetDB and Hiera. PuppetDB is used with exported resources, which we will cover in Chapter 5, Users and Virtual Resources. Hiera is used to separate variable data from Puppet code. Finally, we will learn about Git and see how to use Git to organize our code and our infrastructure. Because Linux distributions, such as Ubuntu, Red Hat, and CentOS, differ in the specific details of package names, configuration file paths, and many other things, for reasons of space and clarity, the best approach for this book is was pick one distribution (CentOS 7) and stick to that. However, Puppet runs on most popular operating systems, so you should have very little trouble adapting the recipes to your favorite OS and distribution. At the time of writing, Puppet...

Managing your manifests with Git

It's a great idea to put your Puppet manifests in a version-control system, such as Git or Subversion (Git is the de facto standard for Puppet). This gives you several advantages:

  • You can undo changes and revert to any previous version of your manifest
  • You can experiment with new features using a branch
  • If several people need to make changes to the manifests, they can make them independently, in their own working copies, and then merge their changes later
  • You can use the Git log feature to see what was changed and when (and by whom)

Getting ready

In this section, we'll import your existing manifest files into Git. If you have created a Puppet directory in a previous section, use that, otherwise, use your existing manifest directory.

In this example, we'll create a new Git repository on a server accessible from all our nodes. There are several steps we need to take to have our code held in a Git repository:

  1. Install Git on a central server.
  2. Create a user to run Git...

Creating a decentralized Puppet architecture

Puppet is a configuration management tool that can be used to configure and prevent configuration drift in a large number of client computers. If all your client computers are easily reached via a central location, you may choose to have a central Puppet server control all the client computers. In the centralized model, the Puppet server is known as the Puppet master. Originally, the Puppet master ran a service named master, it now runs a service named puppetserver, but the name has remained. We will cover how to configure a central Puppet master later.

If your client computers are widely distributed or you cannot guarantee communication between client computers and a central location, then a decentralized architecture may be a good fit for your deployment. In the next few sections, we will see how to configure a decentralized Puppet architecture.

As we have seen, we can run the puppet apply command directly on a manifest file to have Puppet apply...

Writing a papply script

We'd like to make it as quick and easy as possible to apply Puppet on a machine; for this, we'll write a short script that wraps the puppet apply command with the parameters it needs. We'll deploy the script where it's needed, with Puppet itself.

How to do it...

Follow these steps to create the papply script.

  1. In your Puppet repo, create the directories needed for a Puppet module:
t@mylaptop ~$ cd puppet/modules
t@mylaptop modules$ mkdir -p puppet/{manifests,files}
  1. Create the modules/puppet/files/papply.sh file with the following contents:
#!/bin/sh 
cd /usr/local/git/cookbook
sudo -u git git pull -q origin master
sudo /opt/puppetlabs/bin/puppet apply /usr/local/git/cookbook/manifests/site.pp \
  --modulepath=/usr/local/git/cookbook/modules $*
  1. Create the modules/puppet/manifests/init.pp file with the following contents:
class puppet {
  $papply = @("PAPPLY")
    #!/bin/sh
    cd /usr/local/git/cookbook
    sudo -u git git pull -q origin master
    sudo /opt/puppetlabs/bin...

Running Puppet from cron

You can do a lot with the setup you already have: work on your Puppet manifests as a team, communicate changes via a central Git repository, and manually apply them on a machine using the papply script.

However, you still have to log in to each machine to update the Git repo and rerun Puppet. It would be helpful to have each machine update itself and apply any changes automatically. Then, all you need to do is push a change to the repo, and it will go out to all your machines within a certain time.

The simplest way to do this is with a cron job that pulls updates from the repo at regular intervals and then runs Puppet if anything has changed. Since our papply script already pulls the latest changes, we can just schedule cron to run the papply script.

Getting ready

You'll need the Git repo we set up in the Managing your manifests with Git and Creating a decentralized Puppet architecture recipes, and the papply script from the Writing a papply script recipe. You'll need...

Bootstrapping Puppet with bash

Previous versions of this book used Rakefiles to bootstrap Puppet. The problem with using Rake to configure a node is that you are running the commands from your laptop; you assume you already have ssh access to the machine. Most bootstrap processes work by issuing an easy-to-remember command from a node once it has been provisioned. In this section, we'll show you how to use bash to bootstrap Puppet with a web server and a bootstrap script.

Getting ready

Install httpd on a centrally accessible server and create a password-protected area to store the bootstrap script. In my example, I'll use the Git server I set up previously, git.example.com. Start by creating a directory in the root of your web server:

root@git:~# puppet resource package apache2 ensure=installed
Notice: /Package[apache2]/ensure: created
package { 'apache2':
 ensure => '2.4.25-3+deb9u3',
}
root@git:~# cd /var/www/html
root@git:/var/www/html# mkdir bootstrap

Note

My git node is a Debian-based...

Creating a centralized Puppet infrastructure

A configuration management tool such as Puppet is best used when you have many machines to manage. If all the machines can reach a central location, using a centralized Puppet infrastructure might be a good solution. Unfortunately, Puppet doesn't scale well with a large number of nodes. If your deployment has less than 4,000 servers, a single Puppet master should be able to handle the load, assuming your catalogs are not complex (take less than 10 seconds to compile each catalog). If you have a larger number of nodes, I suggest a load-balancing configuration, described in Mastering Puppet.

A Puppet master is a Puppet server that acts as an X509 certificate authority for Puppet and distributes catalogs (compiled manifests) to client nodes. The puppet master runs the puppetserver service. Puppetserver is a JRuby application running on a custom Clojure framework known as TrapperKeeper. Many puppet services now run via Trapperkeeper and JRuby. Although...

Creating certificates with multiple DNS names

By default, Puppet will create an SSL certificate for your Puppet master that contains the fully-qualified domain name of the server only. Depending on how your network is configured, it can be useful for the server to be known by other names. In this recipe, we'll make a new certificate for our Puppet master that has multiple DNS names.

Getting ready

Install the Puppet master package if you haven't already done so. You will then need to start the Puppet master service at least once to create a certificate authority (CA).

How to do it...

The steps are as follows:

  1. Stop the running puppetserver process with the following command:
[root@puppet ~]# puppet resource service puppetserver ensure=false
Notice: /Service[puppetserver]/ensure: ensure changed 'running' to 'stopped'
service { 'puppetserver':
  ensure => 'stopped',
}
  1. Delete (clean) the current server certificate:
[root@puppet ~]# puppet cert clean puppet.example.com
Notice: Revoked certificate with...

Setting up the environment

Environments in Puppet are directories holding different versions of your Puppet manifests. Whenever a node connects to a Puppet master, it informs the Puppet master of its environment. By default, all nodes report to the production environment. This causes the Puppet master to look in the production environment for manifests. You may specify an alternate environment with the--environmentsetting when running puppet agent or by settingenvironment = newenvironmentin/etc/puppet/puppet.conf in the agent section.

Getting ready

Verify environmentpath in your installation with the following puppet config command:

[vagrant@puppet ~]$ sudo /opt/puppetlabs/bin/puppet config print environmentpath
/etc/puppetlabs/code/environments

How to do it...

The steps are as follows:

  1. Create a production directory at /etc/puppetlabs/code/environments that contains both a modules and manifests directory. Then, create a site.pp that creates a file in /tmp, as follows:
[vagrant@puppet ~]$ sudo mkdir...

Configuring PuppetDB

PuppetDB is a database for Puppet that is used to store information about nodes connected to a Puppet master. PuppetDB is also a storage area for exported resources. Exported resources are resources that are defined on nodes but applied to other nodes. The simplest way to install PuppetDB is to use the PuppetDB module from Puppet labs. From this point on, we'll assume you are using the puppet.example.com machine running puppetserver.

Getting ready

Install the PuppetDB module in the production environment you created in the previous recipe. If you didn't create directory environments, don't worry; using puppet module install will install the module to the correct location for your installation with the following command:

[vagrant@puppet ~]$ sudo /opt/puppetlabs/bin/puppet module install puppetlabs-puppetdb
Notice: Preparing to install into /etc/puppetlabs/code/environments/production/modules ...
Notice: Downloading from https://forgeapi.puppet.com ...
Notice: Installing...
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Key benefits

  • Grasp recipes that work with centralized and decentralized deployments
  • Explore language differences and enhancements anticipated in Puppet version 5.x
  • Gain expert understanding of Puppet's latest and most advanced features

Description

Puppet is a configuration management system that automates all your IT configurations, giving you control of managing each node. Puppet 5 Cookbook will take you through Puppet's latest and most advanced features, including Docker containers, Hiera, and AWS Cloud Orchestration. Updated with the latest advancements and best practices, this book delves into various aspects of writing good Puppet code, which includes using Puppet community style, checking your manifests with puppet-lint, and learning community best practices with an emphasis on real-world implementation. You will learn to set up, install, and create your first manifests with version control, and also learn about various sysadmin tasks, including managing configuration files, using Augeas, and generating files from snippets and templates. As the book progresses, you'll explore virtual resources and use Puppet's resource scheduling and auditing features. In the concluding chapters, you'll walk through managing applications and writing your own resource types, providers, and external node classifiers. By the end of this book, you will have learned to report, log, and debug your system.

Who is this book for?

Puppet 5 Cookbook is for anyone who builds and administers servers, especially in a web operations context. You’ll need some experience of Linux systems administration, including familiarity with the command line, filesystem, and text editing. No prior programming experience is required.

What you will learn

  • Discover the latest and most advanced features of Puppet
  • Master techniques to deal with centralized and decentralized Puppet deployments
  • Use exported resources and forge modules to configure and deploy applications
  • Create efficient manifests to streamline your deployments
  • Automate deployment of puppet environment using git-hooks
  • Deploy AWS instances and Docker containers with Puppet
  • Make Puppet reliable, performant, and scalable
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Publication date : Jun 28, 2018
Length: 394 pages
Edition : 4th
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781788622448
Vendor :
Puppet
Category :
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Concepts :
Configuration Management
Tools :
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Length: 394 pages
Edition : 4th
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781788622448
Vendor :
Puppet
Category :
Cloud & Networking
Concepts :
Configuration Management
Tools :
Puppet

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Table of Contents

11 Chapters
Puppet Language and Style Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Puppet Language and Style
Introduction
Adding a resource to a node
Using facter to describe a node
Using puppet facts
Installing a package before starting a service
Installing, configuring, and starting a service
Using community Puppet style
Installing Puppet
Creating a manifest
Checking your manifests with puppet-lint
Making modules
Using standard naming conventions
Using inline templates
Iterating over multiple items
Writing powerful conditional statements
Using regular expressions in if statements
Using selectors and case statements
Using the in operator
Using regular expression substitutions
Puppet 5 changes
Puppet 4/5 changes
Puppet Infrastructure Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Puppet Infrastructure
Introduction
Managing your manifests with Git
Creating a decentralized Puppet architecture
Writing a papply script
Running Puppet from cron
Bootstrapping Puppet with bash
Creating a centralized Puppet infrastructure
Creating certificates with multiple DNS names
Setting up the environment
Configuring PuppetDB
Configuring Hiera
Environment-specific Hiera
Setting node-specific data with Hiera
Writing a custom Hiera5 function
Storing secret data with hiera-eyaml
Automatic syntax-checking with Git hooks
Pushing code around with Git
Managing environments with Git
Writing Better Manifests Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Writing Better Manifests
Introduction
Using arrays of resources
Using resource defaults
Using defined types
Using tags
Using run stages
Using roles and profiles
Using data types in Puppet
Passing parameters to classes
Passing parameters from Hiera
Writing reusable, cross-platform manifests
Getting information about the environment
Importing dynamic information
Passing arguments to shell commands
Working with Files and Packages Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Working with Files and Packages
Introduction
Making quick edits to config files
Editing INI-style files with puppetlabs-inifile
Using Augeas to reliably edit config files
Building config files using snippets
Using ERB templates
Using array iterations in templates
Using EPP templates
Using GnuPG to encrypt secrets
Comparing package versions
Users and Virtual Resources Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Users and Virtual Resources
Introduction
Using virtual resources
Managing users with virtual resources
Managing users' SSH access
Managing users' customization files
Using exported resources
Managing Resources and Files Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Managing Resources and Files
Introduction
Distributing cron jobs efficiently
Scheduling when resources are to be applied
Using host resources
Using exported host resources
Using multiple file sources
Distributing and merging directory trees
Cleaning up old files
Auditing resources
Temporarily disabling resources
Managing Applications Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Managing Applications
Introduction
Using public modules
Managing Apache servers
Creating Apache virtual hosts
Creating NGINX virtual hosts
Managing MariaDB
Creating databases and users
Servers and Cloud Infrastructure Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Servers and Cloud Infrastructure
Introduction
Managing firewalls with iptables
Building high-availability services using Keepalived
Managing NFS servers and file shares
Using HAProxy to load balance multiple web servers
Managing EC2 instances
Managing virtual machines with Vagrant
Managing Docker with Puppet
External Tools and the Puppet Ecosystem Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
External Tools and the Puppet Ecosystem
Introduction
Creating custom facts
Adding external facts
Setting facts as environment variables
Generating manifests with the Puppet resource command
Generating manifests with other tools
Using PDK
Using an external node classifier
Creating your own resource types
Creating your own providers
Creating custom functions
Testing your puppet manifests with rspec-puppet
Monitoring, Reporting, and Troubleshooting Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Monitoring, Reporting, and Troubleshooting
Introduction
Noop—the don't-change-anything option
Logging the command output
Logging debug messages
Generating reports
Producing automatic HTML documentation
Drawing dependency graphs
Understanding Puppet errors
Inspecting configuration settings
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Customer reviews

Rating distribution
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Half star icon Empty star icon 3.7
(3 Ratings)
5 star 66.7%
4 star 0%
3 star 0%
2 star 0%
1 star 33.3%
Amazon Customer Oct 02, 2018
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
I have rinsed this book and thoroughly tested most of the more complex examples and they are bang on the money. The book is excellent, and well written. My only suggestion is they should recommend using the gem yaml-lint as a tool to help debug your own hiera yaml files.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Motley Sep 15, 2018
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
This book is great for people new to Puppet as it starts out simple enough for you to grasp the concepts and start learning Puppet. It will certainly not make you an expert in Puppet but it is a great start in becoming one. This book is also good for those that have used Puppet in the past but have not experience the new version (currently 5.x) and want to get a quick synopsis of the new features. This book will provide a great start to learning how to write Puppet code and what to do or not to do when setting up your Puppet infrastructure.It should be noted that while my review doesn't show as a"Verified Purchase" I have a copy and have read it, my copy was purchased directly from the publisher's (Packt) site rather than Amazon.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Nwt Apr 13, 2019
Full star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon 1
Starting on the page after location 1624 there is a digital formatting problem where all text shows up in 2 1-5 character width columns. I am using the Kindle Cloud Reader and have tried multiple browsers. Same deal.Maybe it is a known Kindle Cloud Reader problem?
Amazon Verified review Amazon

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About the author

Profile icon Thomas Uphill
Thomas Uphill
Github icon
Thomas Uphill (https://www.linkedin.com/in/thomasuphill) is a long-time user of Puppet. He has presented Puppet tutorials at LOPSA-East, Cascada, and PuppetConf. He has also been a system administrator for over 20 years, working primarily with RedHat systems; he is currently a RedHat Certified Architect (RHCA). When not running the Puppet User Group of Seattle (PUGS), he volunteers for the LOPSA board and his local LOPSA chapter, SASAG. He blogs at http://ramblings.narrabilis.com.
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Shipping Details

USA:

'

Economy: Delivery to most addresses in the US within 10-15 business days

Premium: Trackable Delivery to most addresses in the US within 3-8 business days

UK:

Economy: Delivery to most addresses in the U.K. within 7-9 business days.
Shipments are not trackable

Premium: Trackable delivery to most addresses in the U.K. within 3-4 business days!
Add one extra business day for deliveries to Northern Ireland and Scottish Highlands and islands

EU:

Premium: Trackable delivery to most EU destinations within 4-9 business days.

Australia:

Economy: Can deliver to P. O. Boxes and private residences.
Trackable service with delivery to addresses in Australia only.
Delivery time ranges from 7-9 business days for VIC and 8-10 business days for Interstate metro
Delivery time is up to 15 business days for remote areas of WA, NT & QLD.

Premium: Delivery to addresses in Australia only
Trackable delivery to most P. O. Boxes and private residences in Australia within 4-5 days based on the distance to a destination following dispatch.

India:

Premium: Delivery to most Indian addresses within 5-6 business days

Rest of the World:

Premium: Countries in the American continent: Trackable delivery to most countries within 4-7 business days

Asia:

Premium: Delivery to most Asian addresses within 5-9 business days

Disclaimer:
All orders received before 5 PM U.K time would start printing from the next business day. So the estimated delivery times start from the next day as well. Orders received after 5 PM U.K time (in our internal systems) on a business day or anytime on the weekend will begin printing the second to next business day. For example, an order placed at 11 AM today will begin printing tomorrow, whereas an order placed at 9 PM tonight will begin printing the day after tomorrow.


Unfortunately, due to several restrictions, we are unable to ship to the following countries:

  1. Afghanistan
  2. American Samoa
  3. Belarus
  4. Brunei Darussalam
  5. Central African Republic
  6. The Democratic Republic of Congo
  7. Eritrea
  8. Guinea-bissau
  9. Iran
  10. Lebanon
  11. Libiya Arab Jamahriya
  12. Somalia
  13. Sudan
  14. Russian Federation
  15. Syrian Arab Republic
  16. Ukraine
  17. Venezuela