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Spring Microservices
Spring Microservices

Spring Microservices: Internet-scale architecture with Spring framework, Spring Cloud, Spring Boot

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Spring Microservices

Chapter 2. Building Microservices with Spring Boot

Developing microservices is not so tedious anymore thanks to the powerful Spring Boot framework. Spring Boot is a framework to develop production-ready microservices in Java.

This chapter will move from the microservices theory explained in the previous chapter to hands-on practice by reviewing code samples. This chapter will introduce the Spring Boot framework and explain how Spring Boot can help build RESTful microservices in line with the principles and characteristics discussed in the previous chapter. Finally, some of the features offered by Spring Boot to make microservices production-ready will be reviewed.

By the end of this chapter, you will have learned about:

  • Setting up the latest Spring development environment
  • Developing RESTful services using the Spring framework
  • Using Spring Boot to build fully qualified microservices
  • Useful Spring Boot features to build production-ready microservices

Setting up a development environment

To crystalize microservices concepts, a couple of microservices will be built. For this, it is assumed that the following components are installed:

Alternately, other IDEs such as IntelliJ IDEA, NetBeans, or Eclipse could be used. Similarly, alternate build tools such as Gradle can be used. It is assumed that the Maven repository, class path, and other path variables are set properly to run STS and Maven projects.

This chapter is based on the following versions of Spring libraries:

  • Spring Framework 4.2.6.RELEASE
  • Spring Boot 1.3.5.RELEASE

Tip

Detailed steps to download the code bundle are mentioned in the Preface of this book. Have a look.

The code bundle for the book is also hosted on GitHub at https://github.com/PacktPublishing/Spring-Microservices. We also...

Developing a RESTful service – the legacy approach

This example will review the traditional RESTful service development before jumping deep into Spring Boot.

STS will be used to develop this REST/JSON service.

Note

The full source code of this example is available as the legacyrest project in the code files of this book.

The following are the steps to develop the first RESTful service:

  1. Start STS and set a workspace of choice for this project.
  2. Navigate to File | New | Project.
  3. Select Spring Legacy Project as shown in the following screenshot and click on Next:
    Developing a RESTful service – the legacy approach
  4. Select Spring MVC Project as shown in the following diagram and click on Next:
    Developing a RESTful service – the legacy approach
  5. Select a top-level package name of choice. This example uses org.rvslab.chapter2.legacyrest as the top-level package.
  6. Then, click on Finish.
  7. This will create a project in the STS workspace with the name legacyrest.

    Before proceeding further, pom.xml needs editing.

  8. Change the Spring version to 4.2.6.RELEASE, as follows:
    <org.springframework-version>4.2.6.RELEASE...

Moving from traditional web applications to microservices

Carefully examining the preceding RESTful service will reveal whether this really constitutes a microservice. At first glance, the preceding RESTful service is a fully qualified interoperable REST/JSON service. However, it is not fully autonomous in nature. This is primarily because the service relies on an underlying application server or web container. In the preceding example, a war was explicitly created and deployed on a Tomcat server.

This is a traditional approach to developing RESTful services as a web application. However, from the microservices point of view, one needs a mechanism to develop services as executables, self-contained JAR files with an embedded HTTP listener.

Spring Boot is a tool that allows easy development of such kinds of services. Dropwizard and WildFly Swarm are alternate server-less RESTful stacks.

Using Spring Boot to build RESTful microservices

Spring Boot is a utility framework from the Spring team to bootstrap Spring-based applications and microservices quickly and easily. The framework uses an opinionated approach over configurations for decision making, thereby reducing the effort required in writing a lot of boilerplate code and configurations. Using the 80-20 principle, developers should be able to kickstart a variety of Spring applications with many default values. Spring Boot further presents opportunities for the developers to customize applications by overriding the autoconfigured values.

Spring Boot not only increases the speed of development but also provides a set of production-ready ops features such as health checks and metrics collection. As Spring Boot masks many configuration parameters and abstracts many lower-level implementations, it minimizes the chance of error to a certain extent. Spring Boot recognizes the nature of the application based on the libraries...

Getting started with Spring Boot

There are different ways that Spring Boot-based application development can be started:

  • Using the Spring Boot CLI as a command-line tool
  • Using IDEs such as STS to provide Spring Boot, which are supported out of the box
  • Using the Spring Initializr project at http://start.spring.io

All these three options will be explored in this chapter, developing a variety of sample services.

Setting up a development environment


To crystalize microservices concepts, a couple of microservices will be built. For this, it is assumed that the following components are installed:

Alternately, other IDEs such as IntelliJ IDEA, NetBeans, or Eclipse could be used. Similarly, alternate build tools such as Gradle can be used. It is assumed that the Maven repository, class path, and other path variables are set properly to run STS and Maven projects.

This chapter is based on the following versions of Spring libraries:

  • Spring Framework 4.2.6.RELEASE

  • Spring Boot 1.3.5.RELEASE

Tip

Detailed steps to download the code bundle are mentioned in the Preface of this book. Have a look.

The code bundle for the book is also hosted on GitHub at https://github.com/PacktPublishing/Spring-Microservices...

Developing a RESTful service – the legacy approach


This example will review the traditional RESTful service development before jumping deep into Spring Boot.

STS will be used to develop this REST/JSON service.

Note

The full source code of this example is available as the legacyrest project in the code files of this book.

The following are the steps to develop the first RESTful service:

  1. Start STS and set a workspace of choice for this project.

  2. Navigate to File | New | Project.

  3. Select Spring Legacy Project as shown in the following screenshot and click on Next:

  4. Select Spring MVC Project as shown in the following diagram and click on Next:

  5. Select a top-level package name of choice. This example uses org.rvslab.chapter2.legacyrest as the top-level package.

  6. Then, click on Finish.

  7. This will create a project in the STS workspace with the name legacyrest.

    Before proceeding further, pom.xml needs editing.

  8. Change the Spring version to 4.2.6.RELEASE, as follows:

    <org.springframework-version>4.2.6.RELEASE&lt...

Moving from traditional web applications to microservices


Carefully examining the preceding RESTful service will reveal whether this really constitutes a microservice. At first glance, the preceding RESTful service is a fully qualified interoperable REST/JSON service. However, it is not fully autonomous in nature. This is primarily because the service relies on an underlying application server or web container. In the preceding example, a war was explicitly created and deployed on a Tomcat server.

This is a traditional approach to developing RESTful services as a web application. However, from the microservices point of view, one needs a mechanism to develop services as executables, self-contained JAR files with an embedded HTTP listener.

Spring Boot is a tool that allows easy development of such kinds of services. Dropwizard and WildFly Swarm are alternate server-less RESTful stacks.

Using Spring Boot to build RESTful microservices


Spring Boot is a utility framework from the Spring team to bootstrap Spring-based applications and microservices quickly and easily. The framework uses an opinionated approach over configurations for decision making, thereby reducing the effort required in writing a lot of boilerplate code and configurations. Using the 80-20 principle, developers should be able to kickstart a variety of Spring applications with many default values. Spring Boot further presents opportunities for the developers to customize applications by overriding the autoconfigured values.

Spring Boot not only increases the speed of development but also provides a set of production-ready ops features such as health checks and metrics collection. As Spring Boot masks many configuration parameters and abstracts many lower-level implementations, it minimizes the chance of error to a certain extent. Spring Boot recognizes the nature of the application based on the libraries available...

Getting started with Spring Boot


There are different ways that Spring Boot-based application development can be started:

  • Using the Spring Boot CLI as a command-line tool

  • Using IDEs such as STS to provide Spring Boot, which are supported out of the box

  • Using the Spring Initializr project at http://start.spring.io

All these three options will be explored in this chapter, developing a variety of sample services.

Developing the Spring Boot microservice using the CLI


The easiest way to develop and demonstrate Spring Boot's capabilities is using the Spring Boot CLI, a command-line tool. Perform the following steps:

  1. Install the Spring Boot command-line tool by downloading the spring-boot-cli-1.3.5.RELEASE-bin.zip file from http://repo.spring.io/release/org/springframework/boot/spring-boot-cli/1.3.5.RELEASE/spring-boot-cli-1.3.5.RELEASE-bin.zip.

  2. Unzip the file into a directory of your choice. Open a terminal window and change the terminal prompt to the bin folder.

    Ensure that the bin folder is added to the system path so that Spring Boot can be run from any location.

  3. Verify the installation with the following command. If successful, the Spring CLI version will be printed in the console:

    $spring –-version
    Spring CLI v1.3.5.RELEASE
    
  4. As the next step, a quick REST service will be developed in Groovy, which is supported out of the box in Spring Boot. To do so, copy and paste the following code using any editor...

Developing the Spring Boot Java microservice using STS


In this section, developing another Java-based REST/JSON Spring Boot service using STS will be demonstrated.

Note

The full source code of this example is available as the chapter2.bootrest project in the code files of this book.

  1. Open STS, right-click within the Project Explorer window, navigate to New | Project, and select Spring Starter Project, as shown in the following screenshot, and click on Next:

    Spring Starter Project is a basic template wizard that provides a number of other starter libraries to select from.

  2. Type the project name as chapter2.bootrest or any other name of your choice. It is important to choose the packaging as JAR. In traditional web applications, a war file is created and then deployed to a servlet container, whereas Spring Boot packages all the dependencies to a self-contained, autonomous JAR file with an embedded HTTP listener.

  3. Select 1.8 under Java Version. Java 1.8 is recommended for Spring 4 applications. Change...

Developing the Spring Boot microservice using Spring Initializr – the HATEOAS example


In the next example, Spring Initializr will be used to create a Spring Boot project. Spring Initializr is a drop-in replacement for the STS project wizard and provides a web UI to configure and generate a Spring Boot project. One of the advantages of Spring Initializr is that it can generate a project through the website that then can be imported into any IDE.

In this example, the concept of HATEOAS (short for Hypertext As The Engine Of Application State) for REST-based services and the HAL (Hypertext Application Language) browser will be examined.

HATEOAS is a REST service pattern in which navigation links are provided as part of the payload metadata. The client application determines the state and follows the transition URLs provided as part of the state. This methodology is particularly useful in responsive mobile and web applications in which the client downloads additional data based on user navigation...

What's next?


A number of basic Spring Boot examples have been reviewed so far. The rest of this chapter will examine some of the Spring Boot features that are important from a microservices development perspective. In the upcoming sections, we will take a look at how to work with dynamically configurable properties, change the default embedded web server, add security to the microservices, and implement cross-origin behavior when dealing with microservices.

Note

The full source code of this example is available as the chapter2.boot-advanced project in the code files of this book.

The Spring Boot configuration


In this section, the focus will be on the configuration aspects of Spring Boot. The chapter2.bootrest project, already developed, will be modified in this section to showcase configuration capabilities. Copy and paste chapter2.bootrest and rename the project as chapter2.boot-advanced.

Understanding the Spring Boot autoconfiguration

Spring Boot uses convention over configuration by scanning the dependent libraries available in the class path. For each spring-boot-starter-* dependency in the POM file, Spring Boot executes a default AutoConfiguration class. AutoConfiguration classes use the *AutoConfiguration lexical pattern, where * represents the library. For example, the autoconfiguration of JPA repositories is done through JpaRepositoriesAutoConfiguration.

Run the application with --debug to see the autoconfiguration report. The following command shows the autoconfiguration report for the chapter2.boot-advanced project:

$java -jar target/bootadvanced-0.0.1-SNAPSHOT...

Changing the default embedded web server


Embedded HTTP listeners can easily be customized as follows. By default, Spring Boot supports Tomcat, Jetty, and Undertow. In the following example, Tomcat is replaced with Undertow:

<dependency>
    <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
    <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
    <exclusions>
        <exclusion>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-tomcat</artifactId>
        </exclusion>
    </exclusions>
</dependency>
<dependency>
    <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
    <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-undertow</artifactId>
</dependency>

Implementing Spring Boot security


It is important to secure microservices. In this section, some basic measures to secure Spring Boot microservices will be reviewed using chapter2.bootrest to demonstrate the security features.

Securing microservices with basic security

Adding basic authentication to Spring Boot is pretty simple. Add the following dependency to pom.xml. This will include the necessary Spring security library files:

<dependency>
  <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> 
  <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-security</artifactId>
</dependency>

Open Application.java and add @EnableGlobalMethodSecurity to the Application class. This annotation will enable method-level security:

@EnableGlobalMethodSecurity
@SpringBootApplication
public class Application {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        SpringApplication.run(Application.class, args);
    }
}

The default basic authentication assumes the user as being user. The default password...

Enabling cross-origin access for microservices


Browsers are generally restricted when client-side web applications running from one origin request data from another origin. Enabling cross-origin access is generally termed as CORS (Cross-Origin Resource Sharing).

This example shows how to enable cross-origin requests. With microservices, as each service runs with its own origin, it will easily get into the issue of a client-side web application consuming data from multiple origins. For instance, a scenario where a browser client accessing Customer from the Customer microservice and Order History from the Order microservices is very common in the microservices world.

Spring Boot provides a simple declarative approach to enabling cross-origin requests. The following example shows how to enable a microservice to enable cross-origin requests:

@RestController
class GreetingController{
  @CrossOrigin
  @RequestMapping("/")
  Greet greet(){
    return new Greet("Hello World!");
  }
}

By default, all...

Implementing Spring Boot messaging


In an ideal case, all microservice interactions are expected to happen asynchronously using publish-subscribe semantics. Spring Boot provides a hassle-free mechanism to configure messaging solutions:

In this example, we will create a Spring Boot application with a sender and receiver, both connected though an external queue. Perform the following steps:

Note

The full source code of this example is available as the chapter2.bootmessaging project in the code files of this book.

  1. Create a new project using STS to demonstrate this capability. In this example, instead of selecting Web, select AMQP under I/O:

  2. Rabbit MQ will also be needed for this example. Download and install the latest version of Rabbit MQ from https://www.rabbitmq.com/download.html.

    Rabbit MQ 3.5.6 is used in this book.

  3. Follow the installation steps documented on the site. Once ready, start the RabbitMQ server via the following command:

    $./rabbitmq-server
    
  4. Make the configuration changes to the application...

Developing a comprehensive microservice example


So far, the examples we have considered are no more than just a simple "Hello world." Putting together what we have learned, this section demonstrates an end-to-end Customer Profile microservice implementation. The Customer Profile microservices will demonstrate interaction between different microservices. It also demonstrates microservices with business logic and primitive data stores.

In this example, two microservices, the Customer Profile and Customer Notification services, will be developed:

As shown in the diagram, the Customer Profile microservice exposes methods to create, read, update, and delete (CRUD) a customer and a registration service to register a customer. The registration process applies certain business logic, saves the customer profile, and sends a message to the Customer Notification microservice. The Customer Notification microservice accepts the message sent by the registration service and sends an e-mail message to the...

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Key benefits

  • Learn how to efficiently build and implement microservices in Spring, and how to use Docker and Mesos to push the boundaries of what you thought possible
  • Examine a number of real-world use cases and hands-on code examples.
  • Distribute your microservices in a completely new way

Description

The Spring Framework is an application framework and inversion of the control container for the Java platform. The framework's core features can be used by any Java application, but there are extensions to build web applications on top of the Java EE platform. This book will help you implement the microservice architecture in Spring Framework, Spring Boot, and Spring Cloud. Written to the latest specifications of Spring, you'll be able to build modern, Internet-scale Java applications in no time. We would start off with the guidelines to implement responsive microservices at scale. We will then deep dive into Spring Boot, Spring Cloud, Docker, Mesos, and Marathon. Next you will understand how Spring Boot is used to deploy autonomous services, server-less by removing the need to have a heavy-weight application server. Later you will learn how to go further by deploying your microservices to Docker and manage it with Mesos. By the end of the book, you'll will gain more clarity on how to implement microservices using Spring Framework and use them in Internet-scale deployments through real-world examples.

Who is this book for?

If you are a Spring developers and want to build cloud-ready, internet-scale applications to meet modern business demands, then this book is for you Developers will understand how to build simple Restful services and organically grow them to truly enterprise grade microservices ecosystems.

What you will learn

  • Get to know the microservices development lifecycle process
  • See how to implement microservices governance
  • Familiarize yourself with the microservices architecture and its benefits
  • Use Spring Boot to develop microservices
  • Find out how to avoid common pitfalls when developing microservices
  • Be introduced to end-to-end microservices written in Spring Framework and Spring Boot

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Table of Contents

11 Chapters
1. Demystifying Microservices Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
2. Building Microservices with Spring Boot Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
3. Applying Microservices Concepts Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
4. Microservices Evolution – A Case Study Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
5. Scaling Microservices with Spring Cloud Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
6. Autoscaling Microservices Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
7. Logging and Monitoring Microservices Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
8. Containerizing Microservices with Docker Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
9. Managing Dockerized Microservices with Mesos and Marathon Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
10. The Microservices Development Life Cycle Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Index Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

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C-Nova Jun 15, 2017
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
Very dense. Pragmatic look at services, design, and implementation. Some books are light on information once you boil them down to their constituent points. This is not one of those books.Con:I wouldn't buy on Kindle. It's a bit tough to flip backwards or use as a reference.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
rvsales Nov 05, 2016
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
Great read and information on micro service, I strongly recommend this book for everyone who wants think differently about how to modernize its legacy
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Alok Kher Dec 28, 2017
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
Chapter 2 is a hands on workshop to review various features which is really cool. Then from chapter 4 we use his code. The architectural and design discussion is really good.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
vf Apr 08, 2017
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
I learned a lot about microservices and technologies useful for their implementation from this book. Rajesh provides a thorough analysis of one particular use case and shows how to break a legacy monolith into cloud capable microservice architecture.Technologies used to implement the example services:- Spring Boot- Spring Cloud Config- Eureka (service registry)- Ribbon (software load balancer)- Zuul (API gateway)- Docker- Mesos/Marathon (cluster management)- AWS
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cks Nov 09, 2017
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
No fluff and very practical. I highly recommend this book for anyone looking into Microservices
Amazon Verified review Amazon
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