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Oracle Solaris 11 Advanced Administration Cookbook
Oracle Solaris 11 Advanced Administration Cookbook

Oracle Solaris 11 Advanced Administration Cookbook: Over 50 advanced recipes to help you configure and administer Oracle Solaris systems

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Oracle Solaris 11 Advanced Administration Cookbook

Chapter 2. ZFS

In this chapter, we will cover the following recipes:

  • Creating ZFS storage pools and filesystems
  • Playing with ZFS faults and properties
  • Creating a ZFS snapshot and clone
  • Performing a backup in a ZFS filesystem
  • Handling logs and caches
  • Managing devices in storage pools
  • Configuring spare disks
  • Handling ZFS snapshots and clones
  • Playing with COMSTAR
  • Mirroring the root pool
  • ZFS shadowing
  • Configuring ZFS sharing with the SMB share
  • Setting and getting other ZFS properties
  • Playing with the ZFS swap

Introduction

ZFS is a 128-bit transactional filesystem offered by Oracle Solaris 11, and it supports 256 trillion directory entries, does not have any upper limit of files, and is always consistent on disk. Oracle Solaris 11 makes ZFS its default filesystem, which provides some features such as storage pool, snapshots, clones, and volumes. When administering ZFS objects, the first step is to create a ZFS storage pool. It can be made from full disks, files, and slices, considering that the minimum size of any mentioned block device is 128 MB. Furthermore, when creating a ZFS pool, the possible RAID configurations are stripe (Raid 0), mirror (Raid 1), and RAID-Z (a kind of RAID-5). Both the mirror and RAID-Z configurations support a feature named self-healing data that works by protecting data. In this case, when a bad block arises in a disk, the ZFS framework fetches the same block from another replicated disk to repair the original bad block. RAID-Z presents three variants: raidz1 (similar...

Creating ZFS storage pools and filesystems

To start playing with ZFS, the first step is to create a storage pool, and afterwards, all filesystems will be created inside these storage pools. To accomplish the creation of a storage pool, we have to decide which raid configuration we will use (stripe, mirror, or RAID-Z) to create the storage pool and, afterwards, the filesystems on it.

Getting ready

To follow this recipe, it is necessary to use a virtual machine (VMware or VirtualBox) that runs Oracle Solaris 11 with 4 GB RAM and eight 4 GB disks. Once the virtual machine is up and running, log in as the root user and open a terminal.

How to do it…

A storage pool is a logical object, and it represents the physical characteristics of the storage and must be created before anything else. To create a storage pool, the first step is to list all the available disks on the system and choose what disks will be used by running the following command as the root role:

root@solaris11-1:~# format
Searching...

Playing with ZFS faults and properties

ZFS is completely oriented by properties that can change the behavior of storage pools and filesystems. This recipe will touch upon important properties from ZFS, and we will learn how to handle them.

Getting ready

To follow this recipe, it is necessary to use a virtual machine (VMware or VirtualBox) that runs Oracle Solaris 11 with 4 GB RAM and eight 4 GB disks. Once the virtual machine is up and running, log in as the root user and open a terminal.

How to do it…

Every ZFS object has properties that can be accessed and, most of the time, changed. For example, to get the pool properties, we must execute the following command:

root@solaris11-1:~# zpool get all oracle_mirror_1
NAME                PROPERTY       VALUE               SOURCE
(truncated output)
oracle_mirror_1     bootfs         -                   default
oracle_mirror_1     cachefile      -                   default
oracle_mirror_1     capacity       0%                  -
oracle_mirror_1...

Creating a ZFS snapshot and clone

A ZFS snapshot and clone play fundamental roles in the ZFS framework and in Oracle Solaris 11, as there are many uses for these features, and one of them is to execute backup and restore files from the ZFS filesystem. For example, a snapshot could be handy when either there is some corruption in the ZFS filesystem or a user loses a specific file. Using ZFS snapshots makes it possible to completely rollback the ZFS filesystem to a specific point or date.

Getting ready

To follow this recipe, it is necessary to use a virtual machine (VMware or VirtualBox) that runs Oracle Solaris 11 with 4 GB RAM and eight 4 GB disks. Once the virtual machine is up and running, log in as the root user and open a terminal.

How to do it…

Creating a snapshot is a fundamental task that can be executed by running the following commands:

root@solaris11-1:~# zpool create pool_1 c8t3d0
root@solaris11-1:~# zfs create pool_1/fs_1

Before continuing, I suggest that we copy some big...

Performing a backup in a ZFS filesystem

Ten years ago, I didn't think about learning how to use any backup software, and honestly, I didn't like this kind of software because I thought it was so simple. Nowadays, I can see why I was so wrong.

Administering and managing backup software is the most fundamental activity in IT, acting as the last line of defense against hackers. By the way, hackers are winning the war using all types of resources—malwares, Trojans, viruses, worms, and spywares, and only backups of file servers and applications can save a company.

Oracle Solaris 11 offers a simple solution composed of two commands (zfs send and zfs recv) to back up ZFS filesystem data. During the backup operation, data is generated as a stream and sent (using the zfs send command) through the network to another Oracle Solaris 11 system that receives this stream (using zfs recv).

Oracle Solaris 11 is able to produce two kinds of streams: the replication stream, which includes the...

Introduction


ZFS is a 128-bit transactional filesystem offered by Oracle Solaris 11, and it supports 256 trillion directory entries, does not have any upper limit of files, and is always consistent on disk. Oracle Solaris 11 makes ZFS its default filesystem, which provides some features such as storage pool, snapshots, clones, and volumes. When administering ZFS objects, the first step is to create a ZFS storage pool. It can be made from full disks, files, and slices, considering that the minimum size of any mentioned block device is 128 MB. Furthermore, when creating a ZFS pool, the possible RAID configurations are stripe (Raid 0), mirror (Raid 1), and RAID-Z (a kind of RAID-5). Both the mirror and RAID-Z configurations support a feature named self-healing data that works by protecting data. In this case, when a bad block arises in a disk, the ZFS framework fetches the same block from another replicated disk to repair the original bad block. RAID-Z presents three variants: raidz1 (similar...

Creating ZFS storage pools and filesystems


To start playing with ZFS, the first step is to create a storage pool, and afterwards, all filesystems will be created inside these storage pools. To accomplish the creation of a storage pool, we have to decide which raid configuration we will use (stripe, mirror, or RAID-Z) to create the storage pool and, afterwards, the filesystems on it.

Getting ready

To follow this recipe, it is necessary to use a virtual machine (VMware or VirtualBox) that runs Oracle Solaris 11 with 4 GB RAM and eight 4 GB disks. Once the virtual machine is up and running, log in as the root user and open a terminal.

How to do it…

A storage pool is a logical object, and it represents the physical characteristics of the storage and must be created before anything else. To create a storage pool, the first step is to list all the available disks on the system and choose what disks will be used by running the following command as the root role:

root@solaris11-1:~# format
Searching...

Playing with ZFS faults and properties


ZFS is completely oriented by properties that can change the behavior of storage pools and filesystems. This recipe will touch upon important properties from ZFS, and we will learn how to handle them.

Getting ready

To follow this recipe, it is necessary to use a virtual machine (VMware or VirtualBox) that runs Oracle Solaris 11 with 4 GB RAM and eight 4 GB disks. Once the virtual machine is up and running, log in as the root user and open a terminal.

How to do it…

Every ZFS object has properties that can be accessed and, most of the time, changed. For example, to get the pool properties, we must execute the following command:

root@solaris11-1:~# zpool get all oracle_mirror_1
NAME                PROPERTY       VALUE               SOURCE
(truncated output)
oracle_mirror_1     bootfs         -                   default
oracle_mirror_1     cachefile      -                   default
oracle_mirror_1     capacity       0%                  -
oracle_mirror_1    ...

Creating a ZFS snapshot and clone


A ZFS snapshot and clone play fundamental roles in the ZFS framework and in Oracle Solaris 11, as there are many uses for these features, and one of them is to execute backup and restore files from the ZFS filesystem. For example, a snapshot could be handy when either there is some corruption in the ZFS filesystem or a user loses a specific file. Using ZFS snapshots makes it possible to completely rollback the ZFS filesystem to a specific point or date.

Getting ready

To follow this recipe, it is necessary to use a virtual machine (VMware or VirtualBox) that runs Oracle Solaris 11 with 4 GB RAM and eight 4 GB disks. Once the virtual machine is up and running, log in as the root user and open a terminal.

How to do it…

Creating a snapshot is a fundamental task that can be executed by running the following commands:

root@solaris11-1:~# zpool create pool_1 c8t3d0
root@solaris11-1:~# zfs create pool_1/fs_1

Before continuing, I suggest that we copy some big files to...

Performing a backup in a ZFS filesystem


Ten years ago, I didn't think about learning how to use any backup software, and honestly, I didn't like this kind of software because I thought it was so simple. Nowadays, I can see why I was so wrong.

Administering and managing backup software is the most fundamental activity in IT, acting as the last line of defense against hackers. By the way, hackers are winning the war using all types of resources—malwares, Trojans, viruses, worms, and spywares, and only backups of file servers and applications can save a company.

Oracle Solaris 11 offers a simple solution composed of two commands (zfs send and zfs recv) to back up ZFS filesystem data. During the backup operation, data is generated as a stream and sent (using the zfs send command) through the network to another Oracle Solaris 11 system that receives this stream (using zfs recv).

Oracle Solaris 11 is able to produce two kinds of streams: the replication stream, which includes the filesystem and all...

Handling logs and caches


ZFS has some very interesting internal structures that can greatly improve the performance of the pool and filesystem. One of them is ZFS intent log (ZIL), which was created to get more intensive and sequential write request performance, making more Input/Output Operations Per Second (IOPS) possible and saving any transaction record in the memory until transaction groups (known as TXG) are flushed to the disk or a request is received. When using ZIL, all of the write operations are done on ZIL, and afterwards, they are committed to the filesystem, helping prevent any data loss.

Usually, the ZIL space is allocated from the main storage pool, but this could fragment data. Oracle Solaris 11 allows us to decide where ZIL will be held. Most implementations put ZIL on a dedicated disk or, even better, on a mirrored configuration using SSD disks or flash memory devices, being appropriated to highlight that log devices for ZIL shouldn't be confused with database logfiles...

Managing devices in storage pools


Manipulating and managing devices are common tasks when working with a ZFS storage pool, and more maintenance activities involve adding, deleting, attaching, and detaching disks. According to Oracle, ZFS supports raid0 (stripe), raid1 (mirror), raidz (similar to raid5, with one parity disk), raidz2 (similar to raid6, but uses two parity disks), and raidz3 (three parity disks), and additionally, there could be a combination such as raid 0+1 or raid 1+0.

Getting ready

This recipe is going to use a virtual machine (from VirtualBox or VMware) with 4 GB of memory, a running Oracle Solaris 11 installation, and at least eight 4 GB disks.

How to do it…

According to the previous recipes, the structure of a mirrored pool is pool | vdev | disks, and the next command shouldn't be new to us:

root@solaris11-1:~# zpool create mir_pool2 mirror c8t3d0 c8t4d0
root@solaris11-1:~# zpool status mir_pool2
  pool: mir_pool2
 state: ONLINE
  scan: none requested
config:

  NAME    ...

Configuring spare disks


In a big company environment, there are a hundred disks working 24/7, and literally, it's impossible to know when a disk will fail. Imagine lots of disks failing during the day and how much time the replacement operations would take. This pictured context is useful to show the importance of spare disks. When deploying spare disks in a pool in a system, if any disk fails, the spare disk will take its place automatically, and data availability won't be impacted.

In the ZFS framework, spare disks are configured per storage pool, and after the appropriate configuration, even when a disk fails, nothing is necessary. The ZFS makes the entire replacement job automatic.

Getting ready

This recipe requires a virtual machine (VirtualBox or VMware) that runs Oracle Solaris 11 with 4 GB RAM and at least eight disks of 4 GB each.

How to do it…

A real situation using spare disks is where there's a mirrored pool, so to simulate this scenario, let's execute the following command:

root@solaris11...

Handling ZFS snapshots and clones


ZFS snapshot is a complex theme that can have its functionality extended using the hold and release operations. Additionally, other tasks such as renaming snapshots, promoting clones, and executing differential snapshots are crucial in daily administration. All these points will be covered in this recipe.

Getting ready

This recipe can be followed using a virtual machine (VirtualBox or VMware) with 4 GB RAM, a running Oracle Solaris 11 application, and at least eight disks with 4 GB each.

How to do it…

From what we learned in the previous recipes, let's create a pool and a filesystem, and populate this filesystem with any data (readers can copy any data into this filesystem) and two snapshots by executing the following commands:

root@solaris11-1:~# zpool create simple_pool_1 c8t3d0
root@solaris11-1:~# zfs create simple_pool_1/zfs1
root@solaris11-1:~# cp -r /root/mhvtl-* /root/john* /simple_pool_1/zfs1 
root@solaris11-1:~# zpool list simple_pool_1
NAME        ...

Playing with COMSTAR


Common Protocol SCSI Target (COMSTAR) is a framework that was introduced in Oracle Solaris 11; this makes it possible for Oracle Solaris 11 to access disks in another system that is running any operating system (Oracle Solaris, Oracle Enterprise Linux, and so on). This access happens through the network using protocols such as iSCSI, Fibre Channel over Ethernet (FCoE), or Fibre Channel (FC).

One big advantage of using COMSTAR is that Oracle Solaris 11 is able to reach the disks on another machine without using a HBA board (very expensive) for an FC channel access. There are also disadvantages such as the fact that dump devices don't support the iSCSI disks offered by COMSTAR and the network infrastructure can become overloaded.

Getting ready

This section requires two virtual machines that run Oracle Solaris 11, both with 4 GB RAM and eight 4 GB disks. Additionally, both virtual machines must be in the same network and have access to each other.

How to do it…

A good approach...

Mirroring the root pool


Nowadays, systems running very critical applications without a working mirrored boot disk is something unthinkable. However, when working with ZFS, the mirroring process of the boot disk is smooth and requires few steps to accomplish it.

Getting ready

To follow this recipe, it's necessary to have a virtual machine (VirtualBox or VMware) that runs Oracle Solaris 11 with 4 GB RAM and a disk the same size as the existing boot disk. This example uses an 80 GB disk.

How to do it…

Before thinking about boot disk mirroring, the first thing to do is check is the rpool health:

root@solaris11-1:~# zpool status rpool
  pool: rpool
 state: ONLINE
  scan: none requested
config:

  NAME      STATE     READ WRITE CKSUM
  rpool     ONLINE       0     0     0
    c8t0d0  ONLINE       0     0     0

According to this output, rpool is healthy, so the next step is to choose a disk with a size that is equal to or bigger than the original rpool disk. Then, we need to call the format tool and...

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Description

If you are a Solaris administrator who wants to learn more about administering an Oracle Solaris system and want to go a level higher in utilizing the advanced features of Oracle Solaris, then this book is for you. A working knowledge of Solaris Administration is assumed.

What you will learn

  • Configure and administer the IPS framework
  • Master ZFS using snapshots, backup, and shadowing
  • Configure a TCP/IP network using features such as NCP, NCU, IPMP, link aggregation, network bridge, and Integrated Load Balancer (ILB)
  • Configure a DHCP server and a DNS client
  • Handle SMF manifests and profiles
  • Learn to configure and use Automated Installer (AI)
  • Administer, manage, and monitor processes and priorities using Fair Share Scheduling (FSS)
  • Configure, migrate, and administer zones using Resource Manager
  • Implement RBAC and least privileges in the Oracle Solaris environment
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Publication date, Length, Edition, Language, ISBN-13
Publication date : Oct 10, 2014
Length: 478 pages
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Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781849688260
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Estimated delivery fee Deliver to Norway

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Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781849688260
Vendor :
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Table of Contents

10 Chapters
1. IPS and Boot Environments Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
2. ZFS Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
3. Networking Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
4. Zones Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
5. Playing with Oracle Solaris 11 Services Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
6. Configuring and Using an Automated Installer (AI) Server Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
7. Configuring and Administering RBAC and Least Privileges Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
8. Administering and Monitoring Processes Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
9. Configuring the Syslog and Monitoring Performance Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Index Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

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(7 Ratings)
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1 star 0%
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Amazon Customer Apr 09, 2017
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
It's a good book must be to buy if you are a Solaris whiz
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Pravinbhai T. Patel Aug 31, 2019
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
Excellent Quality Of Product
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Marco Mar 28, 2017
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Excellent as a companion for teaching and remembering some common tasks in Solaris 11
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Vinicius Tramontina Luvisotto Feb 28, 2015
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
Just perfect! A great book!! It helps You a lot, just because it is direct and uses a simple way to get you informed and ready to administrate this OS
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Portilho Nov 23, 2016
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
This book is exceptionally clear and easy to read, and at the same time concise and thorough when necessary, after all deals with advanced management. Extremely useful for day-to-day administration of Solaris 11, and I believe it is important even for those who do not use this operating system, because the knowledge coming from the items covered will improve the reader's knowledge in any other type of environment, in addition to knowing the technical superiority of Solaris.
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Premium: Countries in the American continent: Trackable delivery to most countries within 4-7 business days

Asia:

Premium: Delivery to most Asian addresses within 5-9 business days

Disclaimer:
All orders received before 5 PM U.K time would start printing from the next business day. So the estimated delivery times start from the next day as well. Orders received after 5 PM U.K time (in our internal systems) on a business day or anytime on the weekend will begin printing the second to next business day. For example, an order placed at 11 AM today will begin printing tomorrow, whereas an order placed at 9 PM tonight will begin printing the day after tomorrow.


Unfortunately, due to several restrictions, we are unable to ship to the following countries:

  1. Afghanistan
  2. American Samoa
  3. Belarus
  4. Brunei Darussalam
  5. Central African Republic
  6. The Democratic Republic of Congo
  7. Eritrea
  8. Guinea-bissau
  9. Iran
  10. Lebanon
  11. Libiya Arab Jamahriya
  12. Somalia
  13. Sudan
  14. Russian Federation
  15. Syrian Arab Republic
  16. Ukraine
  17. Venezuela