Fragmentation is a common mechanism in IP that takes a large IP packet and divides it into smaller packets that will fit in the Layer-2 Ethernet frames. When any router receives a packet that is larger than the Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU) of the outgoing interface, the packet will be fragmented. In most cases, there shouldn't be any problems with the mechanism, but there might be performance issues due to this mechanism. IP fragmentation may also be used as a source for a DoS attack.
Analyzing IP fragmentation failures
TCP path MTU discovery
While the forwarding semantic associated with the IP header allows any transit node to fragment the packet, it may create performance issues (as mentioned in the previous section...