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Home > Programming > Programming Language > Learning Elixir
Learning Elixir
Learning Elixir

Learning Elixir: Unveil many hidden gems of programming functionally by taking the foundational steps with Elixir

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Learning Elixir

Chapter 2. Elixir Basics – Foundational Steps toward Functional Programming

In the previous chapter, we talked about functional programming, installed Elixir, and tried a few elementary examples.

In this chapter, we are going to go into depth on the syntax and basic built-in types and operators of Elixir (and implicitly, Erlang). We are going to explore some more structural elements of Elixir code and begin our discussion of pattern matching.

Everything is an expression

We have hinted at this concept in the previous chapter, but let's discuss it in more detail here.

In Elixir, there are no statements. Everything is an expression. Let's break this down. Statements typically refer to instructions where the programmer specifies to the computer or runtime to perform some action. This action could, for example, add two numbers together and assign the value to a variable. Or, it could instruct the machine to print data—strings, numbers, and bits—to the console. Or, it could instruct the machine to make a remote connection to another machine and request a web page. These actions may have ephemeral results—the value of the variable, output text on the screen, and page data from the request. But in all of these examples, the code, itself, which instructs the performance of such actions, does not necessarily, nor inherently return anything.

To contrast this to expressions, we note that we can still do all...

A short introduction to types

Like most programming languages, Elixir has its fair share of numerical, boolean, character, and collection types. It also has some extra types, namely, atoms and binaries. In this chapter, we will see how all of these types work. However, let's start our discussion with numerical types.

Numerical types

Numerical types include the obvious integers. For example, in the interactive prompt (iex), we can enter a few basic numbers:

iex(1)> 42
42

We can also do some basic arithmetic with numbers, of course:

iex(2)> 42 + 5
47
iex(3)> 6 * 7
42
iex(4)> 42 - 10
32
iex(5) 42 / 6
7.0

So, addition, subtraction, and multiplication work as we expect. Division, however, did what is typically called implicit type widening or implicit type casting. That is, we took two integer types and converted it into a floating type through division. In fact, the / operator will always return a floating point type. If you want an integer type back, you can use the div and rem...

Invariable variables and pattern matching

One of the most misunderstood concepts in functional programming is that of assignment. Or, said another way, assignment doesn't exist.

Let's try to dispel this misconceived idea. In iex, we might see some code like this:

iex(1)> a = 2
2
iex(2)> a + 4
6

We may be tempted to explain the preceding code snippet with something like, "So we assign 2 to a and then add 4 to a giving us 6." However, in Elixir, this is incorrect. Elixir does not define = as an assignment operator, but rather a match operator. That is, Elixir attempts to match the left side of the = operator to that of the right.

In step 1, for Elixir to make the match succeed, we bind the value of 2 to the variable, a. Then later, when we perform the addition, we are substituting 2 for a, yielding an expression that looks like 2 + 4, which obviously equals 6.

This is a really different way to think about what is going on internally. Take a moment to let it sink in.

Back...

Elixir structure

So far, we haven't seen much more than tiny snippets, demonstrating a fraction of the syntax of Elixir. Now we are going to go into more detail and look at some more in-depth examples.

We will start with what may be considered a functional language's real "hello world", the map function.

Note

Note that this example will use some concepts that we are going to go into more detail in the next few chapters.

The map function essentially takes a function and a list, and applies the function to each element in the list. Ideally, the application of one element in the list does not depend or effect any other application of any other element. Thus, this is usually something that can be trivial (in concept) to parallelize. However, very few languages make it so easy as the functional languages, and in particular, Elixir.

Using what we know now (and some stuff we haven't covered), here's how we might write our own map function:

defmodule MyMap do
  def map(...

Elixir files

Elixir uses two files, .ex for compiled code and .exs for scripts. They must both be UTF-8 encoded. We will go over .ex some more when we introduce mix in the next chapter. But for now, let's discuss .exs a little more.

We can write all the Elixir code we have shown so far into a script (we won't though, there is just a small subset) and then we can use the interactive interpreter to load up our script and run it.

For example, we can put the MyMap code from earlier into a script:

defmodule MyMap do
  def map([], _) do
    []
  end

  def map([h|t], f) do
    [f.(h) | map(t, f)]
  end
end

square = fn x -> x * x end
MyMap.map([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], square)

Go ahead and save it as mymap.exs. Launch a terminal and use the cd command to navigate to the directory that you saved your script in and then launch iex.

Once in iex, we will use import_file/1 to import and launch our script.

In your iex, type h(import_file/1) to get the documentation of import_file/1:

iex(1)> h(import_file...

Everything is an expression

We have hinted at this concept in the previous chapter, but let's discuss it in more detail here.

In Elixir, there are no statements. Everything is an expression. Let's break this down. Statements typically refer to instructions where the programmer specifies to the computer or runtime to perform some action. This action could, for example, add two numbers together and assign the value to a variable. Or, it could instruct the machine to print data—strings, numbers, and bits—to the console. Or, it could instruct the machine to make a remote connection to another machine and request a web page. These actions may have ephemeral results—the value of the variable, output text on the screen, and page data from the request. But in all of these examples, the code, itself, which instructs the performance of such actions, does not necessarily, nor inherently return anything.

To contrast this to expressions, we note that we can still do all of these things, however, each instruction...

A short introduction to types

Like most programming languages, Elixir has its fair share of numerical, boolean, character, and collection types. It also has some extra types, namely, atoms and binaries. In this chapter, we will see how all of these types work. However, let's start our discussion with numerical types.

Numerical types

Numerical types include the obvious integers. For example, in the interactive prompt (iex), we can enter a few basic numbers:

iex(1)> 42
42

We can also do some basic arithmetic with numbers, of course:

iex(2)> 42 + 5
47
iex(3)> 6 * 7
42
iex(4)> 42 - 10
32
iex(5) 42 / 6
7.0

So, addition, subtraction, and multiplication work as we expect. Division, however, did what is typically called implicit type widening or implicit type casting. That is, we took two integer types and converted it into a floating type through division. In fact, the / operator will always return a floating point type. If you want an integer type back, you can use the div and rem functions...

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Key benefits

  • Explore the functional paradigms of programming with Elixir through use of helpful examples
  • Concise step-by-step instructions to teach you difficult technical concepts
  • Bridge the gap between functional programming and Elixir

Description

Elixir, based on Erlang’s virtual machine and ecosystem, makes it easier to achieve scalability, concurrency, fault tolerance, and high availability goals that are pursued by developers using any programming language or programming paradigm. Elixir is a modern programming language that utilizes the benefits offered by Erlang VM without really incorporating the complex syntaxes of Erlang. Learning to program using Elixir will teach many things that are very beneficial to programming as a craft, even if at the end of the day, the programmer isn't using Elixir. This book will teach you concepts and principles important to any complex, scalable, and resilient application. Mostly, applications are historically difficult to reason about, but using the concepts in this book, they will become easy and enjoyable. It will teach you the functional programing ropes, to enable them to create better and more scalable applications, and you will explore how Elixir can help you achieve new programming heights. You will also glean a firm understanding of basics of OTP and the available generic, provided functionality for creating resilient complex systems. Furthermore, you will learn the basics of metaprogramming: modifying and extending Elixir to suite your needs.

Who is this book for?

This book targets developers new to Elixir, as well as Erlang, in order to make them feel comfortable in functional programming with Elixir, thus enabling them to develop more scalable and fault-tolerant applications. Although no knowledge of Elixir is assumed, some programming experience with mainstream Object-Oriented programming languages such a Ruby, Python, Java, C# would be beneficial.

What you will learn

  • Explore Elixir to create resilient, scalable applications
  • Create fault-tolerant applications
  • Become better acquainted with Elixir code and see how it is structured to build and develop functional programs
  • Learn the basics of functional programming
  • Gain an understanding of effective OTP principles
  • Design program-distributed applications and systems
  • Write and create branching statements in Elixir
  • Learn to do more with less using Elixir s metaprogramming
  • Be familiar with the facilities Elixir provides for metaprogramming, macros, and extending the Elixir language
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Publication date, Length, Edition, Language, ISBN-13
Publication date : Jan 05, 2016
Length: 286 pages
Edition : 1st
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781785881749
Category :
Programming
Languages :
Elixir
Concepts :
Programming Language

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Estimated delivery fee Deliver to Norway

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Product Details

Publication date : Jan 05, 2016
Length: 286 pages
Edition : 1st
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781785881749
Category :
Programming
Languages :
Elixir
Concepts :
Programming Language

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Table of Contents

10 Chapters
1. Introducing Elixir – Thinking Functionally Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
1. Introducing Elixir – Thinking Functionally
Why functional?
Installing Elixir
Hello, World!
Exercises
Summary
2. Elixir Basics – Foundational Steps toward Functional Programming Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
2. Elixir Basics – Foundational Steps toward Functional Programming
Everything is an expression
A short introduction to types
Invariable variables and pattern matching
Elixir structure
Elixir files
Exercises
Summary
3. Modules and Functions – Creating Functional Building Blocks Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
3. Modules and Functions – Creating Functional Building Blocks
Modules
Anonymous functions
Named functions
Calling functions
Grabbing functions
When patterns aren't enough for matching
Functional algorithms for everyday problems
Mix – the ladle of Elixir
Building functional projects
More to do about modules
Testing with comments
Exercises
Summary
4. Collections and Stream Processing Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
4. Collections and Stream Processing
Keywords, maps, and dictionaries
Flow-based programming
Stream processing and Elixir
Exercises
Summary
5. Control Flow – Occasionally You Need to Branch Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
5. Control Flow – Occasionally You Need to Branch
Branching with Elixir
Examples using branching
Exception handling
Determinism
References
Exercises
Summary
6. Concurrent Programming – Using Processes to Conquer Concurrency Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
6. Concurrent Programming – Using Processes to Conquer Concurrency
Parallel computation and concurrent computation
Erlang processes and OS processes
Basics of Elixir process
Applications
Summary
7. OTP – A Poor Name for a Rich Framework Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
7. OTP – A Poor Name for a Rich Framework
Applications
Gen(eric) behaviours
Supervisors
Exercises
Summary
8. Distributed Elixir – Taking Concurrency to the Next Node Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
8. Distributed Elixir – Taking Concurrency to the Next Node
Obligatory discussion about distributed computing
Another short discussion about networks
Distributed computing with Elixir
Summary
9. Metaprogramming – Doing More with Less Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
9. Metaprogramming – Doing More with Less
Behaviours and protocols
Abstract syntax trees
Our first macros
Context and macro hygiene
Macro examples
Domain-specific languages
With great power...
Exercises
Summary
Going forward
Index Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Index

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Mr. T. Browne May 25, 2017
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
I really like this book because if fits my brain better than all the other Elixir books (I own, literally, all of them). This one is great because it's ultra simple, but also does not assume that you're a complete programming newby. It doesn't go into long detail about what a linked list actually is, for example. It just tells you that Elixir has linked lists (denoted by [x, x, x]). It assumes you know what a linked list is, and its O(n) seek characteristics. Basically this is a very good book if you're coming from another (traditional) programming language. It's gentle with the functional aspects and the syntax, but it's not pedantic and long winded on computer science concepts -> it assumes you're familiar with stuff already.I also like the more "conceptual" approach that this book takes, rather than diving into some irrelevant "project" that gets filled out chapter by chapter as the Pragmatic Programmers books tend to do. It speaks to the design oriented mind, as opposed to the osmosis-oriented mind.
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About the authors

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Profile icon Kenny Ballou
Kenny Ballou
Kenny Ballou is a life-long learner, developer, mathematician, and overall thinker. He enjoys solving problems, learning about technologies, and discussing new and different ideas. He graduated from the Boise State University, majoring in applied mathematics, and minoring in computer science. He has been programming professionally for nearly a decade, and is currently working as a software developer for an analytics company in the Boise, Idaho area. Apart from developing professionally, he is active in the open source community, contributing where he can. When he is not developing, he enjoys reading, learning, and shredding the local mountains. You can read more from him on his blog at https://kennyballou.com, check out his code on GitHub at https://github.com/kennyballou/, and follow him on Twitter at @kennyballou.
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Profile icon Kenneth Ballou
Kenneth Ballou
LinkedIn icon Github icon
Kenny Ballou is a life-long learner, developer, mathematician, and overall thinker. He enjoys solving problems, learning about technologies, and discussing new and different ideas. He graduated from the Boise State University, majoring in applied mathematics, and minoring in computer science. He has been programming professionally for nearly a decade, and is currently working as a software developer for an analytics company in the Boise, Idaho area. Apart from developing professionally, he is active in the open source community, contributing where he can. When he is not developing, he enjoys reading, learning, and shredding the local mountains. You can read more from him on his blog at https://kennyballou.com, check out his code on GitHub at https://github.com/kennyballou/, and follow him on Twitter at @kennyballou.
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  17. Venezuela
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Customs duty are charges levied on goods when they cross international borders. It is a tax that is imposed on imported goods. These duties are charged by special authorities and bodies created by local governments and are meant to protect local industries, economies, and businesses.

Do I have to pay customs charges for the print book order? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

The orders shipped to the countries that are listed under EU27 will not bear custom charges. They are paid by Packt as part of the order.

List of EU27 countries: www.gov.uk/eu-eea:

A custom duty or localized taxes may be applicable on the shipment and would be charged by the recipient country outside of the EU27 which should be paid by the customer and these duties are not included in the shipping charges been charged on the order.

How do I know my custom duty charges? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

The amount of duty payable varies greatly depending on the imported goods, the country of origin and several other factors like the total invoice amount or dimensions like weight, and other such criteria applicable in your country.

For example:

  • If you live in Mexico, and the declared value of your ordered items is over $ 50, for you to receive a package, you will have to pay additional import tax of 19% which will be $ 9.50 to the courier service.
  • Whereas if you live in Turkey, and the declared value of your ordered items is over € 22, for you to receive a package, you will have to pay additional import tax of 18% which will be € 3.96 to the courier service.
How can I cancel my order? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Cancellation Policy for Published Printed Books:

You can cancel any order within 1 hour of placing the order. Simply contact customercare@packt.com with your order details or payment transaction id. If your order has already started the shipment process, we will do our best to stop it. However, if it is already on the way to you then when you receive it, you can contact us at customercare@packt.com using the returns and refund process.

Please understand that Packt Publishing cannot provide refunds or cancel any order except for the cases described in our Return Policy (i.e. Packt Publishing agrees to replace your printed book because it arrives damaged or material defect in book), Packt Publishing will not accept returns.

What is your returns and refunds policy? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Return Policy:

We want you to be happy with your purchase from Packtpub.com. We will not hassle you with returning print books to us. If the print book you receive from us is incorrect, damaged, doesn't work or is unacceptably late, please contact Customer Relations Team on customercare@packt.com with the order number and issue details as explained below:

  1. If you ordered (eBook, Video or Print Book) incorrectly or accidentally, please contact Customer Relations Team on customercare@packt.com within one hour of placing the order and we will replace/refund you the item cost.
  2. Sadly, if your eBook or Video file is faulty or a fault occurs during the eBook or Video being made available to you, i.e. during download then you should contact Customer Relations Team within 14 days of purchase on customercare@packt.com who will be able to resolve this issue for you.
  3. You will have a choice of replacement or refund of the problem items.(damaged, defective or incorrect)
  4. Once Customer Care Team confirms that you will be refunded, you should receive the refund within 10 to 12 working days.
  5. If you are only requesting a refund of one book from a multiple order, then we will refund you the appropriate single item.
  6. Where the items were shipped under a free shipping offer, there will be no shipping costs to refund.

On the off chance your printed book arrives damaged, with book material defect, contact our Customer Relation Team on customercare@packt.com within 14 days of receipt of the book with appropriate evidence of damage and we will work with you to secure a replacement copy, if necessary. Please note that each printed book you order from us is individually made by Packt's professional book-printing partner which is on a print-on-demand basis.

What tax is charged? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Currently, no tax is charged on the purchase of any print book (subject to change based on the laws and regulations). A localized VAT fee is charged only to our European and UK customers on eBooks, Video and subscriptions that they buy. GST is charged to Indian customers for eBooks and video purchases.

What payment methods can I use? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

You can pay with the following card types:

  1. Visa Debit
  2. Visa Credit
  3. MasterCard
  4. PayPal
What is the delivery time and cost of print books? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Shipping Details

USA:

'

Economy: Delivery to most addresses in the US within 10-15 business days

Premium: Trackable Delivery to most addresses in the US within 3-8 business days

UK:

Economy: Delivery to most addresses in the U.K. within 7-9 business days.
Shipments are not trackable

Premium: Trackable delivery to most addresses in the U.K. within 3-4 business days!
Add one extra business day for deliveries to Northern Ireland and Scottish Highlands and islands

EU:

Premium: Trackable delivery to most EU destinations within 4-9 business days.

Australia:

Economy: Can deliver to P. O. Boxes and private residences.
Trackable service with delivery to addresses in Australia only.
Delivery time ranges from 7-9 business days for VIC and 8-10 business days for Interstate metro
Delivery time is up to 15 business days for remote areas of WA, NT & QLD.

Premium: Delivery to addresses in Australia only
Trackable delivery to most P. O. Boxes and private residences in Australia within 4-5 days based on the distance to a destination following dispatch.

India:

Premium: Delivery to most Indian addresses within 5-6 business days

Rest of the World:

Premium: Countries in the American continent: Trackable delivery to most countries within 4-7 business days

Asia:

Premium: Delivery to most Asian addresses within 5-9 business days

Disclaimer:
All orders received before 5 PM U.K time would start printing from the next business day. So the estimated delivery times start from the next day as well. Orders received after 5 PM U.K time (in our internal systems) on a business day or anytime on the weekend will begin printing the second to next business day. For example, an order placed at 11 AM today will begin printing tomorrow, whereas an order placed at 9 PM tonight will begin printing the day after tomorrow.


Unfortunately, due to several restrictions, we are unable to ship to the following countries:

  1. Afghanistan
  2. American Samoa
  3. Belarus
  4. Brunei Darussalam
  5. Central African Republic
  6. The Democratic Republic of Congo
  7. Eritrea
  8. Guinea-bissau
  9. Iran
  10. Lebanon
  11. Libiya Arab Jamahriya
  12. Somalia
  13. Sudan
  14. Russian Federation
  15. Syrian Arab Republic
  16. Ukraine
  17. Venezuela