Atomic primitives

In Chapter 2, Concurrency on the JVM and the Java Memory Model, we learned that memory writes do not happen immediately unless proper synchronization is applied. A set of memory writes is not executed at once, that is, atomically. We saw that visibility is ensured by the happens-before relationship, and we relied on the synchronized statement to achieve it. Volatile fields were a more lightweight way of ensuring happens-before relationships, but a less powerful synchronization construct. Recall how volatile fields alone could not implement the getUniqueId method correctly.

In this section, we study atomic variables that provide basic support for executing multiple memory reads and writes at once. Atomic variables are close cousins of volatile variables, but are more expressive than them; they are used to build complex concurrent operations without relying on the synchronized statement.

Atomic variables

An atomic variable is a memory location that supports complex linearizable...