Search icon CANCEL
Subscription
0
Cart icon
Your Cart (0 item)
Close icon
You have no products in your basket yet
Save more on your purchases! discount-offer-chevron-icon
Savings automatically calculated. No voucher code required.
Arrow left icon
Explore Products
Best Sellers
New Releases
Books
Videos
Audiobooks
Learning Hub
Newsletter Hub
Free Learning
Arrow right icon
timer SALE ENDS IN
0 Days
:
00 Hours
:
00 Minutes
:
00 Seconds
R Machine Learning Projects
R Machine Learning Projects

R Machine Learning Projects: Implement supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement learning techniques using R 3.5

Arrow left icon
Profile Icon Dr. Sunil Kumar Chinnamgari
Arrow right icon
€32.99
Full star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon 1 (1 Ratings)
Paperback Jan 2019 334 pages 1st Edition
eBook
€8.99 €26.99
Paperback
€32.99
Subscription
Free Trial
Renews at €18.99p/m
Arrow left icon
Profile Icon Dr. Sunil Kumar Chinnamgari
Arrow right icon
€32.99
Full star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon 1 (1 Ratings)
Paperback Jan 2019 334 pages 1st Edition
eBook
€8.99 €26.99
Paperback
€32.99
Subscription
Free Trial
Renews at €18.99p/m
eBook
€8.99 €26.99
Paperback
€32.99
Subscription
Free Trial
Renews at €18.99p/m

What do you get with Print?

Product feature icon Instant access to your digital eBook copy whilst your Print order is Shipped
Product feature icon Paperback book shipped to your preferred address
Product feature icon Download this book in EPUB and PDF formats
Product feature icon Access this title in our online reader with advanced features
Product feature icon DRM FREE - Read whenever, wherever and however you want
Product feature icon AI Assistant (beta) to help accelerate your learning
OR
Modal Close icon
Payment Processing...
tick Completed

Shipping Address

Billing Address

Shipping Methods
Table of content icon View table of contents Preview book icon Preview Book

R Machine Learning Projects

Predicting Employee Attrition Using Ensemble Models

If you reviewed the recent machine learning competitions, one key observation I am sure you would make is that the recipes of all three winning entries in most of the competitions include very good feature engineering, along with well-tuned ensemble models. One conclusion I derive from this observation is that good feature engineering and building well-performing models are two areas that should be given equal emphasis in order to deliver successful machine learning solutions.

While feature engineering most times is something that is dependent on the creativity and domain expertise of the person building the model, building a well-performing model is something that can be achieved through a philosophy called ensembling. Machine learning practitioners often use ensembling techniques to beat the performance benchmarks yielded by...

Philosophy behind ensembling

Ensembling, which is super-famous among ML practitioners, can be well-understood through a simple real-world, non-ML example.

Assume that you have applied for a job in a very reputable corporate organization and you have been called for an interview. It is unlikely you will be selected for a job just based on one interview with an interviewer. In most cases, you will go through multiple rounds of interviews with several interviewers or with a panel of interviewers. The expectation from the organization is that each of the interviewers is an expert on a particular area and that the interviewer has evaluated your fitness for the job based on your experience in the interviewers' area of expertise. Your selection for the job, of course, depends on consolidated feedback from all of the interviewers that talked to you. The organization deems that you...

Getting started

To get started with this section, you will have to download the WA_Fn-UseC_-HR-Employee-Attrition.csv dataset from the GitHub link for the code in this chapter.

Understanding the attrition problem and the dataset

HR analytics helps with interpreting organizational data. It finds out the people-related trends in the data and helps the HR department take the appropriate steps to keep the organization running smoothly and profitably. Attrition in a corporate setup is one of the complex challenges that the people managers and HR personnel have to deal with. Interestingly, machine learning models can be deployed to predict potential attrition cases, thereby helping the appropriate HR personnel or people managers take the necessary steps to retain the employee.

In this chapter, we are going to build ML ensembles that will predict such potential cases of attrition. The job attrition dataset used for the project is a fictional dataset created by data scientists at IBM. The rsample library incorporates this dataset and we can make use of this...

K-nearest neighbors model for benchmarking the performance

In this section, we will implement the k-nearest neighbors (KNN) algorithm to build a model on our IBM attrition dataset. Of course, we are already aware from EDA that we have a class imbalance problem in the dataset at hand. However, we will not be treating the dataset for class imbalance for now as this is an entire area on its own and several techniques are available in this area and therefore out of scope for the ML ensembling topic covered in this chapter. We will, for now, consider the dataset as is and build ML models. Also, for class imbalance datasets, Kappa or precision and recall or the area under the curve of the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) are the appropriate metrics to use. However, for simplicity, we will use accuracy as a performance metric. We will adapt 10-fold cross validation repeated...

Bagging

Bootstrap aggregation or bagging is the earliest ensemble technique adopted widely by the ML-practicing community. Bagging involves creating multiple different models from a single dataset. It is important to understand an important statistical technique called bootstrapping in order to get an understanding of bagging.

Bootstrapping involves multiple random subsets of a dataset being created. It is possible that the same data sample gets picked up in multiple subsets and this is termed as bootstrapping with replacement. The advantage with this approach is that the standard error in estimating a quantity that occurs due to the use of whole dataset. This technique can be better explained with an example.

Assume you have a small dataset of 1,000 samples. Based on the samples, you are asked to compute the average of the population that the sample represents. Now, a direct...

Randomization with random forests

As we've seen in bagging, we create a number of bags on which each model is trained. Each of the bags consists of subsets of the actual dataset, however the number of features or variables remain the same in each of the bags. In other words, what we performed in bagging is subsetting the dataset rows.

In random forests, while we create bags from the dataset through subsetting the rows, we also subset the features (columns) that need to be included in each of the bags.

Assume that you have 1,000 observations with 20 features in your dataset. We can create 20 bags where each one of the bags has 100 observations (this is possible because of bootstrapping with replacement) and five features. Now 20 models are trained where each model gets to see only the bag it is assigned with. The final prediction is arrived at by voting or averaging...

Boosting

A weak learner is an algorithm that performs relatively poorly—generally, the accuracy obtained with the weak learners is just above chance. It is often, if not always, observed that weak learners are computationally simple. Decision stumps or 1R algorithms are some examples of weak learners. Boosting converts weak learners into strong learners. This essentially means that boosting is not an algorithm that does the predictions, but it works with an underlying weak ML algorithm to get better performance.

A boosting model is a sequence of models learned on subsets of data similar to that of the bagging ensembling technique. The difference is in the creation of the subsets of data. Unlike bagging, all the subsets of data used for model training are not created prior to the start of the training. Rather, boosting builds a first model with an ML algorithm that...

Stacking

In all the ensembles we have learned about so far, we have manipulated the dataset in certain ways and exposed subsets of the data for model building. However, in stacking, we are not going to do anything with the dataset; instead we are going to apply a different technique that involves using multiple ML algorithms instead. In stacking, we build multiple models with various ML algorithms. Each algorithm possesses a unique way of learning the characteristics of data and the final stacked model indirectly incorporates all those unique ways of learning. Stacking gets the combined power of several ML algorithms through getting the final prediction by means of voting or averaging as we do in other types of ensembles.

Building attrition prediction model with stacking

...

Summary

To recollect, we were using a class-imbalanced dataset to build the attrition model. Using techniques to resolve the class imbalance prior to model building is another key aspect of getting better model performance measurements. We used bagging, randomization, boosting, and stacking to implement and predict the attrition model. We were able to accomplish 91% accuracy just by using the features that were readily available in the models. Feature engineering is a crucial aspect whose role cannot be ignored in ML models. This may be one other path to explore to improve model performance further.

In the next chapter, we will explore the secret recipe of recommending products or content through building a personalized recommendation engines. I am all set to implement a project to recommend jokes. Turn to the next chapter to continue the journey of learning.

...
Left arrow icon Right arrow icon
Download code icon Download Code

Key benefits

  • Master machine learning, deep learning, and predictive modeling concepts in R 3.5
  • Build intelligent end-to-end projects for finance, retail, social media, and a variety of domains
  • Implement smart cognitive models with helpful tips and best practices

Description

R is one of the most popular languages when it comes to performing computational statistics (statistical computing) easily and exploring the mathematical side of machine learning. With this book, you will leverage the R ecosystem to build efficient machine learning applications that carry out intelligent tasks within your organization. This book will help you test your knowledge and skills, guiding you on how to build easily through to complex machine learning projects. You will first learn how to build powerful machine learning models with ensembles to predict employee attrition. Next, you’ll implement a joke recommendation engine and learn how to perform sentiment analysis on Amazon reviews. You’ll also explore different clustering techniques to segment customers using wholesale data. In addition to this, the book will get you acquainted with credit card fraud detection using autoencoders, and reinforcement learning to make predictions and win on a casino slot machine. By the end of the book, you will be equipped to confidently perform complex tasks to build research and commercial projects for automated operations.

Who is this book for?

If you’re a data analyst, data scientist, or machine learning developer who wants to master machine learning concepts using R by building real-world projects, this is the book for you. Each project will help you test your skills in implementing machine learning algorithms and techniques. A basic understanding of machine learning and working knowledge of R programming is necessary to get the most out of this book.

What you will learn

  • Explore deep neural networks and various frameworks that can be used in R
  • Develop a joke recommendation engine to recommend jokes that match users' tastes
  • Create powerful ML models with ensembles to predict employee attrition
  • Build autoencoders for credit card fraud detection
  • Work with image recognition and convolutional neural networks
  • Make predictions for casino slot machine using reinforcement learning
  • Implement NLP techniques for sentiment analysis and customer segmentation
Estimated delivery fee Deliver to Netherlands

Premium delivery 7 - 10 business days

€17.95
(Includes tracking information)

Product Details

Country selected
Publication date, Length, Edition, Language, ISBN-13
Publication date : Jan 14, 2019
Length: 334 pages
Edition : 1st
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781789807943
Vendor :
Google
Category :
Languages :
Tools :

What do you get with Print?

Product feature icon Instant access to your digital eBook copy whilst your Print order is Shipped
Product feature icon Paperback book shipped to your preferred address
Product feature icon Download this book in EPUB and PDF formats
Product feature icon Access this title in our online reader with advanced features
Product feature icon DRM FREE - Read whenever, wherever and however you want
Product feature icon AI Assistant (beta) to help accelerate your learning
OR
Modal Close icon
Payment Processing...
tick Completed

Shipping Address

Billing Address

Shipping Methods
Estimated delivery fee Deliver to Netherlands

Premium delivery 7 - 10 business days

€17.95
(Includes tracking information)

Product Details

Publication date : Jan 14, 2019
Length: 334 pages
Edition : 1st
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781789807943
Vendor :
Google
Category :
Languages :
Tools :

Packt Subscriptions

See our plans and pricing
Modal Close icon
€18.99 billed monthly
Feature tick icon Unlimited access to Packt's library of 7,000+ practical books and videos
Feature tick icon Constantly refreshed with 50+ new titles a month
Feature tick icon Exclusive Early access to books as they're written
Feature tick icon Solve problems while you work with advanced search and reference features
Feature tick icon Offline reading on the mobile app
Feature tick icon Simple pricing, no contract
€189.99 billed annually
Feature tick icon Unlimited access to Packt's library of 7,000+ practical books and videos
Feature tick icon Constantly refreshed with 50+ new titles a month
Feature tick icon Exclusive Early access to books as they're written
Feature tick icon Solve problems while you work with advanced search and reference features
Feature tick icon Offline reading on the mobile app
Feature tick icon Choose a DRM-free eBook or Video every month to keep
Feature tick icon PLUS own as many other DRM-free eBooks or Videos as you like for just €5 each
Feature tick icon Exclusive print discounts
€264.99 billed in 18 months
Feature tick icon Unlimited access to Packt's library of 7,000+ practical books and videos
Feature tick icon Constantly refreshed with 50+ new titles a month
Feature tick icon Exclusive Early access to books as they're written
Feature tick icon Solve problems while you work with advanced search and reference features
Feature tick icon Offline reading on the mobile app
Feature tick icon Choose a DRM-free eBook or Video every month to keep
Feature tick icon PLUS own as many other DRM-free eBooks or Videos as you like for just €5 each
Feature tick icon Exclusive print discounts

Frequently bought together


Stars icon
Total 98.97
R Machine Learning Projects
€32.99
Hands-On Data Science with R
€32.99
Mastering Machine Learning with R
€32.99
Total 98.97 Stars icon
Banner background image

Table of Contents

11 Chapters
Exploring the Machine Learning Landscape Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Predicting Employee Attrition Using Ensemble Models Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Implementing a Jokes Recommendation Engine Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Sentiment Analysis of Amazon Reviews with NLP Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Customer Segmentation Using Wholesale Data Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Image Recognition Using Deep Neural Networks Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Credit Card Fraud Detection Using Autoencoders Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Automatic Prose Generation with Recurrent Neural Networks Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Winning the Casino Slot Machines with Reinforcement Learning Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
The Road Ahead Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Other Books You May Enjoy Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Customer reviews

Rating distribution
Full star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon 1
(1 Ratings)
5 star 0%
4 star 0%
3 star 0%
2 star 0%
1 star 100%
naima Jun 08, 2021
Full star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon 1
Thanks for writing this book. Because there are not enough books on R. But lots of errors in the code. I wish the author would take immediate action.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Get free access to Packt library with over 7500+ books and video courses for 7 days!
Start Free Trial

FAQs

What is the delivery time and cost of print book? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Shipping Details

USA:

'

Economy: Delivery to most addresses in the US within 10-15 business days

Premium: Trackable Delivery to most addresses in the US within 3-8 business days

UK:

Economy: Delivery to most addresses in the U.K. within 7-9 business days.
Shipments are not trackable

Premium: Trackable delivery to most addresses in the U.K. within 3-4 business days!
Add one extra business day for deliveries to Northern Ireland and Scottish Highlands and islands

EU:

Premium: Trackable delivery to most EU destinations within 4-9 business days.

Australia:

Economy: Can deliver to P. O. Boxes and private residences.
Trackable service with delivery to addresses in Australia only.
Delivery time ranges from 7-9 business days for VIC and 8-10 business days for Interstate metro
Delivery time is up to 15 business days for remote areas of WA, NT & QLD.

Premium: Delivery to addresses in Australia only
Trackable delivery to most P. O. Boxes and private residences in Australia within 4-5 days based on the distance to a destination following dispatch.

India:

Premium: Delivery to most Indian addresses within 5-6 business days

Rest of the World:

Premium: Countries in the American continent: Trackable delivery to most countries within 4-7 business days

Asia:

Premium: Delivery to most Asian addresses within 5-9 business days

Disclaimer:
All orders received before 5 PM U.K time would start printing from the next business day. So the estimated delivery times start from the next day as well. Orders received after 5 PM U.K time (in our internal systems) on a business day or anytime on the weekend will begin printing the second to next business day. For example, an order placed at 11 AM today will begin printing tomorrow, whereas an order placed at 9 PM tonight will begin printing the day after tomorrow.


Unfortunately, due to several restrictions, we are unable to ship to the following countries:

  1. Afghanistan
  2. American Samoa
  3. Belarus
  4. Brunei Darussalam
  5. Central African Republic
  6. The Democratic Republic of Congo
  7. Eritrea
  8. Guinea-bissau
  9. Iran
  10. Lebanon
  11. Libiya Arab Jamahriya
  12. Somalia
  13. Sudan
  14. Russian Federation
  15. Syrian Arab Republic
  16. Ukraine
  17. Venezuela
What is custom duty/charge? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Customs duty are charges levied on goods when they cross international borders. It is a tax that is imposed on imported goods. These duties are charged by special authorities and bodies created by local governments and are meant to protect local industries, economies, and businesses.

Do I have to pay customs charges for the print book order? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

The orders shipped to the countries that are listed under EU27 will not bear custom charges. They are paid by Packt as part of the order.

List of EU27 countries: www.gov.uk/eu-eea:

A custom duty or localized taxes may be applicable on the shipment and would be charged by the recipient country outside of the EU27 which should be paid by the customer and these duties are not included in the shipping charges been charged on the order.

How do I know my custom duty charges? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

The amount of duty payable varies greatly depending on the imported goods, the country of origin and several other factors like the total invoice amount or dimensions like weight, and other such criteria applicable in your country.

For example:

  • If you live in Mexico, and the declared value of your ordered items is over $ 50, for you to receive a package, you will have to pay additional import tax of 19% which will be $ 9.50 to the courier service.
  • Whereas if you live in Turkey, and the declared value of your ordered items is over € 22, for you to receive a package, you will have to pay additional import tax of 18% which will be € 3.96 to the courier service.
How can I cancel my order? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Cancellation Policy for Published Printed Books:

You can cancel any order within 1 hour of placing the order. Simply contact customercare@packt.com with your order details or payment transaction id. If your order has already started the shipment process, we will do our best to stop it. However, if it is already on the way to you then when you receive it, you can contact us at customercare@packt.com using the returns and refund process.

Please understand that Packt Publishing cannot provide refunds or cancel any order except for the cases described in our Return Policy (i.e. Packt Publishing agrees to replace your printed book because it arrives damaged or material defect in book), Packt Publishing will not accept returns.

What is your returns and refunds policy? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Return Policy:

We want you to be happy with your purchase from Packtpub.com. We will not hassle you with returning print books to us. If the print book you receive from us is incorrect, damaged, doesn't work or is unacceptably late, please contact Customer Relations Team on customercare@packt.com with the order number and issue details as explained below:

  1. If you ordered (eBook, Video or Print Book) incorrectly or accidentally, please contact Customer Relations Team on customercare@packt.com within one hour of placing the order and we will replace/refund you the item cost.
  2. Sadly, if your eBook or Video file is faulty or a fault occurs during the eBook or Video being made available to you, i.e. during download then you should contact Customer Relations Team within 14 days of purchase on customercare@packt.com who will be able to resolve this issue for you.
  3. You will have a choice of replacement or refund of the problem items.(damaged, defective or incorrect)
  4. Once Customer Care Team confirms that you will be refunded, you should receive the refund within 10 to 12 working days.
  5. If you are only requesting a refund of one book from a multiple order, then we will refund you the appropriate single item.
  6. Where the items were shipped under a free shipping offer, there will be no shipping costs to refund.

On the off chance your printed book arrives damaged, with book material defect, contact our Customer Relation Team on customercare@packt.com within 14 days of receipt of the book with appropriate evidence of damage and we will work with you to secure a replacement copy, if necessary. Please note that each printed book you order from us is individually made by Packt's professional book-printing partner which is on a print-on-demand basis.

What tax is charged? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Currently, no tax is charged on the purchase of any print book (subject to change based on the laws and regulations). A localized VAT fee is charged only to our European and UK customers on eBooks, Video and subscriptions that they buy. GST is charged to Indian customers for eBooks and video purchases.

What payment methods can I use? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

You can pay with the following card types:

  1. Visa Debit
  2. Visa Credit
  3. MasterCard
  4. PayPal
What is the delivery time and cost of print books? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Shipping Details

USA:

'

Economy: Delivery to most addresses in the US within 10-15 business days

Premium: Trackable Delivery to most addresses in the US within 3-8 business days

UK:

Economy: Delivery to most addresses in the U.K. within 7-9 business days.
Shipments are not trackable

Premium: Trackable delivery to most addresses in the U.K. within 3-4 business days!
Add one extra business day for deliveries to Northern Ireland and Scottish Highlands and islands

EU:

Premium: Trackable delivery to most EU destinations within 4-9 business days.

Australia:

Economy: Can deliver to P. O. Boxes and private residences.
Trackable service with delivery to addresses in Australia only.
Delivery time ranges from 7-9 business days for VIC and 8-10 business days for Interstate metro
Delivery time is up to 15 business days for remote areas of WA, NT & QLD.

Premium: Delivery to addresses in Australia only
Trackable delivery to most P. O. Boxes and private residences in Australia within 4-5 days based on the distance to a destination following dispatch.

India:

Premium: Delivery to most Indian addresses within 5-6 business days

Rest of the World:

Premium: Countries in the American continent: Trackable delivery to most countries within 4-7 business days

Asia:

Premium: Delivery to most Asian addresses within 5-9 business days

Disclaimer:
All orders received before 5 PM U.K time would start printing from the next business day. So the estimated delivery times start from the next day as well. Orders received after 5 PM U.K time (in our internal systems) on a business day or anytime on the weekend will begin printing the second to next business day. For example, an order placed at 11 AM today will begin printing tomorrow, whereas an order placed at 9 PM tonight will begin printing the day after tomorrow.


Unfortunately, due to several restrictions, we are unable to ship to the following countries:

  1. Afghanistan
  2. American Samoa
  3. Belarus
  4. Brunei Darussalam
  5. Central African Republic
  6. The Democratic Republic of Congo
  7. Eritrea
  8. Guinea-bissau
  9. Iran
  10. Lebanon
  11. Libiya Arab Jamahriya
  12. Somalia
  13. Sudan
  14. Russian Federation
  15. Syrian Arab Republic
  16. Ukraine
  17. Venezuela